17-105489-Historic Resources Effects Assessment-02.16.23Revised 9-26-2018
CULTURAL RESOURCES REPORT COVER SHEET
DAHP Project Number: 2022-12-08307
Author: January Tavel and Corey Lentz
Title of Report: Federal Way Woodbridge Business Park Project: Historic Resources
Effects Assessment, Federal Way, Washington
Date of Report: January 3, 2022
County(ies): King Section: 15, 16, 21 Township: 21 N Range: 4 E
Quad: Poverty Bay Acres: 400.07
PDF of report submitted (REQUIRED) Yes
Historic Property Inventory Forms to be Approved Online? Yes No
Archaeological Site(s)/Isolate(s) Found or Amended? Yes No
TCP(s) found? Yes No
Replace a draft? Yes No
Satisfy a DAHP Archaeological Excavation Permit requirement? Yes # No
Were Human Remains Found? Yes DAHP Case # No
DAHP Archaeological Site #:
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FEDERAL WAY WOODBRIDGE BUSINESS PARK
PROJECT: HISTORIC RESOURCES EFFECTS
ASSESSMENT, FEDERAL WAY , WASHINGTON
P REPARED FOR: Federal Way BP, LLC 11111 Santa Monica Blvd, Suite 800 Los Angeles, CA 90025 Contact: Dana Ostenson
P REPARED BY: ICF 1200 Sixth Avenue, Suite 1800 Seattle, WA 98101 Contact: January M. Tavel
January 2023
This document is intended only for the use of the individual or entity for which it was
prepared and may contain information that is privileged, confidential, and exempt
from disclosure under applicable law. Any dissemination, distribution, or copying of
this document is strictly prohibited.
Tavel, January, and Corey Lentz. 2023. Federal Way Woodbridge Business Park
Project: Historic Resources Effects Assessment. Federal Way, WA. September. (ICF 104558.0.001.01) Seattle, WA. Prepared for Federal Way BD, LLC, Los Angeles, CA.
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Executive Summary
Federal Way BP, LLC, proposes redevelopment of the area surrounding the Weyerhaeuser Technology Center property (WTC) at the former Weyerhaeuser International Corporate Headquarters campus in, Federal Way, Washington 98001 (King County Parcels 162104-9013, -9056 and -9030). The new Woodbridge Business Park (the Project) would retain the existing WTC building but would also include demolition of existing features and construction of new buildings, amenities, and associated sitework. The Project may require a United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) nationwide permit under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act. As part of the federal review process, USACE is required to comply with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) (16 United States Code [USC] 470) and its implementing regulations (36 Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] Part 800). Section 106 requires federal agencies to take into account the effects of their undertakings on historic properties listed or eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). In addition, Process IV site plan approval and associated review under the Washington State Environmental Policy Act (SEPA) by the City of Federal Way is required for the Project. Process IV site plan approval and SEPA review are governed by different legal requirements than the Section 106 process and are not addressed in this report. Among other differences, a determination of “adverse effect” under Section 106 does not equate to a finding of “significant adverse impact” under SEPA. The purpose of this document is to provide historic resources documentation in support of NHPA Section 106 regulatory requirements—specifically, to describe previously identified historic properties, provide additional research and analysis to characterize these previously identified properties as needed, and characterize project effects on historic properties in the proposed area of potential effects (APE). This document provides the justification for the proposed APE and describes the methods and approach used for field survey and analysis, the historic context, research and field survey findings, an effects analysis, and technical recommendations. Properties within the APE previously determined to be NRHP-eligible include the following.
• One historic district:
o The Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District (previously determined eligible)
• Four individually eligible properties:
o Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters Building (previously determined eligible)
o Project House 1 (previously determined eligible)
o Project House 2 (previously determined eligible)
o King County Fire District 22 Fire Station (previously determined eligible) Project activities would not affect the Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters Building, Project House 1, Project House 2, or King County Fire District 22 Fire Station. The demolition and alteration of some contributing components to the Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District and the introduction of new elements within the viewshed of some contributing components of the district would result in physical and visual effects that would diminish the integrity of setting, design, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association for the historic district. Therefore, the Project would adversely affect the Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarter Historic
Executive Summary
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District. As such, ICF recommends a finding of “Adverse Effect on historic properties” for this undertaking. Consultation with USACE, the State Historic Preservation Officer, the Washington State Department of Historic Preservation, and Section 106 consulting parties is recommended to determine ways to minimize and/or mitigate the adverse effects.
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Contents
Page
Chapter 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1-1
1.1 Project Description .......................................................................................................... 1-1
1.2 Personnel ......................................................................................................................... 1-5
Chapter 2 Methods and Approach ................................................................................................... 2-1
2.1 Approach .......................................................................................................................... 2-1
2.1.1 Proposed Area of Potential Effects .................................................................................. 2-1
2.1.2 Application of Guidance ................................................................................................... 2-3
2.1.3 Cultural Landscape Approach .......................................................................................... 2-3
2.2 Methods ........................................................................................................................... 2-5
2.2.1 Research ........................................................................................................................... 2-5
2.2.2 Field Survey ...................................................................................................................... 2-5
2.2.3 NRHP Eligibility Criteria .................................................................................................... 2-6
Chapter 3 Historic Context ............................................................................................................... 3-1
3.1 Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters Campus Background
History ......................................................................................................................................... 3-1
3.1.1 History of the Weyerhaeuser Timber Company .............................................................. 3-1
3.1.2 Development of the Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters
Campus ......................................................................................................................................... 3-2
3.2 Comparative Context for Historic Trail Significance ...................................................... 3-16
3.2.1 Recreational Trail Development in the United States ................................................... 3-17
3.2.2 Recreational Trails in Washington State ........................................................................ 3-19
Chapter 4 Results and Findings ........................................................................................................ 4-1
4.1 Resource Summaries ....................................................................................................... 4-1
4.1.1 Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District ............................................... 4-1
4.1.2 Individually Eligible Built-Environment Resources ........................................................ 4-14
4.2 Effects Analysis .............................................................................................................. 4-17
4.2.1 Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District ............................................. 4-17
4.2.2 Individually Eligible Built-Environment Resources ........................................................ 4-26
Chapter 5 Conclusions and Recommendations ................................................................................. 5-1
5.1 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................... 5-1
5.2 Recommendations ........................................................................................................... 5-1
Chapter 6 Bibliography .................................................................................................................... 6-1
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Appendix A Elevations and Perspectives
Appendix B ICF Field Survey Photos
Appendix C Historic Property Inventory Report for Weyerhaeuser Headquarters,
Property ID 28910
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Tables and Figures
Table Page 2-1 National Park Service Landscape Characteristics .................................................................................. 2-4 3-1 Previously Documented Recreational Trails in Washington ........................................................... 3-20 4-1 Contributing Features to Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District ...................................................................................................................................................................... 4-2 4-2 Noncontributing Features to Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District .................................................................................................................................................... 4-4 4-3 Individually Eligible Built-Environment Resources Located within the Boundaries of the Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District .......................... 4-15
Figure Page 1-1 Project Location.................................................................................................................................................... 1-3 1-2 Proposed Project Elements.............................................................................................................................. 1-4 2-1 Proposed Area of Potential Effects ............................................................................................................... 2-2 3-1 Extant Landscape Features in the Northern Section of the Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters Campus ............................................................................................. 3-6 3-2 Circa 1977 Weyerhaeuser East Campus Master Plan ........................................................................... 3-7 3-3 1979 Partial Aerial Photograph of the Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Campus (north at left) .......................................................................................................... 3-8 3-4 1980 Aerial Photograph of the Northern Section of the Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Campus (north at top) .................................................................................... 3-9 3-5 1990 Aerial Photograph of the Northern Section of the Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Campus (north at top) .................................................................................. 3-10 3-6 1995 Topographical Map of the Northern Section of the Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Campus (north at top) .................................................................................. 3-11 3-7 1997 Topographical Map of the Northern Section of the Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Campus (north at top) .................................................................................. 3-12 3-8 2002 Aerial Photograph of the Northern Section of the Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Campus (north at top) .................................................................................. 3-14 4-1 Contributing Features of Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District, Recommended in 2020 .................................................................................................................... 4-5
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4-2 Noncontributing Features of Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District, Recommended in 2020 ................................................................................................... 4-6 4-3 Locations of Noncontributing Features Identified in the Current Study ...................................... 4-9 4-4 Resource Locations Map ................................................................................................................................. 4-16 4-5 Effects Analysis Map ......................................................................................................................................... 4-18 4-6 Map of Previously Identified Critical Views from the Corporate Headquarters Building .................................................................................................................................................................. 4-20 4-7 Map of Previously Identified Critical Views from the Corporate Headquarters Building .................................................................................................................................................................. 4-22 4-8 Critical Views from the Corporate Headquarters Building north toward the Project Area .......................................................................................................................................................... 4-23 4-9 Previously Identified Critical Views to the Corporate Headquarters Building ........................ 4-24 4-10 Previously Identified Critical Views of Woodland Setting from Headquarters Circulation Roads ............................................................................................................................................... 4-25
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Acronyms and Abbreviations
APE area of potential effects c. circa CCC Civilian Conservation Corps DAHP Washington State Department of Archeology and Historic Preservation GIS geographic information system NETR National Environmental Title Research NHPA National Historic Preservation Act NRHP National Register of Historic Places NPS National Parks Service NTFHR National Task Force for Historic Routes NTSA National Trail System Act NVHP Northwest Vernacular Historic Preservation PLHP Packwood Lake Hydroelectric Project Project new Woodbridge Business Park SHPO State Historic Preservation Officer SOI Secretary of the Interior SOM Skidmore, Ownings, and Merrill SWA Sasaki, Walker, and Associates USC United States Code USFS United States Forest Service WISAARD Washington Information System for Architectural and Archaeological Records Database WPA Works Progress Administration WPPSS Washington Public Power Supply System WTC Weyerhaeuser Technology Center
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Chapter 1
Introduction
Federal Way BP, LLC, proposes redevelopment of the Weyerhaeuser Technology Center property (WTC) at the former Weyerhaeuser International Corporate Headquarters campus located in Federal Way, Washington 98001 (King County Parcels 162104-9013, -9056 and -9030). The new Woodbridge Business Park (the Project) would retain the existing WTC building but would require demolition of existing features and construction of new buildings, amenities, and associated sitework. The Project may require a United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) nationwide permit under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act. As part of the federal review process, USACE is required to comply with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) (16 United States Code [USC] 470) and its implementing regulations (36 Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] Part 800). Section 106 requires federal agencies to take into account the effects of their undertakings on historic properties listed or eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). In addition, Process IV site plan approval and associated review under the Washington State Environmental Policy Act (SEPA) by the City of Federal Way is required for the Project. Process IV site plan approval and SEPA review are governed by different legal requirements than the Section 106 process and are not addressed in this report. Among other differences, a determination of “adverse effect” under Section 106 does not equate to a finding of “significant adverse impact” under SEPA. The purpose of this document is to provide historic resources documentation in support of NHPA Section 106 regulatory requirements. This report provides the Project description, justification for the proposed area of potential effects (APE), description of the methods and approach used for field survey and analysis, historic context, research and field survey findings, effects analysis, and technical recommendations.
1.1 Project Description The Project is located around the current site for the WTC at 32901 Weyerhaeuser Way S, Federal Way, Washington, 98001. It is within three privately owned King County Parcels: 1621049013 1621049013056162104-9013, -9056 and -9030. The permit area (97.67 acres) is located in Sections 15 and 16, Township 21, Range 4. The Weyerhaeuser International Corporate Headquarters Historic District (400.07 acres) is located in Sections 15, 16, and 21, Township 21, Range 4 (Figure 1-1). The Project includes retention of the existing WTC building, demolition of existing parking lots, clearing, grading, and construction of three new commercial buildings with parking lots, access roads, utility services, and stormwater facilities on approximately 97.67 acres, as well as associated frontage improvements along Weyerhaeuser Way S (Figure 1-2). The project may also include construction of additional parking east of the WTC building. If implemented construction would require some tree removal, but the approximately 50-foot wooded buffer adjacent to the west side of Weyerhaeuser Way S would be retained. While the existing WTC building would remain, the parking lot associated with the WTC would be reconfigured to allow for construction of the three new buildings. There are currently 699 parking
Introduction
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stalls serving the WTC. As currently designed, the Project would result in a total of 1,551 parking stalls serving all four buildings. As currently designed, Building 1 would be 605,195 square feet, Building 2 would be 240,675 square feet, and Building 3 would be 125,520 square feet. Building 1 would be located directly north of the WTC, and Buildings 2 and 3 would be located directly south of the WTC. Maximum height of the buildings would be no more than 42 feet. The Project is subject to the land use regulatory authority of the City of Federal Way, which may require revisions to and impose conditions on the Project in connection with its review and approval.
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Figure 1-1. Project Location
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Figure 1-2. Proposed Project Elements
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As currently designed, the building facades would include timber accents and artistic reveal patterns intended to blend in with the surrounding character of the existing campus. The facade designs include multi-color painted concrete panel, aluminum and glass window systems, wood cladding, metal doors, canopies and arcades, wood shades, recessed panels, and steel accent signage (Appendix A, Elevations and Perspectives). Additional design elements for the Project include retention of existing trees and vegetation around the site perimeter, landscape screening, site design to minimize views of retaining walls, light-pollution reduction, clearly delineated pedestrian circulation, and truck court/loading areas screened behind the building away from public right-of-way and neighborhood views. Site access would be provided via four new driveways located on the Weyerhaeuser Way S. Right-of-way dedication and frontage improvements along Weyerhaeuser Way S are also proposed as part of the Project. Frontage improvements would be required along both sides of Weyerhaeuser Way S per City of Federal Way Road Section K. Section K provides three vehicle lanes (two for each direction of travel plus a turning lane), a 5-foot bike lane (for each direction of travel), a 6-foot planter strip, and 8 feet of sidewalk on both sides of the street. The Project would reserve 106 feet along its northern boundary for future right-of-way for the S 324th Street extension proposed by the Washington State Department of Transportation, which is not a component of the Project. As previously stated, the Project is subject to the land use regulatory authority of the City of Federal Way, which may require revisions to and impose conditions on the Project in connection with its review and approval.
1.2 Personnel This report was co-authored by key personnel: Secretary of the Interior (SOI)-qualified professional architectural historian, January Tavel, MHP, and SOI-qualified professional architectural historian, Corey Lentz, MS. Geographic information system (GIS) analysis and figure preparation was conducted by William Linder, MA.
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Chapter 2
Methods and Approach
This chapter outlines the approach used to prepare the study presented in this document, including the proposed APE, application of agency guidance documents, and application of guidance related to the cultural landscape approach. It also outlines the specific methods used to determine whether landscape features, specifically private employee amenity trails in the northern portion of the property, contribute to the significance of the Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District. These methods include performing background research, performing a field survey, and applying the NRHP eligibility criteria.
2.1 Approach
2.1.1 Proposed Area of Potential Effects The proposed APE is 400.07 acres and concurrent with the boundary of the Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District. It encompasses the geographic area or areas within the USACE permit area where the Project may have physical or visual effects on the character or use of historic properties (Figure 2-1). Potential physical effects are limited to the USACE permit area, which is approximately 97.67 acres in size. The following activities would take place within the USACE permit area: retention of the existing WTC building; demolition of existing parking lots; clearing, grading, and the construction of three new commercial buildings with parking lots, access roads, utility services, and stormwater facilities; and frontage improvements along Weyerhaeuser Way S. The current study considers potential landscape-level physical and visual effects on the entirety of the Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District, which was previously identified by Cardno in 2020 (Sadlier et al. 2020a), as well as individually eligible properties within the boundary of the historic district. A substantial portion of the APE was previously investigated for archeological resources by Tetra Tech in 2017 and for built environment resources by Cardno in 2018 (Stipe 2017; Costa et al. 2018). The Tetra Tech investigation did not identify any archeological resources within the surveyed portion of the APE. Cardno initially recommended the WTC as not individually eligible for listing in the NRHP because its date of construction places it outside the 45-year threshold for consideration of eligibility; Cardno did not evaluate landscape features associated with the WTC in 2018. This recommendation was revised when the WTC and its associated building, parking lots, circulation driveways, and landscaping were reevaluated in 2020 and recommended to be contributing resources to the Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District.
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Figure 2-1. Proposed Area of Potential Effects
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2.1.2 Application of Guidance This report was prepared consistent with the approaches outlined in the guidance developed by federal agencies and state agencies, as follows.
• Washington State Standards for Cultural Resources Reporting (DAHP 2022), which conveys general guidelines, specific requirements, and useful tips about the historic resources survey process in Washington.
• Landscape Lines 15: Historic Trails (Coffin Brown n.d.), National Park Service (NPS) guidance for management and treatment of historic trails, including recommendations for preparing historic context, documenting existing conditions, analyzing integrity, evaluating eligibly, developing treatment recommendations.
• A Historical Context and Methodology for Evaluating Trails, Roads, and Highways in California (California Department of Transportation 2016), which provides a broad historic overview documenting the development of trails, roads, and highways from prehistoric times to the modern highway system and a methodology for documenting and evaluating these linear resources for listing in the NRHP in California. This study was used because a similar document is not available for the state of Washington, and it represented the best available comprehensive study of linear resources in a similar historical and geographic context.
2.1.3 Cultural Landscape Approach In addition to the previously listed guidance, this study also applies the cultural landscape approach to support the identification and assessment of impacts on character-defining landscape features within the APE. This study references the following two NPS documents. While these documents are used for reference, it is important to note that the Historic District is not a park but rather a privately owned industrial campus.
• NPS Preservation Brief 36, Protecting Cultural Landscapes: Planning, Treatment and Management of Historic Landscapes (Birnbaum 1994).
• NPS Cultural Landscapes Inventory Professional Procedures Guide (Page et al. 2009). For the purposes of this study, the term cultural landscape refers to a resource type that is “a geographic area, including both cultural and natural resources and the wildlife or domestic animals therein, associated with a historic event, activity, or person exhibiting other cultural or aesthetic values” (Birnbaum 1994). There are four recognized categories of cultural landscapes. These categories include historic sites that are significant because of associations with an important event or person, designed landscapes that display artistic creations or patterns of expression, ethnographic landscapes in which the land is used or valued in a traditional way by an established ethnic group, and historic vernacular landscapes, which reveal how people used the land over time and reflect patterns of settlement, use, and development (Birnbaum 1994). In this study, the term cultural landscape approach refers to application of the framework for identifying, categorizing, and describing cultural landscapes and significant landscape features as established by NPS. This includes the application of 13 landscape characteristics that can be used to identify contributing components to a significant landscape. These apply to all four landscape categories and are described in Table 2-1 (Page et al. 2009).
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Table 2-1. National Park Service Landscape Characteristics Landscape Characteristic Landscape Characteristic Description Natural systems and features Natural aspects that have influenced the development and physical form of a landscape, including:
• Geomorphology: the large-scale patterns of landforms
• Geology: the surficial characteristics of the Earth
• Hydrology: the system of surface and subsurface water
• Ecology: the interrelationships among living organisms and their environment
• Climate: temperature, wind velocity, and precipitation
• Native vegetation: indigenous plant communities and indigenous aggregate and individual plant features Spatial organization Three-dimensional organization of physical forms and visual associations in a landscape, including the articulation of ground, vertical, and overhead planes that define and create spaces. Land use The principal activities in a landscape that form, shape, and organize the landscape as a result of human interaction. Cultural traditions The practices that influence the development of a landscape in terms of land use, patterns of land division, building forms, stylistic preferences, and the use of materials. Topography The three-dimensional configuration of a landscape surface characterized by features and orientation. Vegetation The deciduous and evergreen trees, shrubs, vines, ground cover, herbaceous plants, and plant communities, whether indigenous or introduced in a landscape. Circulation The spaces, features, and applied material finishes that constitute the systems of movement in a landscape. Building and structures Buildings are elements constructed primarily for sheltering any form of human activity in a landscape. Structures are elements constructed for functional purposes other than sheltering human activity in a landscape. Cluster arrangement The location and pattern of buildings and structures in a landscape and associated outdoor spaces. Views and vistas Views are the expansive or panoramic prospect of a broad range of vision, which may be naturally occurring or deliberately contrived. Vistas are the controlled prospect of a discrete, linear range of vision, which is deliberate. Constructed water features The built features and elements that use water for aesthetic or utilitarian functions in a landscape. Small-scale features The elements providing detail and diversity for both functional needs and aesthetic concerns in a landscape. Archaeological sites The ruins, traces, or deposited artifacts in a landscape, evidenced by the presence of either surface or subsurface features.
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2.2 Methods
2.2.1 Research ICF architectural historians reviewed the following previous project reports prepared in 2018 and 2020 by Cardno for the Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters campus.
• Cultural Resources Archival Study, Greenline Business Park Project, Federal Way, Washington (Costa et al. 2018)
• Built Environment Survey of the Former Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Campus, Federal Way, Washington (Sadlier et al. 2020a)
• Archaeological Resources Survey for the Woodbridge Corporate Park Building A and Building B Projects, Federal Way, Washington (Payne et al. 2020)
• Evaluation of Effects for the Proposed Woodbridge Building A and Woodbridge Building B Projects, Federal Way, Washington (Sadlier et al. 2020b) ICF conducted supplemental research to establish a general and site-specific historical context. These additional sources are cited in this report and identified in Chapter 6, Bibliography, of this document. Sources consulted also included historical aerial photographs and historical maps from the following repositories.
• Nationwide Environmental Title Research (NETR) (historic aerials) (https://www.historicaerials.com/viewer)
• U.S. Geological Survey TopoView (topographical maps) (https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/topoview/viewer)
• Washington Information System for Architectural and Archaeological Records Database (https://wisaard.dahp.wa.gov/)
• National Register Database (https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/database-research.htm)
2.2.2 Field Survey To understand and analyze the character of the landscape, document the existing conditions of the private employee amenity trail network in the northern section of the Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters campus, and to assess Project effects, ICF staff conducted a site visit and field survey on August 2, 2022. Prior to the site visit, ICF used the crowdsourced trail mapping platform AllTrails to establish a baseline of the current extent of the private employee amenity trail network and the alignment of its various segments, with the understanding that the trails mapped on global position system applications such as AllTrails are estimated to have a 5 to 10 percent error margin (AllTrails 2022; Brooks 2022). These mapped private employee amenity trails were field-verified during field survey, confirming the alignment of mapped trails and identifying several new previously unmapped trail segments. Additionally, during the field survey, the conditions of contributing and noncontributing features to the Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District documented in 2020 by Cardno were confirmed. Field survey photos are located in
Appendix B, Field Survey Photos.
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2.2.3 NRHP Eligibility Criteria This effects assessment did not include evaluation of resource eligibility for listing in the NRHP as defined in 36 CFR 60.4, and instead relied on Cardno’s previous evaluation recommendations, USACE determinations, and Washington State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) concurrence of eligibility determinations. However, context development and the identification of potential character-defining features were guided by the established NRHP eligibility criteria. To be listed in the NRHP, a property should generally be at least 50 years old (or be of exceptional historic significance if less than 50 years old) and meet one or more NRHP criterion. To qualify for listing, a historic property must represent a significant theme or pattern in history, architecture, archaeology, engineering, or culture at the local, state, or national level. It must also meet one or more of the following four significance criteria and have sufficient integrity to convey its historic significance.
• Criterion A. Association with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history.
• Criterion B. Association with the lives of persons significant to our past.
• Criterion C. Resources that embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction; represent the work of a master; possess high artistic values; or represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction.
• Criterion D. Resources that have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important to history or prehistory. A significant historic property must possess sufficient historic integrity to convey the identified significance to be considered eligible for listing in the NRHP. As such, in addition to applying the significance criteria, evaluations associated with this study also assessed integrity to make NRHP eligibility recommendations. Integrity is a quality that applies to historical resources in seven specific ways (i.e., location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, association). To be considered a significant historic property, a resource must possess several, and usually retain most, of these aspects of integrity, depending on the context and the reasons the property is significant (Andrus and Shrimpton 1995:44). The NPS National Register Bulletin 15: How to Apply the National
Register Criteria for Evaluation (Andrus and Shrimpton 1995:44–45) discusses the aspects of integrity, as outlined below.
• Location. The place where the historic property was constructed or the place where the historic event took place.
• Design. The combination of elements that create the form, plan, space, structure, and style of a property.
• Setting. The physical environment of a historic property.
• Materials. The physical environments that were combined or deposited during a particular period of time and in a particular pattern or configuration to form a historic property.
• Workmanship. The physical evidence of the crafts of a particular culture or people during any given period in history or prehistory.
• Feeling: A property’s expression of the aesthetic or historic sense of a particular period of time.
• Association: The direct link between an important historic event or person and a historic property.
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Chapter 3
Historic Context
To support understanding of historic significance and integrity of historic properties within the APE and inform analysis of effects on those properties from the proposed Project, this historic context includes information about Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters Campus history and a comparative context for historic private employee amenity trail significance. The campus history section includes a history of the Weyerhaeuser Timber Company and describes the development of the Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters Campus. The campus development history addresses planning and design of the Corporate Headquarters and WTC, which includes their constituent buildings, structures, objects, designed built and natural landscape features, and the experiential aspects of the overall landscape. This context also addresses the history of Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters campus private employee amenity trail network adjacent to the WTC, and alterations to the Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters Campus over time. During Section 106 consultation for the Woodbridge Building A and Woodbridge Building B projects at the Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters campus in 2020–2021, some of the consulting parties expressed concern about potential effects from those projects on the campus-wide private employee amenity trail network identified by Cardno as a noncontributing feature present within the boundaries of the Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District. To support consideration of private employee amenity trail features in the vicinity of the WTC where the proposed Project would be built, this chapter presents supplementary information to establish a context for the evaluation of private employee amenity trail significance and to characterize the history of intentional development and passive creation of the private employee amenity trail network located in the northern section of the campus.
3.1 Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters
Campus Background History Background information on the Weyerhaeuser Company and the development of its corporate headquarters campus was prepared by Cardno in July 2020 (Sadlier et al. 2020a). This information is summarized below.
3.1.1 History of the Weyerhaeuser Timber Company The Weyerhaeuser Timber Company was founded in 1900 by Frederick Weyerhaeuser of St. Paul, Minnesota. Weyerhaeuser formed the company following the purchase of 900,000 acres of land in Washington State from James J. Hill, the then-majority owner of the Northern Pacific Railway. In its early years, the company focused on the purchase of land and sale of standing timber to mill owners, though the company also developed its own mills in Everett, Washington in 1903 and 1915, respectively. Demand for timber increased immensely with the onset of World War I, leading to a rapid expansion of the company’s business and the construction of 20 additional mills around the county. During the interwar period, the company continued to grow and diversify, developing new products, establishing a grade-marked lumber program, and expanding into steamship construction and pulp production. As the movement toward sustainable forestry developed in the 1930s, the
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Weyerhaeuser Timber Company became an early leader in the field with the opening of the first tree farm in the country in 1941, located in Montesano, Washington (Sadlier et al. 2020a:4-1–4-2). Following World War II, the Weyerhaeuser Timber Company continued to diversify its products as technological innovation led to the creation of new wood-fiber products such as plywood, veneer, particleboard, containerboard, fine paper, paneling, and architectural doors. The company also expanded further into the southern United States and overseas during this period. In 1959, the company changed its name to Weyerhaeuser Company, reflecting the transition from its original raw-timber sales focus to a manufacturing company producing a diverse array of wood-fiber products with a focus on sustainably produced timber (Sadlier et al. 2020a: 4-2).
3.1.2 Development of the Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate
Headquarters Campus
3.1.2.1 Planning and Design of the Corporate Headquarters Building and
Weyerhaeuser Technology Center Prior to the development of Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters campus, the company’s facilities were spread across multiple urban headquarters and manufacturing centers. These included its Northwest industrial and research centers Everett, Longview, and Snoqualmie Falls in Washington State, Klamath Falls, Oregon, and Coeur d’Alene and Lewiston in Idaho, and its primary headquarters in Tacoma, Washington. Though the Company’s managerial offices were centered primarily in the Tacoma Building at S 11th Street and A Street in Tacoma, Washington, company staff were also housed in 20 different buildings in downtown Tacoma. In 1965, the company began to seriously consider the construction of a centralized site for all its offices and managerial functions. This effort was led by George H. Weyerhaeuser, the great-grandson of the company’s founder, who became president of the company in 1966 and had a focus on expanding its brand not only as leading manufacturer of wood-fiber but a true practitioner of sustainable forest management (Sadlier et al. 2020a:4-2–4-4). The design team for the Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters campus was led by Edward Charles Bassett of Skidmore, Ownings, and Merrill (SOM), with landscape design by Peter Walker of Sasaki, Walker, and Associates (SWA). SOM had already established its reputation as a lead designer of large-scale projects through its design of several notable properties, including Atomic City in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, the Lake Meadows tower block for the Chicago Land Commission in Chicago, Illinois (1950–1960); the Lever House in New York, New York (1952), the Manufacturers Trust Company Building, New York, New York (1954), the Inland Steel Building in Chicago, Illinois (1957); and Connecticut General Life Insurance, in Bloomfield (Hartford), Connecticut (1957). Prior to the Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters campus, the firm also worked on several similar campuses and designed landscapes, including the D90 Boots Headquarters in Beeston (Nottingham), England (1968), Wells College’s Louis Jefferson Long Library in Aurora, New York (1968), University of Chicago’s Behavioral Science Building in Chicago Illinois (1969), and Boise Plaza in Boise, Idaho (1971) (Sadlier et al. 2020a:4-11–4-14). SWA’s involvement in the design of Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters campus further influenced the Project direction toward an approach that fully integrated buildings and landscape. By 1970, SWA had been part of design teams for a number of significant projects the country, including Bell Laboratories in Holmdel, New Jersey, with architect Eero Saarinen Associates
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(1959), Foothill Junior College in Los Altos, California, with architect Ernest Kump (1960), Deere & Company Administration Center in Moline, Illinois, with architect Eero Saarinen Associates (1964), Fashion Island in Newport Beach, California (1970), and Waterfront Park in Washington, D.C. (1972) (Sadlier et al. 2020a:4-14–4-15). The site of Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters campus was selected for two primary reasons. First, the land was already owned by the company at the time plans for a new all-encompassing corporate headquarters on the West Coast were being conceptualized. Secondly, the site was easily accessible, as it was located along two highways (Interstate 5 and State Route 18) and in close proximity to Sea-Tac Airport and the cities of Tacoma and Seattle. Construction of the headquarters building and the southern portion of the campus began in October 1969 and was completed in January 1971. The original campus property included 490 acres bounded by South 320th Street to the north, Weyerhaeuser Way to the west, State Route 18 to the south, and Interstate 5 to the west. Planning for the northern portion of the campus and the WTC began in the early 1970s, again with Bassett (SOM) and Walker (SWA) leading the design team. Construction of the WTC and its associated drives, parking areas, and service yard began in 1976 and was completed in 1978 (Sadlier et al. 2020a:1-1; 4-15, 5-23, 5-31). In 1978, the Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters campus included several other buildings in addition to the headquarters building and WTC, some of which predated the campus and were retained (Project House 1, the King County Fire District 22 Fire Station, and the Former Puget Sound Power & Light Company service building) and one building, Project House 2, which was constructed as part of the campus project to showcase Weyerhaeuser products. Additionally, plans for the campus included numerous designed built and natural landscape features including the campus circulation roads and paths, parking areas, the Guardian Rock in the headquarters building’s western plaza, the headquarters pond, the Model forest, managed woods within the campus, and the Rhododendron Species Botanical Garden (Sadlier et al. 2020a:6-7–6-41).
3.1.2.2 History of Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters
Campus Private Employee Amenity Trail Network Adjacent to the
WTC A review of the Weyerhaeuser campus private employee amenity trail network’s history was informed by a series of 1970s Weyerhaeuser East Campus Master Plans reviewed by Cardno in 2020, and the consultant’s personal communications with Peter Walker in May 2019. The review also included revisiting a December 14, 2020 interview with Dave Dickerson, a former Weyerhaeuser employee who worked under Vaclav Kalas, the original Weyerhaeuser campus forester, conducted by Northwest Vernacular Historic Preservation (NVHP) (Sadlier 2021; Howard 2021). Cardno’s review of the site plans revealed that the campus-wide trail network depicted in the master plans dating to the design and construction period of the WTC does not align with the trail network present today around the WTC. However, the site plans do accurately depict some of the trails present in the southern portion of the campus, which Dickerson indicated were the first trails to be developed by Kalas’ crews (Sadlier 2021:3-4, Appendix A A-4–A-A-9; Howard 2021:7). Furthermore, though the plans differentiate between the type of circulation route (primary road, secondary road, trail, walk) and materials (paved, gravel, bark), they do not suggest the intended users were anyone other than the occupants of the corporate park (Sadlier 2021:3, Appendix A A-4–A-A-9). According to Dickerson, the campus-wide trail network was developed between 1972 and 1977; however, it is clear from later documentary sources that the full extent of the current trail
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network across the entirety of the campus was not developed during this period (Howard 2021:4). The intent of the trail network was to provide Weyerhaeuser employees alternative access or amenity routes between different parts of the campus, rather than having to walk along roads, and to provide a circulation feature for client and guest tours given by Weyerhaeuser executives (Howard 2021:4, 6-8). Additionally, the trails served secondary functions in different parts of the campus. In the woods to the east and west of the headquarters building and surrounding the WTC, the trail network was created to support access for understory management and fire-suppression activities (Howard 2021:4, 7). An intricate network of trail was also constructed in association with the Rhododendron Species Botanical Garden to provide patron access with the garden to view exhibits (Howard 2021:4). Weyerhaeuser employees also used the trails for recreation. Dickerson indicated that public use of the trails for recreation was incidental and permissive, stating that while not “actually encouraged…it was never discouraged” (Howard 2021:7). In support of the following context, the existing extent of the private employee amenity trail network around WTC and the alignment and trail type (service roads and desire paths) of its various segments is depicted in Figure 3-1. The final Weyerhaeuser East Campus Master Plan in the 1970s series reviewed by Cardno estimated to date to circa (c.) 1976–1977 (Figure 3-2), and a 1979 aerial photograph of the campus (Figure 3-
3) indicates that the current private employee amenity trail network adjacent to the WTC was not an intentionally designed feature of the northern portion of the campus. However, three trail segments within the network appear to be contemporaneous with the construction of the WTC (Sadlier et al. 2020a:5-29, 5-37; NETR 1980). These three trail segments appear to have originally been service roads created by Weyerhaeuser Company staff to facilitate access through and around the woods surrounding the WTC in support of the understory management and fire-suppression activities described by Dickerson (hereafter identified as Service Road 1, Service Road 2, and Service Road 3) (NVHP 2021:7). Service Road 1 is the north–south trail through the forest to the west of the WTC (Figure 3-1). Service Road 2 is the north–south trail along the property’s western boundary and the wooded buffer around the WTC detention pond (Figure 3-1). Service Road 3 is the trail extending northeast from the northeastern end of the WTC circulation drive (Figure 3-1). Based on historic aerial photography, all three trail segments were present in 1980 (Figure 3-4) and extended into the undeveloped parcels to the north (NETR 1980). Additionally, an extension to Service Road 2 was created between 1980 and 1990, connecting the southern portion of the service road extending south from the WTC circulation drive to S 336th Street and the trail network south of the roadway around the headquarters pond (Figure 3-1) (NETR 1980, 1990). The service roads are wider than most of the trail segments throughout the woods and headquarters meadow, show evidence of past graveling or paving, and have associated drainage features such as ditches or culverts. By 1990, several additional trail segments were present within and along the southwestern boundary of the woods to the west of the WTC and in the headquarters meadow to the south (Figure 3-5) (NETR 1990). These segments were the earliest desire paths created within the private employee amenity trail network. While some of the amenity trails were built for use by Weyerhaeuser staff, desire paths that later became part of the private employee amenity trail network were characterized by their creation in the landscape through erosion from repeated pedestrian use, rather than development through planning and construction. Desire paths have narrower widths, naturally worn surfacing materials, and a lack of design intent and associated designed features. Topographical maps from 1995 and 1997 show the extent and alignment of trails in greater detail absent the forest cover that obscures them in aerial photographs from the same
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time period (Figure 3-6 and Figure 3-7) (NETR 1995; USGS 1997). In 1995, the three service roads were mapped along their current alignments with the c. 1990 desire paths within the woods connecting the Service Road 1 and Service Road 2 to each other and the WTC circulation drive (NETR 1995). At the north end of the headquarters meadow, a new desire path split from the Service Road 2, running southwest along the property’s western boundary to intersect with S 336th Street (NETR 1995; USGS 1997).
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Figure 3-1. Extant Landscape Features in the Northern Section of the Weyerhaeuser Company
Corporate Headquarters Campus
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Figure 3-2. Circa 1977 Weyerhaeuser East Campus Master Plan
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Source: Sadlier et al. 2020a:5-37.
Figure 3-3. 1979 Partial Aerial Photograph of the Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Campus
(north at left)
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Source: NETR 2022.
Figure 3-4. 1980 Aerial Photograph of the Northern Section of the Weyerhaeuser Corporate
Headquarters Campus (north at top)
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Source: NETR 2022.
Figure 3-5. 1990 Aerial Photograph of the Northern Section of the Weyerhaeuser Corporate
Headquarters Campus (north at top)
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Source: NETR 2022.
Figure 3-6. 1995 Topographical Map of the Northern Section of the Weyerhaeuser Corporate
Headquarters Campus (north at top)
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Source: USGS 1997.
Figure 3-7. 1997 Topographical Map of the Northern Section of the Weyerhaeuser Corporate
Headquarters Campus (north at top)
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Between 1998 and 2002, the parcels north of the current northern boundary of the Weyerhaeuser campus between Interstate 5, South 320th Street, and Weyerhaeuser Way S were sold and developed as a commercial office park, resulting in the demolition of the three previously documented service roads in that area. However, the southern segments of the three service roads around the WTC remained, either terminating at the new northern boundary of the Weyerhaeuser campus or changed slightly, such as westernmost service road rerouted around the detention pond on the east side of that new development (Figure 3-8)(NETR 1998, 2002). In the two decades since 2002, the private employee amenity trail network has continued to evolve through repeated use by Weyerhaeuser staff as intended. While the campus is private property, members of the public also use the private amenity trails and this use has not been actively discouraged by the property owners. Alignment of some desire paths has changed since they were documented in the 1997 USGS topographical map (Figure 3-7), such as the c. 1990s desire paths connecting the primary north–south service road to the west of the WTC. Other desire paths have been created, particularly through the headquarters meadow to the southeast of the WTC and within the woods to its west between the c. 1979–1980 former service roads. Several trails disappeared through discontinued use, such as a c. 1990 desire path connecting the trail network to the western WTC circulation road (NETR 1995; USGS 1997; NETR 2002, 2006, 2011, 2015, 2019). The former service roads within the northern section of the campus adjacent to the WTC have not been formally maintained through practices such as grading, surfacing, or vegetation removal, and have only been maintained informally through continued use. Surface materials such as graveling and paving have been covered with dirt and vegetation, and associated drainage features such as ditches and culverts have been encroached upon by vegetation and are in a deteriorated condition. These service roads also no longer appear to serve their access function, having transitioned since c. 1990 to being used predominantly as private employee amenity trails with access restricted to foot traffic. The date of this transition is estimated based on the features associated with the trail network around the WTC. Cardno suggested that the oldest type of signs on the campus, laser-cut wood signage, likely dates to the late 1980s (Sadlier et al. 2020a:6-41). One example of this laser-cut wood signage was observed on a private employee amenity trail within the wood and indicated that the trail was restricted to foot traffic. Furthermore, the c. 1980–1990 construction of the Weyerhaeuser employee volleyball court to the north of the WTC indicates an expansion of employee recreational amenities in the northern portion of the campus during this period (NETR 1980, 1990).
3.1.2.3 Alterations to the Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters
Campus After 1980, several previously built-features were modified, and some new-built features were introduced to the Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters campus. Between 1980 and 1990, the WTC service yard on the building’s west side was expanded west. This expansion required only the removal of an original tree stand and landscaping between the service yard and the WTC circulation drive; no changes were made to the WTC parking lots or the circulation drive (NETR 1980, 1990; Sadlier et al. 2020a:6-39).
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Source: NETR 2022.
Figure 3-8. 2002 Aerial Photograph of the Northern Section of the Weyerhaeuser Corporate
Headquarters Campus (north at top)
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New features introduced to the campus during this period include the Pacific Bonsai Museum built to the west of the headquarters building in 1989, an employee volleyball court constructed to the northwest of the WTC in the woods surrounding that complex, the paved helicopter pads constructed to east of the western Headquarters parking lot, and small-scale signage added throughout the campus (NETR 1980, 1990; Sadlier et al. 2020a:6-40–6-42). Between 1998 and 2002, the WTC detention pond was expanded, and a new service road was constructed around NETR 2002). The intersection of S 336 Street and Weyerhaeuser Way was redesigned c. 2005, with a roundabout replacing the original triangular intersection (NETR 2002, 2006; Sadlier et al. 2020a:6-39).
3.1.2.4 Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District The Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District was identified and evaluated in July 2020. This evaluation included consideration of comparative modernist suburban corporate campuses and landscapes that have been listed in the NRHP, evaluation of the district under the NRHP Criteria—and given the property’s period of significance, Criterion Consideration G—and analysis of the historic district’s justifiable boundary. Based on its analysis of comparative designations for similar properties, Cardno concluded that “integrated landscapes—hallmarks of the suburban campus typology—are not consistently represented in formal designations” (Sadlier et al. 2020a:6-2). Of the four notable comparative properties considered, General Motors Technical Center (1956), Reynolds Metal Company International Headquarters (1958), Connecticut General Life Insurance Company Headquarters (1957), and Virginia National Bank Headquarters (1967), none of these designations fully considered or addressed landscape features and the integration of these features with buildings or building-complexes with which they are associated. For example, while the Reynolds Metal Company International Headquarters designation does identify the landscaped park and reflecting pool associated with the executive office building, the designation treats these features as secondary characteristics of the building’s design. Additionally, in support of its argument for exceptional significance under Criterion Consideration G, Cardno noted that both the General Motors Technical Center and Reynolds Metal Company International Headquarters were designated under Criteria Consideration G at the time of their designation (Sadlier et al. 2020a:6-1–6-5). The Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District boundary is bounded to the north by the campus’ current parcel boundaries, to the east by Weyerhaeuser Way at the south end, and following parcel boundaries roughly at the point where Weyerhaeuser Road meets Weyerhaeuser Way to link to North Lake, which then forms the remaining eastern boundary, to the south by State Route 18, and to the west by Interstate 5. This boundary encompasses most of the area known to have been proposed by the company for its headquarters complex at the time the 1969 plans were finalized and excludes the areas north and east of the original site that had been owned by the Weyerhaeuser Company at that time but that have since been subdivided and sold (Sadlier et al. 2020a:6-4–6-5). The contributing features to the Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District, more particularly described by Cardno, can be grouped into the following four categories.
• The campus’s constituent buildings and objects, including the headquarters building, WTC, Project House 2, Guardian Rock, and flagpole.
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• The campus’ designed built features and hardscaping, such as the headquarters and WTC parking lots and circulation driveways, street furniture around the headquarters building grounds and parking lots, and the alignment of the campus-wide circulation roads.
• The campus’ designed natural landscape features, including the headquarters pond, headquarters meadow, the model forest, Rhododendron Species Botanical Garden, ivy on the headquarters building, headquarters landscaping, WTC landscaping, managed woods inside the headquarters circulation road, wooded buffers along circulation roads, and meadows.
• The experiential aspects of the campus, including critical views from and to the headquarters building and the experience of the wooded buffer while traveling on circulation roads. Features located within the boundaries of the historic district considered to be noncontributing were either constructed after the period of significance, were designed and built during the period of significance but have lost historical integrity, or are natural areas that were identified by the original design team as areas for future development (Sadlier et al. 2020a:6-38–6-41). Based on Cardno’s recommendations, USACE determined that the Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District is eligible for listing in the NRHP in October 2020 (USACE 2020). Additionally, USACE noted the Cultural Landscape Foundation recommended the district would also qualify for designation as a National Historic Landmark (NHL). In October 2020, SHPO concurred with USACE’s determination that the historic district is eligible for listing in the NRHP and represents a potential NHL. The property is not designated as an NHL.
3.2 Comparative Context for Historic Trail Significance Definitions and categorizations for historic trails vary based on the methods of construction or development of a trail, the purpose of its development and use, and the time period in which it was developed. The Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (DAHP) does not provide specific guidance on the identification or evaluation of trails or trail networks. However, it does offer guidance on the recordation of linear resources, which would include trails. DAHP defines a linear resource as consisting of a continuous alignment from beginning to end and considers such a continuous alignment to be a single resource. DAHP emphasizes that the most important aspects of a linear resource to maintain are location, design, and materials. DAHP also notes that linear resources often have highly repetitive or standardized features and materials for their entire length, such that the period replacement or upgrade of the features and is recognized as necessary for continued use and does not affect the integrity of design or materials of the resource as a whole. In the department’s more-specific guidance for historic roads, which may be best applicable to trails, DAHP recommends the consideration of the potential for significant corridors, which may include adjacent features and viewshed (DAHP 2022:14). The National Task Force for Historic Routes (NTFHR) identified four primary types of potentially significant historic routes (California Department of Transportation 2016:22, 24-25).
• Cultural routes, which “have evolved through necessity or tradition, without a formal initial goal or objective to guide location.”
• Exploration/discovery routes, which “were created by or evolved from discreet political, military, or mass migrations associated with important events, congressional appropriations, or surveys.”
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• Aesthetic routes, representing trails, roads, and highways of which the primary rational for development was the design and provision of specific visitor experiences.”
• Engineered routes, which “were created with specific design elements that addressed the natural topography of a trail, road, or highway corridor.” The NPS Cultural Landscapes Program defines a trail as “a travel way established by construction or use for foot traffic, bicycles, wheelchairs and/or pack animals” (Coffin Brown n.d.:3). A historic trail is distinguished as “built or in use during a significant event or historic period; associated with themes in our country’s heritage…and eligible or listed in the [NRHP]” (Coffin Brown n.d.:3). Other regionally relevant definitions describe a trail as “some form of track or mark left by something that his passed” and “more importantly, the path or track must contain evidence of human use, whether ethnographic, morphological, structural, or artifactual” (California Department of Transportation 2016:29). Trails are categorically separated from roads and highways by their use being restricted to nonvehicular modes of transportation. Broadly categorized, historically significant trails may include Native American (prehistoric, ethnographic, or ethnohistoric) trails, exploration trails or routes, emigrant trails, and recreation trails. For the purpose of this study, the following sections provide comparative context for historic trail significance in terms of private and public recreational trail development in the United States and in Washington State. However, the private employee amenity trail network within the Weyerhaeuser campus is distinct from the private and public recreational trail networks described in the following sections, because the recreational use of the Weyerhaeuser trail network was explicitly intended as an amenity for Weyerhaeuser campus employees and was not developed with any intent of public use. While the Weyerhaeuser Company did not restrict public access to its private property, the company did not actively encourage incidental public use of these Weyerhaeuser private employee amenity trail networks or advertise the property as a public recreational trail network or public park. According to former Weyerhaeuser employee, Dave Dickerson, “I don’t think [public use] was actually encouraged, but it was never discouraged.” (Howard 2021:7)
3.2.1 Recreational Trail Development in the United States The development and popularization of recreational trails in the United States dates to the early 19th century. Prominent East Coast artists and writers promoted ideas of nature tourism and a sense of public ownership of natural landscapes through their portrayals of unspoiled landscapes outside growing industrial cities as places of natural beauty and opportunities for public exploration. Spurred by this growing movement toward outdoor recreation in the public consciousness, hotel companies were among the earliest adopters to commercialize recreational trails as a tourist attraction. The “American Grand Tour” was popularized in the mid-19th century, encompassing a circuit of hotels, each with designed recreational paths, spread across New York and the New England states. Nineteenth century landscape architects such as Andrew Jackson Downing and Frederick Law Olmstead, Sr. further refined these ideas about the design and social purpose of recreational trails. Downing implemented garden walks within his designs for private country estates as a way of directing and facilitating access to encourage and enhance a person’s appreciation of the surrounding landscape. Olmstead built upon Downing’s work in his public park designs, separating and intertwining pedestrian paths from roadways with curving and meandering alignments along the natural topography and scenic vistas to encourage recreational use of urban parks (Coffin Brown n.d.:2-3).
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This evolution of ideas about the design and use of recreational trails during the 19th century influenced public and private developments of recreational trail networks in the latter part of the century. State parks and later national parks were developed for the dual purposes of land protection and recreational hiking, such as the establishment of California’s Yosemite Valley as a state park in 1864, and as a national park in 1890. Meanwhile. the expansion of railroad networks spurred development of private recreational trail networks across the West. These private developments were modeled on earlier eastern hotel and recreational trail developments but provided a more remote and rustic stock-and-pack tourist experience. Prominent examples of such tourist developments in the West include the Grand Canyon’s Bright Angel Trail in Arizona (1890) and Glacier Park Hotel Company’s equestrian trail network in Montana (c. 1910s), both of which would later be incorporated into national parks. While economic ventures were often the impetus of trail development in the West, in the East, recreational trail development became the work of hiking clubs and village improvement societies. These groups funded the construction of recreational trail networks as part of community enhancement projects and promoted ideas of philanthropy, volunteerism, and land protection as beneficial to members and the broader public. These early hiking clubs later expanded into regional associations and played a role in establishing nationally significant long-distance trails such as the Appalachian Trail and Pacific Crest Trail (Coffin Brown n.d.:3-7). In the early 20th century federal agencies were established and tasked with the management of public lands, such as the United States Forest Service (USFS) in 1905 and NPS in 1916. While USFS developed trail networks for timber harvest and fire control, many of these trails would later be repurposed for recreational use of public land. NPS’s involvement in the development of recreational trail networks was primary to its mission of supporting tourism to protected public lands. In the early decades of the 20th century, NPS emphasized a master planning approach for its public parks to ensure that integrated networks of trails, road systems, visitor facilities and park buildings were constructed in a manner that fully integrated designed features with the natural setting. This integrative approach focused on the use of local materials for construction and employed designs that followed the natural topography of the landscape. The involvement of federal agencies in public recreational trail development increased during the Great Depression, with new agencies established to provide economic relief and undertake civic enhancement and conservation projects, such as Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and Works Progress Administration (WPA). CCC and WPA projects were prolific on state and federal lands across the country, and many involved the construction of trail networks and associated shelters and constructed viewpoints (Coffin Brown n.d.:5-7). The expansive trail networks constructed on public lands across the country in the 19th and early 20th century suffered from a lack of maintenance in the years after World War II, as funds for managing agencies and available labor was limited. NPS’s Mission 66 program, established in 1956, provided some relief and led to a brief resurgence in trail maintenance and development. However, during this period NPS abandoned its earlier principals of integration between design, materials, and natural features, instead using machinery to alter the landscape to improve access and employing cheaper modern materials. The movement for expanded recreational spaces, urban open space, linear parks, and environmental protection was renewed in the 1970s, leading to the redevelopment of former railroad corridors, canals, and unused transportation routes as public recreational trails as part of publicly funded projects or nonprofit organizations. The establishment of the Youth Conservation Corps in 1970 supported these new trail construction and trail maintenance projects by providing the funds and labor for projects (Coffin Brown n.d. 7-9).
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Contemporaneous with these trail development and maintenance programs was the expansion of environmental laws and regulations, which included provisions for the protection and preservation of historic trails. These laws included the Wilderness Act of 1964, which established millions of acres of federally protected wilderness lands to be protected from development; the NHPA, which provided for the recognition, protection, and preservation of historic places, including historic trails; the National Trail System Act (NTSA) of 1968, which established legislative authority for the federal establishment and protection of significant long-distance trails, such as the Appalachian Trail and the Pacific Crest Trail; and 1978 amendment to the NTSA, which broadened this authority to include historical trails commemorating significant routes of exploration, migration, military action, civil rights, or commerce (Coffin Brown n.d.:8). In the 1980s and 1990s, the historic trails of the 19th and 20th centuries were increasingly recognized as significant heritage routes, historic trails, or scenic trials worthy of preservation, a trend that also raised issues related to their protection and management. For example, in an effort to give greater consideration and protection to Indian Sacred Sites, President Clinton signed an executive order in 1996 that resulted in the closure and rerouting of historic trail sections within or near significant Native American religious and ceremonial sites. The result of the 1996 executive order is emblematic of the often conflicting and layered periods of use of historic trail networks across the country and the difficulties of reconciling these varied periods of use in the preservation, management, and continued use of historic trails (Coffin Brown n.d. 7-9).
3.2.2 Recreational Trails in Washington State The development of recreational trails in Washington State largely mirrored 20th century patterns in trail development. Within the state’s vast tracts of publicly owned lands, state and federal agencies developed and continue to maintain trail networks for purposes of access and recreation to the state’s protected natural areas. Additionally, in the latter decades of the century, access roads within formerly private lands and other types of transportation corridors were also repurposed as recreational trails by new public owners, such as access roads around dams or within former logging areas and trails created through rails-to-trails programs. The development of state-owned land for parks and trail networks in Washington began in the early 20th century. The State Board of Park Commissioners was established by the state legislature in 1913; however, in its earliest years, it was not provided any funding or direction by the legislature for the development of state parks. It was not until 1921 that the state legislature began funding park development and granted formal authority to the Board, renamed the State Parks Committee, to acquire land for the establishment of state parks. The reinvigorated committee was quite active in the 1920s, establishing a dozen new parks between 1921 and 1928. This early work was briefly stymied by the election of Governor Roland Hartley in 1928, who sought to reduce state spending and eliminated funding for state parks over his 4-year term. A change in the governorship and the onset of the Great Depression in 1930s led to a resurgence of park and trail development, as the state and national government funded programs for the construction of parks and trail networks in the state. The State Parks Committee was again renamed and reorganized in 1947, becoming the Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission. The reformed commission made a substantial effort to expand the state’s park system in the 1950s, with the number of state parks increasing from 79 properties in 1950 to 130 in 1960. This effort continued through the 1970s, with new programs targeted at maintaining existing facilities and developing specialized trail networks for activities such as cross-country skiing, snowmobiling, and all-terrain vehicles. The latter decades of the 20th
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century were a challenging period for the commission and state park system. The amount of state parks was reduced due to a decline in the state’s major industries (i.e., timber and aerospace in the 1980s), as well as further limited by the 1993 passage of Initiative 601, which capped state spending and restricted increase in park use fees. As a result, just two new parks were opened in 1990s, and staffing and maintenance programs were scaled back. These budgetary challenges have continued into the 21st century despite increasing park visitation numbers, compounding state park systems issues of staffing and maintenance (Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission 2015). Federal development and management of recreation trails on public lands in Washington was led by USFS and NPS. Today, USFS manages seven national forests in Washington, which collectively contain over 1,300 recreational hiking trails and 700 equestrian trails across over 10 million acres of land (Washington Trails Association 2022; USFS 2022). NPS manages 16 properties in Washington including three national parks, five national historical parks, three national historic sites, two national historic reserves, two segments of two national historic trails, and one national geological trail (NPS 2022b). Trail networks were developed throughout these federally owned properties, providing access and recreational and educational opportunities to visitors. Significant trails within these designated areas are considered contributing features to an NHL and NRHP designated properties, including the Wonderland Trail in Mount Rainier National Park (an NHL), the O’Neil Expedition Trail and Press Expedition Trails in Olympic National Park, and Devil’s Corner in North Cascades National Park (Toothman et al. 1996:61-62; NPS 2022b; Evans et al. 1986:8-9; Luxenberg 1987:15). Though not developed as recreational trails, segments of two nationally significant historic trails, the Lewis and Clark Nation Historic Trail and the Oregon National Historic Trail, are used by visitors for recreational purposes today (NPS 2022b).
3.2.2.1 Previously Documented Recreational Trails in Washington State A review of DAHP’s online Washington Information System for Architectural and Archaeological Records Database (WISAARD) identified twenty previously documented individual historic recreational trails in Washington. A summary of these trails is provided in Table 3-1.
Table 3-1. Previously Documented Recreational Trails in Washington
Name/WISAARD ID Location NRHP Eligibility (SHPO Determination) Trail Type Land Ownership Roslyn Branch - Northern Pacific Railroad / Mine Heritage Trail ID 4114
Cle Elum, Kittitas County, WA No determination Former rail line/ Recreational trail
Public/Kittitas County
Candy Point Trail ID 706741 Lincoln Ave, Coulee Dam, Douglas County, WA
Eligible Recreational trail Public/Chelan County and Bureau of Reclamation Pacific Crest Trail (Cascade Crest Trail) ID 715066 Stampede Pass, King County, WA No determination Recreational trail Public/USFS/ NPS Beacon Rock State Park - Beacon Rock Trail ID 717311
Beacon Rock State Park, Skamania County, WA
No determination Recreational trail Public/ Washington State Parks
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Name/WISAARD ID Location NRHP Eligibility (SHPO Determination) Trail Type Land Ownership Pipeline Road/Trail No. 74 ID 722725 Packwood, Lewis County, WA No determination Former USFS service road/ recreational trail
Public/USFS
Trail No. 78 ID 722732 Packwood, Lewis County, WA No determination Former USFS service road / recreational trail
Public/USFS
Tipsoo Lakes Developed Area Lower and Lower Little Tipsoo Lake Trails ID 724993
Pierce County, WA Eligible Recreational trail Public/NPS
Tipsoo Lakes Developed Area Upper Tipsoo Lake Trails ID 724994
Pierce County, WA Not Eligible Recreational trail Public/NPS
Tipsoo Lakes Developed Area Tipsoo Lake to Chinook Pass Trail ID 724995
Pierce County, WA Eligible Recreational trail Public/NPS
Tipsoo Lakes Developed Area Comfort Station Loop Trail ID 724997
Pierce County, WA Eligible Recreational trail Public/NPS
Tipsoo Lakes Developed Area Trail to Yakama Peak ID 724998
Pierce County, WA Eligible Recreational trail Public/NPS
Tipsoo Lakes Developed Area Social Trail to Yakama Peak ID 724999
Pierce County, WA Not Eligible Recreational trail Public/NPS
Tipsoo Lakes Developed Area Deadwood Lakes Trail ID 725000
Pierce County, WA Eligible Recreational trail Public/NPS
Reflection Lake Developed Area Wonderland Trail and Trailheads near Reflection Lakes ID 725018
Lewis County, WA Eligible Recreational trail Public/NPS
Reflection Lakes Developed Area Lewis County, WA Eligible Recreational trail Public/NPS
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Name/WISAARD ID Location NRHP Eligibility (SHPO Determination) Trail Type Land Ownership Lower Lakes Trail ID 725019 Reflection Lakes Developed Area Mazama Ridge Trail ID 725020
Lewis County, WA Eligible Recreational trail Public/NPS
Reflection Lakes Developed Area Pinnacle Peak Trail Trailhead ID 725021
Lewis County, WA Eligible Recreational trail Public/NPS
Reflection Lakes Developed Area High Lakes Trail ID 725022
Lewis County, WA Not Eligible Recreational trail Public/NPS
Reflection Lakes Developed Area Social Trails ID 725023
Lewis County, WA Not Eligible Recreational trail Public/NPS
Arboretum Waterfront Trail ID 726306 2300 Arboretum Dr E, Seattle, King County, WA
Not Eligible Recreational trail Public/City of Seattle
SHPO = State Historic Preservation Officer; USFS = United States Forest Service; NPS = National Parks Service Of these 20 trails, 12 are in the Mount Rainier NHL including the seven associated with the Tipsoo Lakes Developed Area and the five associated with Reflection Lakes Developed Area. Though these documented trail segments are not specifically identified as contributing resources to the NHL, they are included within the “hierarchy of road and trail types,” which were considered intact and collectively represented contributing circulation routes with the park (Toothman et al. 1996:6-7). Similarly, the Pacific Crest Trail (Cascade Crest Trail) in Skamania County is a segment of the Pacific Crest Trail, designated as a National Scenic Trail (National Parks Service 2022a). These designated trails have historical associations and design elements that elevate their significance above the other six previously documented trails in the state. Excluding these 14 nationally significant trails, the remaining six previously identified trails provide a better comparative context for the private employee amenity trail network within the Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters campus. However, all six of these previously identified trails are distinct from the Weyerhaeuser campus trail network because they were designed for public use and are located on publicly owned lands. Conversely, the Weyerhaeuser campus trail network was a recreational amenity for company employees working at this private corporate campus. Additionally, some of the trails differ from the campus trail network in their high degree of design planning and materials consideration. Other trails contrast with the Weyerhaeuser campus network in the nature of their development, resulting from either intergovernmental coordination or a public–private partnership compared to the Weyerhaeuser campus trail network’s private development.
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Two trails, the Candy Point Trail in Douglas County, Washington and Beacon Rock State Park - Beacon Rock Trail in Skamania County, Washington, were developed by CCC to provide greater public access for recreational purposes to the publicly owned Coulee Dam and Beacon Rock State Park, respectively (McMurry 2008:4; Lingo 2017:5-8). As CCC-developed trails, these trails share the character-defining features of the CCC and NPS’s “rustic landscape design" approach that integrated the trail with landscape through the use of local natural materials and alignment designs that follow the landscape’s natural topography (Lingo 2017:6). The trails’ historical association with CCC, original function as a public-use trail, and its recognizable approach to design and materials differentiate them from the Weyerhaeuser campus trail network. These two trails were specifically developed for public use on publicly owned lands, whereas the Weyerhaeuser campus trails were created for use by the company’s employees within the campus. Furthermore, these two trails include designed elements that are not present in the campus trail network. The CCC’s designs for the Candy Point and Beacon Rock trails included hand-tooled rock retaining walls and steps in areas steep incline, and stone coping along sections of the trail on milder grades (McMurry 2008:4; Lingo 2017:8). Conversely, the Weyerhaeuser campus trail network was not created with this degree of design or material intent. The campus trails lack these types of designed features, and where surfacing materials remain evident, there is gravel or paving that lacks distinctive workmanship. The Arboretum Trail represents a different type of designed trail, one within a designed urban public park landscape. The Arboretum Trail was designed by John Charles Olmstead in 1906 as part of an expansion of Washington Park located on the eastern shore of Lake Washington in Seattle, Washington. The trail is composed of a variety of natural and built elements, including trails, gangways, floating bridges, and a canoe crossing. The overland trails are delineated by sunken stacked timber borders filled with woodchips. The totality of the trail’s elements and approach to a mixed land-and-water landscape conveys the clear intent underlying Olmstead’s design; however, as the trail has lost much of its physical integrity through a lack of maintenance it can no longer convey this engineering significance. Like the CCC trails, the Arboretum Trail’s clear design intent—guided public use within a public property—and its employment of specific materials differentiate it from the Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters campus trail network. While the Arboretum Trail exhibits design features and surfacing materials that clearly delineate its alignment and facilitates public access within a public park, the Weyerhaeuser campus private employee amenity trail network lacks these characteristics. The proliferation of desire paths within the Weyerhaeuser trail network highlights this contrast, because these trail segments were created through repeated usage by Weyerhaeuser staff traveling between the campus’ facilities unimpeded by designed features intended to guide and facilitate pedestrian access through the campus’ relatively open landscape (Scott 2021:10-14). Two trails, the Roslyn Branch - Northern Pacific Railroad/Mine Heritage Trail and Pipeline Road/Trail No. 74, are recreational trails repurposed from a former rail line in Cle Elum, Washington, and a former access road at the Packwood Lake Hydroelectric Project in Packwood, Washington. These two trails are representative of late 20th century efforts to repurpose abandoned transportation routes for public recreational trail use. The Mine Heritage Trail was developed as public recreation trail through a joint effort of Kittitas County, and the cities of Cle Elum and Roslyn. In addition to physically altering the former Northern Pacific Railroad line to serve as a trail, including the removal of the rail line’s tracks and ties and grading of the gravel-and-ballast railbed, these local governments produced interpretive materials for the extant coal-mining sites and structures related to its original railroad function located along the trail (Chapman and Ozbun 2002:2). Similarly, the USFS repurposed a former Packwood Lake Hydroelectric Project service road
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for public recreational trail use, securing it from unauthorized vehicular access and requesting that the then-operator Washington Public Power Supply System leave the road unimproved (Sneddon 2020a:4). These two examples of repurposed transportation routes for public recreation purposes are similar to the transition to employee amenity purposes of the three service roads within the Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters campus. However, these two trails differ from the Weyerhaeuser campus trail network in the degree of intergovernmental coordination underlying this transition to public use. The repurposing Roslyn Branch of the Northern Pacific Railroad and Pipeline Road for public recreational purposes involved coordination between multiple governmental entities and a clear plan to use these transportation corridors as recreational trails. The Weyerhaeuser campus trail network evolved informally as employee use of the trail network gradually transitioned away from its original site access purpose to primarily being used as an amenity for employee recreation. Use by the public was not intended, but access to the private property was not restricted. A contrasting example of organizational intent and coordination for public access and use is conveyed by developmental history of Trail 78. The Washington Public Power Supply System constructed Trail No. 78 at Packwood Lake as part of a recreational agreement between the agency and USFS, with its purpose to replace the original lake access trail abandoned by the agency and maintain public recreational access to the lake (Sneddon 2020b:5).
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Chapter 4
Results and Findings
This chapter summarizes the available information related to the previously determined NRHP-eligible Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District and four contributing built-environment resources on the campus that were also previously determined to be individually eligible for listing in the NRHP. This chapter also presents the results of a field survey of the private employee amenity trail network and other landscape features in the northern section of the campus around the WTC, provides supplemental analysis of these features as potential contributing elements to the Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District, and also addresses the potential individual eligibility of the private employee amenity trail network as a linear structure. Finally, based on the information presented in Chapter 3, Historic Context, and the resource summaries presented here, this chapter includes an effects analysis that assesses whether NRHP-eligible resources would be affected by the Project.
4.1 Resource Summaries The information presented in this section is based on a review of the following reports prepared by Cardno for the Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters campus.
• Cultural Resources Archival Study, Greenline Business Park Project, Federal Way, Washington (Costa et al. 2018)
• Archaeological Resources Survey for the Woodbridge Corporate Park Building A and Building B Projects, Federal Way, Washington (Payne et al. 2020)
• Built Environment Survey of the Former Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Campus, Federal Way, Washington (Sadlier et al. 2020a)
• Evaluation of Effects for the Proposed Woodbridge Building A and Woodbridge Building B Projects, Federal Way, Washington (Sadlier et al. 2020b) Additionally, the crowdsources trail mapping platform AllTrails was used to establish a baseline for the extent of the private employee amenity trail network in the northern part of the campus, which was then field-verified during field investigations in August 2022.
4.1.1 Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District
4.1.1.1 Summary of Previous Evaluation In July 2020, Cardno identified the Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District and evaluated the eligibility of the district for listing in the NRHP (Sadlier et al. 2020). Cardno recommended that the historic district was eligible for listing in the NRHP under Criteria A and C at the national level of significance. The district was recommended eligible under Criterion A for its associations with community planning and development in introducing the campus to the West Coast, a form of corporate planning that would become a template to respond to corporate growth, and the pivotal role the campus had in changing the Weyerhaeuser Company’s public image as a
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forest management corporation. The district was recommended eligible under Criterion C as an exceptional example of an integrated and synergistic whole that integrated buildings and landscape in response to its Northwest context, which reflected the corporate identity of the Weyerhaeuser Company at the time of its construction; the district is also an outstanding example of the work of landscape architect Peter Walker (SWA) and architect Edward Charles Bassett (SOM). Additionally, as the district’s period of significance, 1969-1979, is within the last 50 years, Cardno evaluated the district under Criterion Consideration G. Cardno recommended that the district met NPS’s definition of “exceptional of importance” that a property must meet to be considered eligible under Criteria Consideration G (Sadlier et al. 2020:6-2–6-3). In October 2020, SHPO concurred with USACE’s determination that the Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District is eligible for listing in the NRHP, at the national level of significance, and represents a potential NHL (DAHP 2020; USACE 2020). The Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District encompasses the King County parcels within the following boundary demarcations (Sadlier et al. 2020a:6-5).
• At the north by the parcel boundaries that form a continuous, forested, east–west line about 500 feet south of S 323rd Street, then crossing Weyerhaeuser Way to the property south of the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife access road to North Lake.
• At the west by Interstate 5.
• At the south by State Route 18.
• At the east by Weyerhaeuser Way at the south end and following parcel boundaries roughly at the point where Weyerhaeuser Road meets Weyerhaeuser Way to link to North Lake, which then forms the remaining eastern boundary. This boundary encompasses most of the area known to have been proposed by the company for its headquarters complex at the time the 1969 plans were finalized. The boundary excludes the area north of the original site that had been owned by the Weyerhaeuser Company at that time and follows existing parcel lines that demarcate the subdivided parcels that were sold and developed between 1999 and 2007 to the north and to the east on the north and south sides of North Lake (Sadlier et al. 2020a:6-4–6-5). The features recommended by Cardno as contributing features to the Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District are summarized in Table 4-1 and depicted in Figure 4-1. The features recommended by Cardno as noncontributing features to the Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District are summarized in Table 4-2 and depicted in Figure 4-2. Full descriptions of the original designed built and natural features are discussed in Sadlier et al. 2020a.
Table 4-1. Contributing Features to Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District
Name
Landscape Characteristic Category Date(s) of Construction Headquarters building Buildings and structures 1969–1971 Headquarters parking lots Circulation 1969–1971 Ivy on headquarters building Vegetation 1969–1971, maturing and managed thereafter Headquarters meadow Vegetation; spatial organization 1969–1971
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Name
Landscape Characteristic Category Date(s) of Construction Headquarters pond Constructed water feature 1969–1971 Managed woods inside headquarters circulation road Vegetation 1969–1971, maturing and managed thereafter Hardscaping and planting on headquarters grounds and parking lots Buildings and structures; vegetation 1969–1971, maturing and managed thereafter Guardian Rock Small-scale features c. 1971 Flagpole Small-scale features c. 1971 Street furniture around headquarters building grounds and parking lots Small-scale features c. 1971 Campus-wide circulation roads Circulation 1969–1971 and 1976–1978 Wooded buffers along circulation roads and meadows Vegetation; spatial organization c. 1971 Model forest Vegetation c. 1975 WTC building Buildings and structures 1976–1978 WTC parking lots and circulation driveways Circulation 1977–1979 WTC landscaping Vegetation 1976–1979, maturing and managed thereafter Rhododendron Species Botanical Garden Vegetation 1976–1979, maturing and managed thereafter Project House 2 Buildings and structures 1969 Critical views north and south from headquarters building Views and vistas 1969–1971, maturing and managed thereafter Critical views of headquarters building Views and vistas 1969–1971, maturing and managed thereafter Experience of wooded buffer while traveling on circulation roads Vegetation; Spatial organization 1969–1971, maturing and managed thereafter
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Table 4-2. Noncontributing Features to Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District Name Date(s) of Construction Project House 1 1964 Weyerhaeuser Technology Center service yard 1978 and c. 1990 Weyerhaeuser Way and S 336th Street roundabout c. 2005 King County Fire District 22 Fire Station (now Osaka Garden Services) 1969 and 1971 Former Puget Sound & Light Company service building (now Khalsa Gurmat Center) 1964 Pacific Bonsai Museum 1989 Helicopter pads c. 1990 Weyerhaeuser Technology Center detention pond c. 1978, unknown date of alteration Tree stands outside contributing managed woods, model forest, and campus-wide wooded buffers N/A Open space not part of original designs (throughout campus) N/A Trail network design (throughout campus) Unknown Signs (throughout campus) Multiple since late 1980s
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Source: Sadlier et al. 2020a.
Figure 4-1. Contributing Features of Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District,
Recommended in 2020
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Source: Sadlier et al. 2020a.
Figure 4-2. Noncontributing Features of Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District,
Recommended in 2020
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4.1.1.2 Summary of Supplementary Analysis In its July 2020 report, Cardno identified a private employee amenity trail network that ran throughout the campus and recommended the network as a noncontributing feature of the Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District due to the network’s lack of historical association with the Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters campus and insufficient historical integrity (Sadlier et al. 2020:6-41). The private employee amenity trail network in the northern section of the Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters campus near the WTC is considered a linear resource per DAHP’s definition of the term, as it is a continuous (though interconnecting) alignment (DAHP 2022:14). While the features and materials of the various segments may vary along various segments, this is primarily a result of the evolving development of the trail network within a natural space, rather than its construction with a specific design intent. The private employee amenity trail network meets the NPS definition of a trail because it was established by construction and then later through repeated use and is restricted to foot traffic (Coffin Brown n.d.:3). However, the Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters campus private employee amenity trail network lacks significant historical associations, and designed elements and materials of example trails described in this comparative context that were previously determined to be NRHP-eligible. While the network has loose associations to the Weyerhaeuser Company through its location within the company’s corporate headquarters campus, there is no documentary evidence that suggests that the three service roads were designed elements of the northern part of the campus. Rather, the service roads appear to have been originally constructed by Weyerhaeuser staff to facilitate access through and around the woods in this section of campus for understory management and fire-suppression activities and later transitioned to primarily being used by Weyerhaeuser employees for recreational uses. Furthermore, the majority of the network consists of trails created as employee amenities or desire paths made through repeated use by Weyerhaeuser staff well-after the design and construction of the campus. While the service roads have associated features, such as drainage ditches and culverts, these elements alone do not indicate a clear design intent as part of the roads’ development and likely were constructed to serve a purely functional drainage purpose. Similarly, though there is evidence of past artificial surfacing materials including gravel and cement paving, these elements are not evident throughout the service roads’ respective alignments within any other part of the trail network and have not been maintained. To support the assessment of effects, this supplementary analysis identifies and differentiates among landscape features in the vicinity of the WTC that were considered part of the private employee amenity trail network design in the previous evaluation—service roads, employee amenity trails and desire paths, and related small-scale features—and provides a more detailed justification for their status as noncontributing features to the historic district because they either do not date to the period of significance for the historic district, or do not contribute to conveying the significance associations identified under Criterion A or Criterion C for the district. Independent of the historic district, this study recommends the campus private employee amenity trail network is not individually eligible for listing in the NRHP, because its constituent components—service roads, desire paths, and related small-scale features—lack a cohesive historical period of development, significant historical associations, and shared designed elements and materials. Service Road 1, Service Road 2, and Service Road 3 are not depicted in any planning documents associated with construction of the WTC or further development of the northern portion of the campus, indicating they were not planned designed elements of this part of the campus.
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Rather, they were developed contemporaneously with the WTC to provide Weyerhaeuser employees access through and around the woods, and they gradually transitioned to intra-campus amenity routes and later private employee amenity recreational trails. Furthermore, these service roads lack significant designed elements and materials that characterize comparable trails previously determined to be eligible for listing in the NRHP. A fraction of the original Weyerhaeuser employee amenity trails was constructed in the 1970s, such as the early amenity trails concentrated in the southern portion of the campus around the headquarters building. However, the majority of the later desire paths were developed after c. 1990. Additionally, these desire paths lack significant design elements and materials. The Weyerhaeuser employee volleyball court, constructed c. 1980–1990, has associations with the Weyerhaeuser Company program of providing recreational amenities to its employees, but the court was constructed after other original recreational amenities, and it alone is not exceptionally significant to be representative of that program. In addition, this section also provides justification for noncontributing status of previously undocumented volleyball court constructed for Weyerhaeuser employees. The locations of these features are shown in Figure 4-3. This figure also shows the location of a portion of the noncontributing trees stands outside of contributing managed woods, model forests, and campus-wide wooded buffers that was identified in the 2020 Cardno study but not illustrated in the associated noncontributing features map, included as Figure 4-2.
4.1.1.3 Service Roads Based on the results of this field investigation and a review of historical aerial photographs and maps, three segments of the circulation features previously identified in the trail network appear to be former service roads built contemporaneously with the WTC and one segment is a service road built to access the WTC detention pond. For the purpose of this study, these segments are referred to as Service Road 1, Service Road 2, Service Road 3, and WTC Detention Pond Service Road. WTC Service Road 2 also includes an extension. These roads are described in more detail in the following sections.
4.1.1.4 WTC Service Road 1 Service Road 1 is the north–south trail segment that runs through the woods west of WTC that begins near the southwest curve of the WTC circulation drive and then north to the parking lot of the adjacent commercial office property. Its southern terminus is a wider, graveled entrance blocked to vehicular access by metal gate (Appendix B, Figure B-1). The gate consists of two triangular swing arms supported by single posts on the outside edges of the road that interlock in the center of the road. Though the width of Service Road 1 narrows as it enters the woods, it still retains a width wide enough for a single vehicle and appears to have been previously graveled, though its surface is now mostly packed dirt and small rocks (Appendix B, Figure B-2). There is evidence of drainage ditches excavated along either side of the southern half of Service Road 1, though these are overgrown with vegetation and appear to level out as the trail nears its northern terminus (Appendix B, Figure B-3).
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Figure 4-3. Locations of Noncontributing Features Identified in the Current Study
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Service Road 1 is apparent within the wood in a 1979 historic aerial photograph taken following the completion of the WTC (Sadlier et al. 2020a:5-37). Weyerhaeuser staff likely created Service Road 1 to provide company access through the wood after the completion of the northern section of the campus, and it once connected to the other service roads north of the WTC (NETR 1995; USGS 1997). However, this former service road has not been maintained for vehicle use and appears to have been repurposed by Weyerhaeuser as a private trail to serve as an amenity for employees.
4.1.1.6 WTC Service Road 2 and Extension Service Road 2 is the trail segment that runs south from the northwest corner of the Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters campus along the edge of the wooded buffer adjacent to the headquarters meadow, around the WTC detention pond, and then north to the WTC circulation drive. This feature has the characteristics of a two-track road, evidenced by markings from vehicular use and extant drainage features (Appendix B, Figures B-4 and B-5). While there is evidence of past graveling, its surface is now packed dirt and grass; however, where the service road turns north toward the WTC circulation drive on the east side of the WTC detention pond, several concrete pavers are exposed at the surface (Appendix B, Figure B-6). A wood trail marker is located in the center of the entrance to the trail at its intersection with the WTC drive, preventing vehicular access (Appendix B, Figure B-7). This trail marker consists of a single square wood post with a beveled top and has no observable signage identifying the trail or serving any directional function. To the south of the WTC detention pond, a culvert is buried beneath the trail, comprising three corrugated metal pipes surrounded by deteriorated cement forms (Appendix B, Figure B-8). Additionally, small drainage runoff ditches are located along the wooded side of the trail’s alignment as it runs southeast along the headquarters meadow (Appendix B, Figure B-9). Markers indicating the presence of a buried petroleum pipeline were observed following Service Road 2’s northern alignment along the property’s western boundary and extend along the Interstate-5 right-of-way into the parcel adjacent to the north (Appendix B, Figure B-5). Though Service Road 2 is not visible in the 1979 historic aerial photograph, it appears present in a 1980 historic aerial photograph (Sadlier et al. 2020a:5-37; NETR 1980). By 1990, the Service Road 2 Extension was present, running south toward S 336th Street from the point at which Service Road 2 turns north from the wooded buffer along the headquarters meadow toward the WTC circulation drive (NETR 1990). The Service Road 2 Extension also exhibits the characteristics of a two-track road, though it appears it was created through use in the headquarters meadow as there was no evidence of previous graveling. Service Road 2 and the Service Road 2 Extension were mapped in topographical maps of the area in 1995 and 1997, on its earlier documented alignment around the wooded buffer southwest of the WTC and western property boundary. Just past the current northern property boundary it turned east to intersect with the other service roads (NETR 1995; USGS 1997). Like Service Road 1, Weyerhaeuser staff likely built Service Road 2 and the Service Road 2 Extension to provide company access around the edge of the wood after the completion of the northern section of the campus. However, this former service road has not been maintained for vehicle use and appears to have been repurposed by Weyerhaeuser as a private trail to serve as an amenity for employees.
4.1.1.7 WTC Service Road 3 Service Road 3 is the trail that runs north and then northeast from the WTC circulation drive to the adjacent commercial office parcel. It appears to be a former service road based on evidence of past paving and the metal gate at its southern terminus, which is of the same design as the gate at the
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southern terminus of Service Road 1 (Appendix B, Figure B-10). While it is primarily surfaced with packed dirt and small rocks throughout its alignment, evidence of past paving was exposed at the surface near its northern terminus at the adjacent parcel (Appendix B, Figure B-11). This paving appeared to extend approximately 15 to 20 feet south from the parcel boundary, before Service Road 3 turns southwest. Additionally, the northern end intersects with the alignment of a buried gas pipeline and a fiber optic cable, which extends south from the service road’s northern terminus through the wood north of the WTC to the WTC circulation drive and then continued south. Though Service Road 3 is not visible in the 1979 historic aerial photograph, it appears present in a 1980 historic aerial photograph (Sadlier et al. 2020a:5-37; NETR 1980). Additionally, the service road was mapped in greater detail on topographical maps of the area in 1995 and 1997 on a straighter north–northeastern alignment to a point in the wood north of the WTC where it intersected with east–west alignment of other service roads within the wood. Like the other service roads, Service Road 3 was likely built by Weyerhaeuser staff to provide company access through the wood, either after the completion of the WTC or potentially to facilitate the construction of the buried infrastructure, which intersects with the service road’s alignment. This former service road has not been maintained for vehicle use and appears to have been repurposed by Weyerhaeuser as a private trail to serve as an amenity for employees.
4.1.1.8 WTC Detention Pond Service Road The WTC Detention Pond Service Road runs from the southwest corner of the WTC circulation drive around the west and south sides of the pond (Appendix B, Figure B-12). The extant portion of the service road is maintained with gravel and terminates on the west side of the pond at a drain inlet with debris cage. The service road was constructed between 1998 and 2002, at which time the detention pond was expanded to its current form (NETR 1998, 2002). In the mid-2000s, the road extended through the wooded buffer surrounding the detention pond west toward the service road running along the west side of that wooded buffer (NETR 2006, 2009). Since that time, that portion of the service road has not been maintained and is overgrown with vegetation.
4.1.1.9 Analysis Though Service Road 1, Service Road 2, and Service Road 3 were built contemporaneously along with construction of the WTC c. 1970–1980, there is no documentary evidence to suggest that the service roads were designed elements of the planned Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters campus as planned by SOM and SWA. The service roads are not depicted in the series of 1970s master plans developed during the design and planning phase for the WTC. Rather, these roads were constructed to provide Weyerhaeuser campus staff access to wooded area for understory management and fire suppression activities within the areas surrounding the WTC. There is no clear evidence of maintenance of these roads by the Weyerhaeuser Company since their development, and these former service roads were repurposed as a private trail to serve as an employee amenity used for intra-campus access and recreational purposes. There are metal gates present at the entrances off the WTC circulation drive to Service Road 1 and Service Road 3 and a wood trail marker at the entrance off the WTC circulation drive to Service Road 2. While the location of these small-scale features indicates their association with these former service roads, there is insufficient evidence to identify when these features were installed. Despite being landscaped features that were built contemporaneously with the WTC, these service roads do not contribute to conveying the historic and architectural significances of the Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District under Criterion A. The service roads do not
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contribute to conveying the campus’s significant associations with community planning and development as one of the earliest examples of the corporate campus on the West Coast because they were not designed as part of the master planning. The service roads also do not contribute to conveying the campus’s role in changing the Weyerhaeuser Company’s public image as a forest management corporation; that significance is conveyed specifically by elements, such as the model forest, that highlighted the company’s sustainable forest management practices. The service roads also do not contribute to conveying significance under Criterion C, because they are not an exceptional example of an integrated and synergistic whole that integrated buildings and landscape in response to its Northwest context and that reflected the corporate identity of the Weyerhaeuser Company at the time of its construction. The service roads are also not an outstanding example of the work of landscape architect Peter Walker (SWA) and architect Edward Charles Bassett (SOM). These three service roads were not designed elements of the planned Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters campus. The roads were built for utilitarian purpose, with integrity of design, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association of the service road use undermined by the transition to recent private employee amenity recreational trail use. As such, these three service roads are noncontributing features to the Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District. The WTC Detention Pond Service Road was built well after the WTC and the original detention pond. Its construction was contemporaneous with the modifications made to the pond after the period of significance of the Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District. The feature with which the WTC Detention Pond Service Road is most closely associated, the WTC detention pond, was recommended by Cardno as a noncontributing feature to the Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District because of its noted modifications outside of the district’s period of significance. The Detention Pond Service Road does not convey the district’s historic significances under Criterion A or Criterion C. As such, it is a noncontributing feature to the Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District. The service roads and WTC Detention Pond Service Road are not individually or collectively eligible for listing in the NRHP. Collectively, they lack a cohesive historical period of development, significant historical associations, and shared designed elements and materials. While Service Road 1, Service Road 2, and Service Road 3 were constructed c. 1979–1980, the WTC Detention Pond Service Road was constructed almost 20 years later when modifications were made to the WTC detention pond. Though all four roads share an original access function, the activities facilitated by that access were varied. Initially Service Road 1, Service Road 2, and Service Road 3 facilitated understory management and fire suppression activities in the wood, and later became private employee amenity and recreational trails. The WTC Detention Pond Service Road has retained its original access function, allowing access to the detention pond’s drain inlet and debris cage for maintenance. Service Road 1, Service Road 2, and Service Road 3 exhibit some evidence of past artificial surfacing, but unlike the graveling of the WTC detention pond, this has not been maintained. Similarly, Service Road 1, Service Road 3, and the WTC Detention Pond Service Road have associated drainage features, while Service Road 3 does not show any evidence of such features, and only the WTC Detention Pond Service Road drainage features have been maintained. The integrity of materials, workmanship, and feeling of Service Road 1, Service Road 2, and Service Road 3 has been undermined by this lack of maintenance, and their integrity of association has been diminished as a result of the change in their use. Because these service roads lack significant historical associations and have lost historical integrity, they are not individually or collectively eligible for listing in the NRHP.
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4.1.1.10 Weyerhaeuser Private Employee Amenity Trails and Desire Paths
4.1.1.11 Description While some of the trail segments in the northern portion of the campus may have been created as employee amenities, the majority of the trails comprising the trail network in the northern section of the WTC are desire paths created through repeated use over the last three decades by Weyerhaeuser staff. These trails are present in the woods to surrounding the WTC and in the headquarters meadow, providing shorter east–west connections between the longer north–south trails. Within the woods, desire paths are simple dirt trails. In the meadow, they are observed as visibly recognizable paths through the short grass of the field (Appendix B, Figures B-13, B-14, B-15, and B-16). Related small-scale features such as wood trail markers and trail-related signage were observed at entrances to trails off the WTC circulation drive and along a trail within the woods. The wood markers at the entrances to two trails on the north end of the WTC circulation drive are of matching design with the marker at the WTC circulation drive entrance to Service Road 2 (Appendix B, Figures B-17). Two trail-related signs, one wood and one metal, indicating that use of the trails were restricted to pedestrians were observed at the entrance off the north side of the WTC circulation to one trail and along a trail in the woods to north of the WTC (Appendix B, Figures B-18 and B-19).
4.1.1.12 Analysis The private employee amenity trails present in the northern portion of the campus were created over the course of the last three decades, with the earliest trails documented in 1990s. and do not date to the period of significance for the Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District (NETR 1990, 1995; USGS 1997). The majority were created through repeated use by Weyerhaeuser staff for recreational purposes, with no associated design intent or materials. Furthermore, they do not convey the district’s historic significances under Criterion A or Criterion C, and do not contribute to conveying the historic district’s exceptional importance under Criterion Consideration G. As such, these elements of the campus-wide trail network are a noncontributing feature to the Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District. The related small-scale features associated with the trails are likewise considered noncontributing features to Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District. The wood trail markers were not identified in Cardno’s 2020 report, and the date of their installation is unknown. Furthermore, there is no evidence to suggest they were designed elements of the planned Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters campus and, thus, cannot convey the district’s historic significances under Criterion A or Criterion C. Cardno previously evaluated signage throughout the campus and recommended it collectively to be a noncontributing feature to the historic district, as the oldest signs (laser-cut style wood signs such as the one shown in Appendix B, Figure B-18) were added in the late 1980s, outside the historic district’s period of significance. The campus trail network’s private amenity trails and desire paths are not individually or collectively eligible for listing in the NRHP. Collectively, they lack a cohesive historical period of development, significant historical associations, and shared designed elements and materials. Some of the original Weyerhaeuser employee amenity trails were constructed in the 1970s, including those amenity trails around the headquarters building. However, the majority of the desire paths were developed after c. 1990. Furthermore, these amenity trails and desire paths lack significant design elements and materials. Most were created over time through repeated use without specific
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design intent and are distinguishable from their surrounding environment only as depressions in the meadow or well-traveled dirt paths through the woods, respectively. As these trails lack significant historical associations and have lost historical integrity, they are not individually eligible for listing in the NRHP.
4.1.1.13 Volleyball Court
4.1.1.14 Description The previously undocumented Weyerhaeuser Company employee volleyball court was identified by ICF during field investigation. The volleyball court was constructed northwest of the WTC between 1980 and 1990 (NETR 1980, 1990). The grass court is located on a small rise and surrounded on its southeast and northwest sides by semi-hexagonal segments of chain-link fencing (Appendix B, Figure B-20). The grass court does not appear to be maintained, though the net and support poles are in good condition, indicating they have been replaced. A sign denoting the volleyball court’s use by Weyerhaeuser employees is affixed to the interior of the northwest segment of chain-link fencing.
4.1.1.15 Analysis The disused volleyball court was constructed after the historic district’s period of significance and is not an original designed feature within the northern section of the campus. The volleyball court does not convey the district’s historic significances under Criterion A or Criterion C and as such, is a noncontributing feature to the Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District. The employee volleyball court is not individually eligible for listing in the NRHP. Though the volleyball court has loose associations with the Weyerhaeuser Company’s practice of providing recreational amenities for campus employees, alone it is not representative or illustrative of this company program at the Weyerhaeuser campus. The property, constructed c. 1980–1990, is not historic. Furthermore, its integrity of materials workmanship has been undermined through the apparent replacement of its components. Because the volleyball court lacks significant historical associations and has lost historical integrity, it is not individually eligible for listing in the NRHP.
4.1.2 Individually Eligible Built-Environment Resources Four individually eligible built environment resources are within the boundaries of the Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters Historic District: Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters Building, Project House 1, Project House 2, and the King County Fire District 22 Fire Station (now Osaka Garden Services). SHPO determined in October 2017 that the Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters Building is individually eligible for listing in the NRHP (Houser 2017), and the associated historic property inventory form is available in
Appendix C. Cardno recommended Project House 1, Project House 2, and the King County Fire District 22 Fire Station (now Osaka Garden Services) individually eligible for listing in the NRHP (Sadlier et al. 2020:6-41–6-50). In a letter dated October 21, 2021, USACE requested SHPO concurrence on its determination of eligibility for the Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District. In a letter dated October 21, 2021, SHPO concurred that the district is eligible for listing in the NRHP. While the USACE letter did not explicitly request concurrence on the determinations of individual eligibility for Project House 1, Project House 2, and King County Fire District 22 Fire Station, for the purpose of this study, those properties are assumed to be eligible for
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listing in the NRHP given their eligibility was recommended concurrent with the historic district in the 2020 survey report (USACE 2020; DAHP 2020; Sadlier et al. 2020a). SHPO did not require the preparation of individual historic property inventory forms at that time. The description, significance, and eligibility recommendations for these four resources are summarized in Table 4-3 and locations are shown in Figure 4-4.
Table 4-3. Individually Eligible Built-Environment Resources Located within the Boundaries of the
Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District Name Date(s) of Construction NRHP Criterion SHPO Concurrence Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters Building 1969–1971 Not specified in documentation Yes
Project House 1 1964 C Yes Project House 2 1969 A Yes King County Fire District 22 Fire Station (now Osaka Garden Services) 1969 A and C Yes
4.1.2.1 Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters Building The Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters Building was constructed in 1969 to 1971 as the focal point of the Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters campus. Designed by SOM, the headquarters building was the first major application of open-landscape office design in the United States and an example of the total integration of building and landscape (Houser 2017:9). It is a stepped five-story design with expansive glazing, flat roofs covered with ivy plantings, and horizontal orientation and location within the landscape emphasizes its appearance as a bridge between its asymmetrically placed parking areas and as a dam forming the headquarters pond to the north (Sadlier et al. 2020a:6-7). SHPO’s determination of individual eligibility for the Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters Building did not specify the NRHP Criterion under which the property is significant (Houser 2017:2, 9).
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Figure 4-4. Resource Locations Map
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4.1.2.2 Project House 1 Project House 1 was built prior to the design of the campus as single-family dwelling and located on a portion of the property acquired by the Weyerhaeuser Company in 1998 (Sadlier et al. 2020a:6-39). Project House 1 is recommended as eligible under Criterion C with a period of significance of 1964, the date of its construction. The house is eligible under Criterion C because it embodies the distinctive characteristics of a stepped-level, Modernist dwelling featuring exterior plywood paneling (Sadlier et al. 2020:6-45).
4.1.2.3 Project House 2 The Weyerhaeuser Company constructed Project House 2 in 1969 as a demonstration house for company products (Sadlier et al. 2020:6-47). Project House 2 was recommended as eligible under Criterion A at the local level with a period of significance of 1969, the date of its construction. Project House 1 is eligible under Criterion A as a representation of the Weyerhaeuser Company’s practice of constructing demonstration houses to test and display its products (Sadlier et al. 2020:6-47).
4.1.2.4 King County Fire District 22 Fire Station King County Fire District 22 Fire Station was built in 1969, and its hose tower was added in 1971 (Sadlier et al. 2020:6-48). The fire station was recommended as eligible under Criteria A and C at the local level with a period of significance of 1969 and 1971, the date of its construction. King County Fire District 22 Fire Station is eligible under Criterion A for its associations with the historical development of South King Fire & Rescue following its establishment in 1944 to serve the growing population in the Federal Way area and under Criterion C as it embodies the distinctive characteristics of the later phase of Northwest Modernism as applied to public buildings (Sadlier et al. 2020:6-48).
4.2 Effects Analysis Potential effects from the Project were analyzed for resources within the proposed APE that were previously determined eligible for listing in the NRHP. Figure 4-5 shows proposed project elements and boundaries of NRHP-eligible properties.
4.2.1 Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District The Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District was recommended as eligible for listing in the NRHP by Cardno in 2020. The proposed APE for the Project encompasses all contributing resources to the historic district. This analysis considers physical and visual effects of the proposed Project.
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Figure 4-5. Effects Analysis Map
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4.2.1.1 Physical Effects Proposed Project activities include the demolition of existing parking lots, clearing, grading, and the construction of three new commercial buildings with parking lots, access roads, utility services, and stormwater facilities, as well as the associated frontage improvements along Weyerhaeuser Way S. The project may also include the construction of additional parking east of the WTC building. If implemented, construction of the additional parking would require removal of trees in a wooded area that is non-contributing to the historic district and the approximately 50-foot wooded buffer adjacent to the west side of Weyerhaeuser Way S would be retained. Contributing components of the historic district located in the proposed APE include the WTC building, WTC parking lots, circulation drives, WTC landscaping, portions of the campus-wide wooded buffer, the northern portion of the Weyerhaeuser Way S roadway, and the headquarters meadow (see feature descriptions in Table 4-1). The WTC building would be retained as part of the Project and measures would be taken to protect the building from damage during construction. The WTC parking lots and circulation drives and WTC landscaping would be demolished in their entirety as part of the Project, and portions of the campus-wide wooded buffer would be removed for the construction of four entrances to new access roads. However, where the buffer would not be removed, an approximately 50-foot tree and vegetation buffer would be retained and managed between the easternmost limit of construction and Weyerhaeuser Way S and between the western limit of construction and the headquarters meadow. The proposed depth of this buffer matches the tree-buffer depth adjacent to specified city or county roads as agreed upon between Weyerhaeuser Company and the City of Federal Way in a concomitant agreement (Weyerhaeuser Company Concomitant Pre-Annexation Zoning Agreement 1994). Additionally, the buffer would include multiple trees that are substantially taller than the heights of the proposed Project elements so that these elements would not project above the buffer (Figure 4-6) and buffer management would include understory vegetation and mid-level tree planting intended to mature and fill in the visual gaps between the mature trees. Where the buffer would be maintained, once mature, it would effectively screen the proposed Project elements from Weyerhaeuser Way S. These activities would represent changes to the setting, design, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association of the historic district. While the Project would not alter the location or alignment of Weyerhaeuser Way S, the roadway would be physically affected at four points on the west side of its alignment through the construction of new entranceways to the access roads of the three new commercial buildings. To a lesser degree than the aforementioned demolition and removal activities, this change to the roadway would also represent an impact on the setting, design, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association of the historic district. No construction would take place in the headquarters meadow and the adjacent portions of the wooded buffer would remain intact. Temporary effects from vibration, noise, fugitive dust, and traffic from construction or operation of the Project are not expected to alter the WTC building, portions of the wooded buffer, Weyerhaeuser Way S, and the Headquarters Meadow. As such, these temporary effects are not expected to undermine the eligibility of the historic district or the integrity of its contributing components.
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Source: Sadlier et al. 2020a.
Figure 4-6. Map of Treetop Elevations
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4.2.1.2 Visual Effects Significant views identified as contributing components to the historic district in the APE include critical views north and south from the headquarters building, critical views of the headquarters building, and experience of the wooded buffer while traveling on circulation roads. Critical views north and south from the headquarters building would not be altered by the Project (Figure 4-7). The proposed Project activities, located to the north–northeast of the headquarters building, would not significantly affect the viewshed from this feature due to distance and the intervening managed woods area to the immediate northeast and retained portions wooded buffer along the headquarters meadow to the north (Figure 4-8). Importantly, the four new entranceways proposed along Weyerhaeuser Way S would not be visible from the headquarters building due to distance and the intervening managed woods area to the immediate northeast. Critical views south from the headquarters building would not be altered as no proposed Project activities would occur in that area. Likewise, critical views of the headquarters building would not be altered by the Project (Figure 4-9). Critical views of the headquarters building from the north include those from vantage points along Interstate 5 across the headquarters meadow, along the eastern portion of S 336th Street, and along the headquarters pond, all of which would not be altered by the Project. Critical views of the headquarters building from the south would not be altered, because no proposed Project activities would occur in that area and activities would not be visible to the north beyond the headquarters building, its associated parking lots, hardscaping, landscaping, and managed woods areas. The experience of the wooded buffer while traveling on circulation roads would be altered along the northern portion of Weyerhaeuser Way S by the introduction of four new entrances for access roads to the WTC, and Buildings 1, 2, and 3 on the west side of Weyerhaeuser Way S (Figure 4-10). Creation of these entryways would require removal of portions of the wooded buffer. As such, the wooded buffer on the west side of Weyerhaeuser Way S would no longer be contiguous. In addition, the new buildings may be visible from Weyerhaeuser Way S given that the creation of the entryways and access roads would remove trees that currently screen visibility in four locations. These activities would represent effects on the setting, design, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association of the historic district. The complete demolition and alteration of contributing resources to the Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District and the introduction of new elements within the viewshed of contributing features would result in physical and visual effects that diminish the overall integrity of setting, design, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association of the historic district. Therefore, the Project would result in an adverse effect on the NRHP-eligible Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District.
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Figure 4-7. Map of Previously Identified Critical Views from the Corporate Headquarters Building
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Source: Nelson Worldwide 2022.
Figure 4-8. Critical Views from the Corporate Headquarters Building north toward the Project Area
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Source: Sadlier et al. 2020a.
Figure 4-9. Previously Identified Critical Views to the Corporate Headquarters Building
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Source: Sadlier et al. 2020a.
Figure 4-10. Previously Identified Critical Views of Woodland Setting from Headquarters Circulation
Roads
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4.2.2 Individually Eligible Built-Environment Resources Four individually eligible built-environment resources are located within the boundaries of the Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters Historic District: Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters Building, Project House 1, Project House 2, and the King County Fire District 22 Fire Station (now Osaka Garden Services). SHPO determined that the Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters Building was individually eligible in October 2017 (Houser 2017). Cardno recommended that Project House 1, Project House 2, and the King County Fire District 22 Fire Station (now Osaka Garden Services) were individually eligible for listing in the NRHP (Sadlier et al. 2020:6-41–6-50). In a letter dated October 21, 2021, USACE requested SHPO concurrence on its determination of eligibility for the Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District. In a letter dated October 21, 2021, SHPO concurred that the district is eligible for listing in the NRHP. While the USACE letter did not explicitly request concurrence on the determinations of individual eligibility for Project House 1, Project House 2, and King County Fire District 22 Fire Station, for the purpose of this study, those properties are assumed to be eligible for listing in the NRHP given their eligibility was recommended concurrent with the historic district in the 2020 survey report (USACE 2020; DAHP 2020; Sadlier et al. 2020a). While these properties are not within the APE, which is the USACE permit area, they are analyzed herein for potential landscape-level physical and visual effects because they are located within the Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District boundary.
4.2.2.1 Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters Building The Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters Building is in the southern portion of the campus approximately 2,135 feet south of the limits of construction for the Project, outside of the physical APE. The Project is not expected to alter characteristics that qualify the property for inclusion in the NRHP through demolition, introduction of new or incompatible elements, vibration, noise, fugitive dust, or traffic effects from construction or operation. While this property is located in the APE, proposed project elements will not significantly affect the viewshed of the Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters Building due to distance and intervening vegetation, including the contributing managed woods area to the immediate northeast and retained portions wooded buffer along the headquarters meadow to the north. As described previously, critical views north and south from the headquarters building and critical views of the headquarters building from the north and south are identified as character-defining features this property. However, these character-defining views would not be altered by the proposed Project activities. Therefore, the Project would not diminish the integrity of location, setting, design, materials, workmanship, feeling, or association for this property. As such, the Project would have no effect on the Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters Building.
4.2.2.2 Project House 1 Project House 1 is in the southern portion of the campus approximately 1,409 feet southeast of the limits of construction for the Project, outside of the physical APE. The Project is not expected to alter characteristics that qualify the property for inclusion in the NRHP through demolition, introduction of new or incompatible elements, vibration, noise, fugitive dust, or traffic effects from construction or operation. While this property is located in the APE, views are not identified as character-defining features of this property, and the majority of the proposed project elements are not located in the viewshed of Project House 1 due to distance and intervening vegetation, including the
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noncontributing area of woods east of Weyerhaeuser Way to the immediate north of Project House 1. Therefore, the Project would not diminish integrity of location, setting, design, materials, workmanship, feeling, or association for this property. As such, the Project would have no effect on Project House 1.
4.2.2.3 Project House 2 Project House 2 is in the northern portion of the campus on the east side of Weyerhaeuser Way S. The property is approximately 233 feet east of the limits of construction for the proposed Project, outside the physical APE. While activities such as demolition of existing WTC parking lots, clearing, grading, and the construction of three new commercial buildings with parking lots, access roads, utility services, and stormwater facilities would occur approximately 233 feet west of Project House 2, the Project is not expected to alter characteristics that qualify the property for inclusion in the NRHP through demolition, introduction of new or incompatible elements, vibration, noise, fugitive dust, or traffic effects from construction or operation. While this property is located in the APE, views are not identified as character-defining features of this property, and the majority of the proposed project elements are not located in the viewshed of Project House 2 due to distance and intervening vegetation, including the contributing wooded buffers on either side of Weyerhaeuser Way S and noncontributing area of woods to east of Weyerhaeuser Way that surrounds Project House 2. The Project would include the addition of four points of entry to the WTC on the west side of Weyerhaeuser Way S. The wooded buffer on the opposite side of the road from Project House 2 would no longer be contiguous, but none of the new entryways would be immediately across from the house. As such, the change in setting represented by the addition of these new entranceways is not sufficiently substantial to represent an impact on the property. Therefore, the Project would not diminish integrity location, setting, design, materials, workmanship, feeling, or association for this property. As such, the Project would have no effect on the Project House 2.
4.2.2.4 King County Fire District 22 Fire Station The King County Fire District 22 Fire Station is approximately 992 feet south of the Project in the southern portion of the campus, beyond the limits of proposed construction, and outside of the physical APE. The Project is not expected to alter characteristics that qualify the property for inclusion in the NRHP through demolition, introduction of new or incompatible elements, vibration, noise, fugitive dust, or traffic effects from construction or operation. While this property is in the APE, views are not identified as character-defining features of this property, and the majority of the proposed project elements are not in the viewshed of the King County Fire District 22 Fire Station due to distance and intervening vegetation, including the contributing area of managed woods to the northeast of the headquarters building and east of Weyerhaeuser Way that surrounds the property. Therefore, the Project would not diminish integrity of location, setting, design, materials, workmanship, feeling, or association for this property. As such, the Project would have no effect on the King County Fire District 22 Fire Station.
Federal Way Woodbridge Business Park Project: Cultural
Resources Effects Assessment, Federal Way, Washington 5-1 January 2023
ICF 104558.0.001.01
Chapter 5
Conclusions and Recommendations
5.1 Conclusions Properties in the proposed APE previously recommended or previously determined to be eligible for listing in the NRHP include one historic district—the Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District (previously determined eligible)—and four individually eligible properties—the Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters Building (previously determined eligible), Project House 1 (previously determined eligible), Project House 2 (previously determined eligible), and the King County Fire District 22 Fire Station (previously determined eligible) (USACE 2020; DAHP 2020). Project activities would not affect the Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters Building, Project House 1, Project House 2, or King County Fire District 22 Fire Station. The proposed Project activities, located to the north–northeast of the headquarters building, would not significantly affect the critical views from the Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters due to distance and the intervening managed woods area to the immediate northeast and retained portions wooded buffer along the headquarters meadow to the north. While the Weyerhaeuser Company Corporate Headquarters Building and the critical views associated with the building may be considered the most important contributing components of the historic district, the complete demolition and alteration of some contributing components to the Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District and the introduction of new elements in the viewshed of some contributing components of the district would result in physical and visual impacts. These impacts would diminish the overall integrity of setting, design, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association for the historic district as a whole. Therefore, the Project would result in changes to the Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarter Historic District such that they would be considered adverse effects.
5.2 Recommendations Given that the Project would result in changes to the Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarter Historic District that would diminish the overall integrity of setting, design, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association for the historic district, the Project would result in an adverse effect on the NRHP-eligible Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Historic District. As such, a finding of “Adverse Effect on historic properties” is recommended for this undertaking. ICF recommends consultation with USACE, SHPO, and Section 106 consulting parties to identify ways to minimize and/or mitigate the adverse effects.
Federal Way Woodbridge Business Park Project: Cultural
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ICF 104558.0.001.01
Chapter 6
Bibliography
AllTrails, LLC. 2022. AllTrails.com. Available: https://www.alltrails.com/. Accessed: August 1, 2022. Andrus, Patrick W., and Rebecca H. Shrimpton. 1995. National Register Bulletin 15: How to Apply the
National Register Criteria for Evaluation. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places. Washington, D.C. Available: https://www.nps.gov/nr/publications/bulletins/nrb15/. Accessed: July 27, 2022. Birnbaum, Charles. 1994. National Park Service Preservation Brief 36, Protecting Cultural Landscapes:
Planning, Treatment and Management of Historic Landscapes. Brooks, Peter. 2022. Is Alltrails Distance Accurate? HikersUniversity.com. Available: https://www.hikersuniversity.com/post/is-alltrails-distance-accurate. Accessed: August 2, 2022. California Department of Transportation. 2016. A Historical Context and Methodology for Evaluating
Trails, Roads, and Highways in California. Sacramento, California. Prepared for Cultural Studies Office, Division of Environmental Analysis, California Department of Transportation, Sacramento, California. Chapman, Judith A., and Terry L. Ozbun. 2002. Historic Property Inventory Form for Roslyn Branch –
Northern Pacific Railroad / Mine Heritage Trail. May 15. State of Washington, Office of Community Development, Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Washington. On file at the Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation. Available: https://wisaard.dahp.wa.gov/Resource/4038/PropertyInventory/949964. Accessed: August 10, 2022. Coffin Brown, Margie. n.d. Landscape Lines 15: Historic Trails. National Park Service Cultural Landscapes Program, Washington, D.C. Available: https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/Reference/Profile/2218841. Accessed: July 26, 2022. Costa, Daniel B., Michelle Sadlier, and Jennifer M. Ferris. 2018. Cultural Resources Archival Study,
Greenline Business Park Project, Federal Way, Washington. March 16. Cardno, Seattle, WA. Prepared for Federal Way Campus, LLC, Los Angeles, California. Evans, Gail E.H., Stephanie Toothman, Susan Begley, Gretchen Luzenberg, Kristie Haertel, and Jacilee Wray. 1986. National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form
Nomination for Historic Resource of Olympic National Park. Revised 1998. National Park Service, Seattle, Washington. Houser, Michael. 2017. Historic Property Report for Weyerhaeuser Headquarters. Property ID 28910. October 31. On file at the Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation. Available: https://wisaard.dahp.wa.gov/Resource/22726/PropertyInventory/1223164. Accessed: August 10, 2022.
Bibliography
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Resources Effects Assessment, Federal Way, Washington 6-2 January 2023
ICF 104558.0.001.01
Howard, Spencer. 2021. Weyerhaeuser Campus Trail Analysis. January 28. Memorandum. Northwest Vernacular Historic Preservation, Port Orchard, WA. Prepared for Save Weyerhaeuser Campus, Federal Way, WA. Lingo, Shawn. 2017. Historic Property Report for Candy Point Trail. On file at the Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation. Available: https://wisaard.dahp.wa.gov/Resource/672002/PropertyInventory/1609208. Accessed: August 10, 2022. Luxenberg, Gretchen A. 1987. National Register of Historic Places Nomination for North Cascades
National Park. April. National Park Service, Seattle, Washington. McMurry, Alex. 2008. Historic Property Report for Beacon Rock State Park - Beacon Rock Trail. On file at the Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation. Available: https://wisaard.dahp.wa.gov/Resource/690691/PropertyInventory/1617157. Accessed: August 10, 2022. National Parks Service (NPS). 2022a. Pacific Crest Trail. Available: https://www.nps.gov/crla/planyourvisit/pacific-crest-trail.htm. Accessed: August 11, 2022. ———. 2022b. Washington. Available: https://www.nps.gov/state/wa/index.htm. Accessed: August 11, 2022. Nationwide Environmental Title Research (NETR). 1980. Federal Way, Washington, 98001, Aerial
Photograph. Available: https://www.historicaerials.com/viewer. Accessed: March 29, 2022. ———. 1990. Federal Way, Washington, 98001, Aerial Photograph. Available: https://www.historicaerials.com/viewer. Accessed: July 28, 2022. ———. 1995. Federal Way, Washington, 98001, Topographical Map. Available: https://www.historicaerials.com/viewer. Accessed: July 28, 2022. ———. 1998. Federal Way, Washington, 98001, Aerial Photograph. Available: https://www.historicaerials.com/viewer. Accessed: July 28, 2022. ———. 2002. Federal Way, Washington, 98001, Aerial Photograph. Available: https://www.historicaerials.com/viewer. Accessed: July 28, 2022. ———. 2006. Federal Way, Washington, 98001, Aerial Photograph. Available: https://www.historicaerials.com/viewer. Accessed: July 28, 2022. ———. 2009. Federal Way, Washington, 98001, Aerial Photograph. Available: https://www.historicaerials.com/viewer. Accessed: July 28, 2022. ———. 2011. Federal Way, Washington, 98001, Aerial Photograph. Available: https://www.historicaerials.com/viewer. Accessed: July 28, 2022. ———. 2015. Federal Way, Washington, 98001, Aerial Photograph. Available: https://www.historicaerials.com/viewer. Accessed: July 28, 2022. ———. 2019. Federal Way, Washington, 98001, Aerial Photograph. Available: https://www.historicaerials.com/viewer. Accessed: July 28, 2022.
Bibliography
Federal Way Woodbridge Business Park Project: Cultural
Resources Effects Assessment, Federal Way, Washington 6-3 January 2023
ICF 104558.0.001.01
———. 2022. Federal Way, Washington, 98001, Aerial Photograph. Available: https://www.historicaerials.com/viewer. Accessed: July 28, 2022. Nelson Worldwide. 2022. Concept Views for Woodbridge Business Park, , Buildings 1, 2, 3, & WTC,
Federal Way, WA. Prepared by Nelson Worldwide, Seattle, WA. Prepared for Federal Way Campus, LLC, Los Angeles, California. Page, Robert R., Jeffrey Killion, and Gretchen Hilyard. 2009. National Park Service Cultural
Landscapes Inventory Professional Procedures Guide. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Cultural Resource Stewardship Partnerships, Park Historic Structures and Cultural Landscapes Program. Washington, D.C. Available: https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/DownloadFile/513401. Accessed: July 26. Payne, Trevor, Justin B. Colón, and Jennifer M. Ferris. 2020. Archaeological Resources Survey for the
Woodbridge Corporate Park Building A and Building B Projects, Federal Way, Washington. March 30. Cardno, Seattle, Washington. Prepared for Federal Way Campus, LLC, Los Angeles, California. Sadlier, Michelle, Becky Strickler, and Jennifer Ferris. 2020a. Built Environment Survey of the Former
Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters Campus, Federal Way, Washington. July 29. Cardno, Seattle, Washington. Prepared for Federal Way Campus, LLC, Los Angeles, California. Sadlier, Michelle, Becky Strickler, and Jennifer Ferris. 2020b. Evaluation of Effects for the Proposed
Woodbridge Building A and Woodbridge Building B Projects, Federal Way, Washington. September 14. Cardno, Seattle, Washington. Prepared for Federal Way Campus, LLC, Los Angeles, California. Sadlier, Michelle. 2021. Woodbridge Corporate Park Buildings A & B(NWS-2017-1077) – Trails. April 7. Memorandum. Cardno, Seattle, WA. Prepared for United States Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle District, Seattle, WA. Scott, Megan. 2021. Historic Property Report for Arboretum Waterfront Trail. November 9. On file at the Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation. Available: https://wisaard.dahp.wa.gov/Resource/709937/PropertyInventory/1637180. Accessed: August 10, 2022. Sneddon, Matthew. 2020a. Historic Property Report for Pipeline Road/Trail No. 74. August 13. On file at the Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation. Available: https://wisaard.dahp.wa.gov/Resource/702981/PropertyInventory/1627750. Accessed: August 10, 2022. Sneddon, Matthew. 2020b. Historic Property Report for Trail No. 78. August 13. On file at the Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation. Available: https://wisaard.dahp.wa.gov/Resource/702989/PropertyInventory/1627757. Accessed: August 10, 2022. Stipe, Frank. 2017. Greenline Business Park Property Cultural Resource Survey. July 31. Tetra Tech, Bothell, WA. Prepared for Talasaea Consultants, Inc., Woodinville, WA. Toothman, Stephanie, Susan Begley, and Ethan Carr. 1996. National Historic Landmark Nomination
for Mount Rainier National Park. September 14. National Park Service, Washington, D.C.
Bibliography
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Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (DAHP). 2020. Section 106
Correspondence for Greenline Business Park, Federal Way, Washington (Project 2018-07-05928). October 21. Olympia, WA. Letter to United States Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle District, Seattle, WA. ———. 2022. Washington State Standards for Cultural Resources Reporting. March 23. Olympia, Washington. Washington State Parks. 2015. History. Archived September 5. Available: http://web.archive.org/web/20150905093529/https://www.parks.wa.gov/175/History. Accessed: August 10, 2022. Washington Trails Association. 2022. Hike Washington's National Forests. Available: https://www.wta.org/go-outside/seasonal-hikes/summer-destinations/hike-washingtons-national-forests. Accessed: August 11, 2022. Weyerhaeuser Company Concomitant Pre-Annexation Zoning Agreement. 1994. Agreement between the City of Federal Way and Weyerhaeuser Company, in effect August 23, 1994. United States Department of the Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). 2020. Section 106
Correspondence for NWS-2017-1077 Woodbridge Corporate Park Building A & B Adverse Effect. October 20. United States Department of the Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle District, Seattle, WA. Letter to Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, WA. United States Forest Service (USFS). 2022. National Forest Interactive Visitor Map. Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/ivm/index.html. Accessed: August 11, 2022. United States Geological Survey (USGS). 1997. Poverty Bay, WA [map]. 1:2400, 15’ Series. Denver, CO: USGS. Culture Surveyed 1997.
Appendix A
Elevations and Perspectives
2505 Third AvenueSuite 324Seattle, WA 98121206.720.7001 phone206.720.2949 faxwww.craftarchitects.comNOT FORCONSTRUCTION2505 Third AvenueSuite 324Seattle, WA 98121206.720.7001 phone206.720.2949 faxwww.craftarchitects.comNOT FORCONSTRUCTION
Appendix B
ICF Field Survey Photographs
Figure B-1. Metal gate at entrance to service road through unmanaged wood west of WTC, facing
west. ICF 2022.
Figure B-2. Service road through unmanaged woods west of WTC, facing west. ICF, 2022.
Figure B-3. Drainage ditches along service road through unmanaged woods west of WTC, facing west.
ICF, 2022.
Figure B-4. Service road along edge of wooded buffer at Headquarters meadow, facing southwest. ICF,
2022.
Figure B-5. Service road along western property boundary, facing north. Petroleum pipeline marker in
foreground. ICF, 2022.
Figure B-6. Cement pavers exposed on service road along wooded buffer south of WTC circulation
drive, facing west. ICF, 2022.
Figure B-7. Wood trail marker at entrance to service road south from WTC circulation drive, facing
south. ICF, 2022.
Figure B-8. Culvert under service road along wooded buffer south of WTC detention pond, facing
north. ICF, 2022.
Figure B-9. Drainage outlet off service road along wooded buffer, facing east. ICF, 2022.
Figure B-10. Entrance to northeast service road from WTC circulation drive, facing north. ICF, 2022.
Figure B-11. Exposed paving near north terminus of northeast service road from WTC circulation drive,
facing north. ICF, 2022.
Figure B-12. Detention pond service road entrance at WTC circulation drive, facing south-southeast.
ICF, 2022.
Figure B-13. Desired paths intersecting within unmanaged wood west of WTC, facing west. ICF, 2022.
Figure B-14. Treefall over desired path in unmanaged wood, facing south. ICF, 2022.
Figure B-15. Desired paths in Headquarters meadow, facing west. Interstate-5 in background ICF,
2022.
Figure B-16. Trail from service road at western property boundary, facing south. Headquarters
building in background. ICF, 2022.
Figure B-17. Wood trail marker at entrance to desired path north from WTC circulation drive, facing
south. ICF, 2022.
Figure B-18. Wood trail sign, facing north. ICF, 2022.
Figure B-19. Metal trail sign in unmanaged wood, facing west. ICF, 2022.
Figure B-20. Weyerhaeuser Company employee volleyball court, facing northeast. ICF, 2022.
Figure B-21. View from the Headquarters meadow to the WTC complex, facing northeast. ICF, 2022.
Appendix C
Historic Property Inventory Report for Weyerhaeuser
Headquarters, Property ID 28910
Location
Address:33663 Weyerhaeuser Way S, Federal Way, WA 98003
Geographic Areas:King County Certified Local Government, T21R04E21, POVERTY BAY Quadrangle, King County
Information
Number of stories:5
Architect/Engineer:
Category Name or Company
Architect SOM
Landscape Architect Walker, Peter
Builder Swinerton & Walberg
Historic Context:
Category
Architecture
Commerce
Historic Use:
Category Subcategory
Commerce/Trade Commerce/Trade - Professional
Commerce/Trade Commerce/Trade - Professional
Construction Type Year Circa
Built Date 1972
Construction Dates:
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Weyerhaeuser Headquarters 28910Resource Name:Property ID:
Project Number, Organization,
Project Name
Resource Inventory SHPO Determination SHPO Determined By,
Determined Date
2011-03-00043, , Nifty From the
Last 50
4/30/2004 Determined Eligible Michael Houser, 10/31/2017
2011-07-00111, , Assessors Data
Project: King County E
7/3/2011 Not Determined
2016-08-06001, , Greenline
Warehouse A: revised proposal
for Preferred Freezer/Orca Bay
Seafoods Notice of Master Land
use Applications - Weyerhauser
Headquarters
Local Registers and Districts
Name Date Listed Notes
Project History
Thematics:
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Weyerhaeuser Headquarters 28910Resource Name:Property ID:
WeyerhaeuserHeadquartersFederalWay2.JPG
WeyerhauserHeadquarters6a.jpg
WeyerhauserHeadquarters4.jpg
Photos
NorthSeattleCollege_Seattle14.jpg
WeyerhauserHeadquarters5.jpg
WeyerhauserHeadquarters3.jpg
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Weyerhaeuser Headquarters 28910Resource Name:Property ID:
WeyerhauserHeadquarters_FederalWay_ArchitecturalFo
rum_JanFeb1972.jpg
WeyerhaeuserHeadquartersFederalWay29.jpg
WeyerhaeuserHeadquartersFederalWay27.jpg
WeyerhaeuserHeadquartersFederalWay30.jpg
WeyerhaeuserHeadquartersFederalWay28.jpg
WeyerhaeuserHeadquartersFederalWay26.jpg
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Weyerhaeuser Headquarters 28910Resource Name:Property ID:
WeyerhaeuserHeadquartersFederalWay25.jpg
WeyerhaeuserHeadquartersFederalWay23.jpg
WeyerhaeuserHeadquartersFederalWay9.JPG
WeyerhaeuserHeadquartersFederalWay24.jpg
WeyerhaeuserHeadquartersFederalWay22.jpg
WeyerhaeuserHeadquartersFederalWay21.JPG
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Weyerhaeuser Headquarters 28910Resource Name:Property ID:
WeyerhaeuserHeadquartersFederalWay15.JPG
WeyerhaeuserHeadquartersFederalWay13.JPG
WeyerhaeuserHeadquartersFederalWay11.JPG
WeyerhaeuserHeadquartersFederalWay14.JPG
WeyerhaeuserHeadquartersFederalWay12.JPG
WeyerhaeuserHeadquartersFederalWay8.JPG
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Weyerhaeuser Headquarters 28910Resource Name:Property ID:
WeyerhaeuserHeadquartersFederalWay7.JPG
WeyerhaeuserHeadquartersFederalWay5.JPG
WeyerhaeuserHeadquartersFederalWay3.JPG
WeyerhaeuserHeadquartersFederalWay6.JPG
WeyerhaeuserHeadquartersFederalWay4.JPG
WeyerhaeuserHeadquartersFederalWay1.JPG
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Weyerhaeuser Headquarters 28910Resource Name:Property ID:
WeyerhaeuserTour.pdf WeyerhaeuserHeadquartersDOE.pdf
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Weyerhaeuser Headquarters 28910Resource Name:Property ID:
Inventory Details - 4/30/2004
Characteristics:
Category Item
Cladding Concrete - Poured
Roof Material Asphalt/Composition - Built Up
Structural System Masonry - Poured Concrete
Form Type Commercial - One-Part Block
Plan Rectangle
Foundation Concrete - Poured
Roof Type Flat with Parapet
Styles:
Period Style Details
Modern Movement (1930-1970)Modern
Detail Information
Common name:
Date recorded:4/30/2004
Field Recorder:M. Houser
Field Site number:
SHPO Determination DOE at the request of Save Weyerhaeuser Campus Friends Group
Surveyor Opinion
Significance narrative:The building is set in an idyllic, rehabilitated setting in Tacoma, Washington, overlooking
a lake, meadow, and woodland. the building was the first major application of open-
landscape office design in the United States when built in 1971. It won numerous awards
for architecture and energy efficiency
In 2001, the American Institute of Architects (AIA) announced that its 2001 Twenty-five-
Year Award was given to the Weyerhaeuser Headquarters. The AIA gives this award
annually to a building that exemplifies design of enduring significance.
The Weyerhaeuser Headquarters building was completed in 1971 by the San Francisco
office of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP (SOM) and the landscape architect Peter
Walker. Said AIA jury chair John Belle, FAIA, The original design concept, which
emphasized the total integration of architecture and landscape, has withstood the test of
time beautifully.
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Weyerhaeuser Headquarters 28910Resource Name:Property ID:
Physical description:In 1971 the corporate headquarters of the Weyerhaeuser Company, one of the world's
largest manufacturers of wood products, was built on a 480-acre site in suburban
Tacoma. At the same time a system of roadways and paths was planned for a number of
future structures on the site. In 1974 the new building was planned to provide a close
mixing of office, laboratory and development as well as support spaces in a configuration
that would promote as much visual and physical contact between researchers working in
different disciplines or projects as possible. Laboratories and all other work spaces were
to be undedicated and anonymous, allowing for maximum functional and personal
flexibility.
The final design has three distinct but connected parts. First, a two-story glazed pavilion,
the second story of which is free of exterior walls. This contains laboratory and office
space. Second, a parallel link on two levels containing entry lobbies, cafeteria, meeting
rooms and library. Third, a two-story space containing large-scale development
equipment which is totally without exterior glazing. The entire property was originally
heavily wooded. This was partially cleared to provide a site for the corporate
headquarters. The Technology Center is sited in the portion that remains wooded in a
manner that as few trees as possible were cleared for the building or exterior parking.
The glazing of the pavilion is clear rather than tinted or reflective glass with the result of
not changing the perception of being next to a green wall. The fact that the offices are
entirely planned to be in the open makes these exterior views possible throughout the
building. In addition to the open office plan, all light fixtures for general illumination are
contained within the furniture pieces and no lighting is contained in the ceiling.
The structural system for the office, laboratory pavilion is a system of heavy timber
girders and columns. Foundations and suspended floor slabs are of reinforced concrete.
Concrete masonry shear walls brace this support structure and anchor the 220,000-
square-foot plywood diaphragm roof. The development area has masonry walls which
are clad with modular cedar panels.
Ͷfrom Oswald W. Grebe. Skidmore, Owings & Merrill: Architecture and Urbanism 1973-
1983. p90.
Located in a shallow valley, the 360,000 sf corporate headquarters, built in 1971, is
located on a 500-acre semi-rural site in Federal Way outside Tacoma. The five-story
building is a series of stepped planted terraces overlooking a pond. Roof surfaces of each
of the terraces are planted in ground cover, except for the copper roof of the fifth floor.
Windows are deeply recessed and run continuously along each side of the building for
the entire floor length, uninterrupted by wall surfaces or metal dividers. Over the years,
as the landscaping on the building's terraces matured, ground cover grew over the sides,
making the building appear to disappear into the landscape.
The three lower floors contain the general offices with the main entrance, a cafeteria,
and other shared facilities on the fourth level and executive offices above. An open
interior design plan maximizes efficiency and focuses attention on views of the
surrounding landscape.
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Weyerhaeuser Headquarters 28910Resource Name:Property ID:
Bibliography:ArchitectureWeek. Enduring Beauty at Weyerhaeuser Headquarters, ArchitectureWeek
No. 33, 2001.0110, pN1.1.
Oswald W. Grebe. Skidmore, Owings & Merrill: Architecture and Urbanism 1973-1983.
New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1983. ISBN 0-442-21169-4. LC 83-16955. NA
737.S53B87 1984. discussion, p90. Color photo of interior view of the office pavillion, f6,
p95.
Roger Montgomery. A Building That Makes Its Own Landscape, Architectural Forum.
March 1972. Vol 136 Number 3. p20. drawing of fourth floor (entrance level) plan, p23.
drawing of site plan, p22. drawing of longitudinal section, p23.
James S. Russell. The New Workplace, Architectural Record, June 1992. photo and
disscussion, p72.
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Historic Property Report
Weyerhaeuser Headquarters 28910Resource Name:Property ID:
Inventory Details - 7/3/2011
Characteristics:
Category Item
Form Type Commercial
Detail Information
Common name:
Date recorded:7/3/2011
Field Recorder:Artifacts Consulting, Inc.
Field Site number:2121049002
SHPO Determination
Surveyor Opinion
Significance narrative:Data included on this historic property inventory form (HPI) detail stemmed from County
Assessor building records imported by the Washington State Department of Archaeology
of Historic Preservation (DAHP) into WISAARD in 2011. This upload reduces data entry
burden on community volunteers and historical societies participating in the survey and
inventory of their communities. The intent of this project is directed specifically to
facilitating community and public involvement in stewardship, increasing data accuracy,
and providing a versatile planning tool to Certified Local Governments (CLGs).
Project methodology entailed use of the University of Washington's State Parcel
Database (http://depts.washington.edu/wagis/projects/parcels/development.php) to
provide the base parcel layer for CLGs. Filtering of building data collected from each
county trimmed out all properties built after 1969, as well as all current, previously
inventoried properties. Translation of building data descriptors to match fields in HPI
allowed the data upload. Calculation of point locations utilized the center of each parcel.
Data on this detail provides a snapshot of building information as of 2011. A detailed
project methodology description resides with DAHP. Project team members: Historic
Preservation Northwest, GeoEngineers, and Artifacts Consulting, Inc. (project lead).
Physical description:The building at 33663 Weyerhaeuser Way S, Federal Way, is located in King County.
According to the county assessor, the structure was built in 1971 and is a professional
building. Also according to the county assessor, the structure was remodeled in 1985.
The 5-story building has a commercial form.
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Weyerhaeuser Headquarters 28910Resource Name:Property ID: