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06-07-2023 Planning Commission Agenda PacketPLANNING COMMISSION REGULAR MEETING AGENDA City Hall – Council Chambers June 7, 2023 – 5:00 p.m. 1.CALL MEETING TO ORDER 2.ROLL CALL 3.APPROVAL OF MINUTES Planning Commission Meeting of May 17, 2023 4.PUBLIC COMMENT 5.COMMISSION BUSINESS a.Memorandum- Climate Change and Resiliency Comprehensive Plan Chapter Briefing *a portion of this item will be presented remotely b.Memorandum- Residential Open Space Code Updates Briefing #3 6.STAFF BUSINESS Manager’s Report 7.NEXT MEETING June 21, 2023 5:00 p.m. – Regular Meeting 8.ADJOURNMENT Planning Commission meetings are held in-person. To request accommodation to attend or to provide public comment virtually, please contact Samantha Homan at 253-835-2601 or samantha.homan@cityoffederalway.com, no later than 5:00 p.m. on Tuesday, June 6, 2023. *Remote attendance options available via Zoom meeting code: 920 3994 8345 passcode: 431768 Commissioners City Staff Lawson Bronson, Chair Keith Niven, Community Development Director Vickie Chynoweth, Vice Chair Samantha Homan, Office Manager Diana Noble-Gulliford www.cityoffederalway.com Tom Medhurst Tim O’Neil Anna Patrick Jae So Sanyu Tushabe, Alternate 1 of 63 PLANNING COMMISSION REGULAR MEETING AGENDA City Hall – Council Chambers May 17, 2023 – 5:00 p.m. 1.CALL MEETING TO ORDER Chair Bronson called the meeting to order at 5:00pm. 2.ROLL CALL Commissioners: Diana Noble-Gulliford, Anna Patrick, Tim O’Neil, Lawson Bronson, Vickie Chynoweth, Sanyu Tushabe (alternate) Excused: Jae So, Tom Medhurst City Staff Present: Community Development Director Keith Niven, City Attorney Kent Van Alstyne, Senior Planner Evan Lewis, Senior Planner Chaney Skadsen, Office Manager Samantha Homan 3.APPROVAL OF MINUTES Planning Commission Meeting of May 3, 2023. Commissioner Noble-Gulliford moved the May 3, 2023 minutes to be approved as presented. Second by Commissioner O’Neil, Motion passed 5-0. 4.PUBLIC COMMENT No public comment. 5.COMMISSION BUSINESS a.Memorandum- Open Space Code Amendments Briefing Part 2 Presented by Evan Lewis, Senior Planner Evan presented a second PowerPoint on proposed residential open space code updates focusing on Title 18 subdivisions code and Title 19 Zoning code. Potential updates expanding and clarifying the definition of “usable” open space within FWRC 19.05; exempting smaller subdivisions from providing open space within FWRC 18.55; updating open space calculation method for single family subdivisions within FWRC 18.55; updating fee in lieu of open space processes for subdivisions within FWRC 18.55.060; expanding multifamily fee in lieu of open space option in FWRC 19.115.15; and removing option for landscape tracts to count toward open space requirements. Evan also addressed questions asked during the last planning commission meeting. Jason Gerwin from the Parks department was present to address the questions regarding the parks department brought forth from the last meeting. Next steps include third briefing to planning commission on 6/17/2023, a public hearing on 6/21/2023, presentation to LUTC committee on 7/10/2023, and council on 7/18/23 with proposed adoption on 8/15/2023. Chair Bronson called the public hearing to order at 6:23pm. b.Public Hearing- ADU Proposed Code Amendments Presented by Chaney Skadsen, Senior Planner Senior Planner Chaney Skadsen presented on ADU Code amendments focusing on how the amendments will encourage ADU production in the city by streamlining the permitting process, reducing cost for ADU production, and removing regulatory barriers. Next steps include presentation to LUTC on 6/5/23 and council on 6/20/23 with proposed adoption on 7/5/23. 2 of 63 c.Public Comment- Public Hearing Barbara Marsh (resident) shared her personal story in support of the ADU code amendments. Judy Olano (resident) provided an email to be read into the public record in support of the ADU code amendments. Ben Taylor (King County Government Affairs Manager with the Master Builders Association of King and Snohomish Counties) provided a letter to be read into the public record in support of the ADU code amendments. Commissioner O’Neil moved to recommend the City Council adopt the proposed code amendments. Second by commissioner Chynoweth. The motion passes 4-1, the vote was as follows. Commission Chair Bronson Yes Commission Vice Chair Chynoweth Yes Commissioner Noble-Gulliford No Commissioner Patrick Yes Commissioner O’Neil Yes Commissioner O’Neil moved to closed the public hearing. Second by Commissioner Chynoweth, Motion passed 5-0. Chair Bronson adjourned the public hearing at 7:30pm 6.STAFF BUSINESS Manager’s Report Director Keith Niven reported on the community outreach done at BonsaiFest on May 13-14. The focus was on community services and climate conversations with the Federal Way community. There was much participation and well received by the community. Next table-topping outreach is planned for June 3 at the Federal Way Farmers Market. More events are planned for summer. Director Keith Niven announced there is a city council vacancy, commissioners are encouraged to apply if interested. 7.NEXT MEETING June 7, 2023 5:00 p.m. – Regular Meeting 8.ADJOURNMENT Commissioner O’Neil moved that the meeting be adjourned. Second by Commissioner Chynoweth, Motion passes 5-0. Meeting adjourned at 7:37pm. ATTEST: APPROVED BY COMMISSION: _______________________________________ _____________ SAMANTHA HOMAN, OFFICE MANAGER DATE 3 of 63 M E M O R A N D U M DATE: June 7, 2023 TO: Federal Way Planning Commission FROM: Evan Lewis, Senior Planner; evan.lewis@cityoffederalway.com; 253-835-2646 SUBJECT: Climate Change & Resiliency Comprehensive Plan Chapter Briefing The City of Federal Way is developing a new Climate Change and Resiliency chapter of its comprehensive plan as part of the periodic comprehensive plan update. Attached is a report, drafted by Cascadia Consulting, comprising Federal Way’s 2019 greenhouse gas inventory and recommended goals and policies to inform Federal Way’s Climate Change and Resiliency Comprehensive Plan chapter. Also attached is public input received to-date on climate change and resiliency in Federal Way, as obtained through an online survey and through two outreach events. The June 7, 2023 Planning Commission meeting will be a briefing on the attached report , public input received to-date, and next steps for developing the Climate Change and Resiliency Comprehensive Plan chapter. Additional information on this topic is found at https://engagefw.com/climate_resiliency. Attachments: 1. Greenhouse Gas Study Comprehensive Report 2. Public input to-date to inform Climate Change & Resiliency Chapter 33325 8th Avenue South Federal Way, WA 98003-6325 253-835-7000 www.cityoffederalway.com Jim Ferrell, Mayor 4 of 63 FEDERAL WAY GREENHOUSE GAS STUDY: COMPREHENSIVE REPORT Prepared by: 5 of 63 FEDERAL WAY GREENHOUSE GAS STUDY: COMPREHENSIVE REPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 The City of Federal Way was awarded a grant through the WA Department of Commerce to conduct a greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions inventory and develop and integrate climate policies into a new Climate & Resiliency Chapter of the City’s Comprehensive Plan. Federal Way completed a greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions inventory for 2019 to set community-wide climate mitigation targets, measure progress, and inform which actions will have the greatest emissions reduction benefits. This report uses the GHG inventory and analysis, regional climate impact reports, and state-wide adaptation tools to identify concrete, sector- specific policies and metrics to achieve the City’s overarching climate and sustainability goals. The draft Climate & Resiliency Chapter in this report will serve as a foundation for Federal Way City staff as they continue to engage and prioritize goals and policies with key stakeholders and the community. Ultimately, the Climate & Resiliency Chapter will provide mitigation and resilience goals and policies to guide City planning efforts in reducing GHG emissions and building climate resilience for all residents of Federal Way. PURPOSE OF REPORT The Growth Management Act (Chapter 36.70A RCW) was amended in 2023 under Washington House Bill 1181, requiring cities and counties to integrate climate mitigation and resilience policies into comprehensive plan updates. To meet the new requirements, the Washington State Department of Commerce recommends jurisdictions develop a climate element that consists of both resilience and GHG emissions mitigation goals and policies. Goals and policies may be consolidated into a single comprehensive plan climate chapter or integrated across multiple chapter. WA Growth Management Act 6 of 63 FEDERAL WAY GREENHOUSE GAS STUDY: COMPREHENSIVE REPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 GHG Inventory Federal Way’s residents, businesses, employees, and visitors produced 1,110,119 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MTCO2e). Figure 1 shows 2019 community GHG emissions broken out by sector. The largest emissions sources in 2019 were electricity (35%), on-road transportation (31%), and natural gas (11%) (Figure 2). 2019 Community Emissions At-A-Glance Federal Way’s projected future emissions reflects Washington State’s adopted emissions reduction targets (from 1990 emissions baseline): 45% reduction by 2030 70% reduction by 2040 95% reduction by 2050 + net zero As of May 2023, Federal Way has not officially adopted overarching GHG emission reduction targets. Building energy 47%Transportation 46% Solid Waste 2% Refrigerants 5% Wastewater Treatment, <1% Tree Cover Loss, <1% Figure 1. 2019 Community GHG Emissions by Sector Figure 2. 2019 Communitywide GHG Emissions by Source. Electricity 35% Natural Gas 11% Other Fuels 1% On-Road Transportation 31% Aviation 10% Off-Road Transportation 4% Marine & Rail 1% Landfill 2% Compost, <1%Refrigerants 5% Wastewater Treatment, <1% Tree Cover Loss, <1% 7 of 63 FEDERAL WAY GREENHOUSE GAS STUDY: COMPREHENSIVE REPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 Key Performance Indicators & Targets Strategy KPI Electrify new buildings % fossil fuel use converted to electricity -100%100% Reduce energy use in existing buildings % reduction in energy use -25%35% Electrify existing buildings % fossil fuel use converted to electricity -25%100% Electrify freight/service vehicles % new vehicles sold that are EV 50%75%100% Decarbonize offroad equipment % reduction in emissions -25%75% Decarbonize aviation fuels % reduction in fuel carbon intensity -25%75% Reduce air travel & increase efficiency % reduction in aviation fuel use --15% Divert C&D materials % of C&D waste diverted --85% Divert other recyclable and compostable materials % reduction in waste to landfill --95% Reduce tree loss % reduction in tree loss 100%100%100% Protect land carbon sinks % of current sinks protected 100%100%100% 2030 2040 2050 8 of 63 FEDERAL WAY GREENHOUSE GAS STUDY: COMPREHENSIVE REPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 Draft Climate & Resiliency Chapter Development Figure 3. Federal Way’s draft Climate & Resiliency Chapter development. Step 1: Mitigation Reference GHG reduction targets and modeling results from Federal Way’s GHG emissions inventory to guide mitigation goals and policies. Step 1: Resilience Explore Federal Way’s climate risks and impacts through regional climate vulnerability and impact assessments, the latest climate science, and other adaptation tools. Step 2: Audit Audit Federal Way’s existing comprehensive plans and policies related to climate and identify policy gaps, trends, and opportunities. Step 3: Develop Goals and Policies •Identify and select existing climate goals and policies in Federal Way’s key planning documents. •Adapt WA Department of Commerce climate goals and policies. •Develop new climate goals and policies to fill gaps and meet state guidelines, community needs, and city priorities. Step 4: Vet and Refine Vet and refine drafted goals and policies through City staff review periods, an equity audit, and public engagement. Step 5: Integrate Integrate mitigation and resilience goals and policies into Federal Way’s Comprehensive Plan. 9 of 63 FEDERAL WAY GREENHOUSE GAS STUDY: COMPREHENSIVE REPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 Draft Climate & Resiliency Chapter Goals and Policies Figure 4. Draft Climate & Resiliency Chapter Goals and Policies Focus Areas Reduce GHG Emissions Address climate change impacts Reducing consumption and waste Transitioning to renewable energy Increasing sustainable building design and efficiency Prioritizing dense, mixed-use, transit-oriented development Reducing vehicle miles travelled and promoting low-carbon transportation options Enhancing environmental justice and improving air quality Increasing community and infrastructure resilience to extreme weather and natural disasters Promoting ecosystem and urban green space resilience Ensuring equitable climate outreach and engagement, particularly for communities most vulnerable to climate impacts Supporting local food access and a green economy 10 of 63 INTRODUCTION The City of Federal Way was awarded a grant through the WA Department of Commerce to conduct a greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions inventory and develop and integrate climate goals and policies into a new Climate & Resiliency Chapter of the City’s Comprehensive Plan. Federal Way completed a GHG emissions inventory for 2019 to set community-wide climate mitigation targets, measure progress over time, and inform which actions will have the greatest GHG emissions reduction benefits. This GHG analysis work also included the development of a Federal Way- specific GHG emissions forecast and future emissions scenarios that modeled emission reduction strategies and outcomes. The GHG inventory and analysis, regional climate impact reports, and state-wide adaptation tools were used to identify concrete, sector-specific policies and metrics to achieve the City’s overarching climate and sustainability goals. To meet WA state guidance, the City also developed a draft Climate & Resiliency Chapter of recommended mitigation and resilience goals and policies to be included in the City’s 2024 Comprehensive Plan update. The draft Climate & Resiliency Chapter included in this report will serve as a foundation for City staff as they continue to engage and prioritize goals and policies with key stakeholders and the community. Ultimately, the objective of the Climate & Resiliency Chapter is to build on the Comprehensive Plan’s existing climate policies and provide a consistent, clear, and actionable framework to guide climate mitigation and resilience actions. This report includes the following sections: • Key Terms • Greenhouse Gas Emissions: GHG inventory results and future emissions scenarios • KPIs and Metrics: Emissions reduction targets and key performance indicators • Draft Climate and Resiliency Chapter: Draft of Comprehensive Plan Climate & Resiliency Chapter recommended goals and policies • References • Appendix A: Emissions Forecast • Appendix B: Commitments & Policies • Appendix C: Figures 11 of 63 KEY TERMS BIPOC Black, Indigenous, (and) People of Color (BIPOC) refers to nonwhite community members and is used instead of People of Color (POC) to highlight the specific discrimination experienced by Black and Indigenous people. Circular economy A regenerative model that optimizes resources by keeping materials and products within a closed loop system, minimizing resource inputs, waste and pollution outputs, and carbon emissions. Clean Buildings Act Signed into law in 2019, Washington state policy HB 1257 includes several provisions to increase energy efficiency and decrease the carbon intensity of energy used in both new and existing buildings, such as requiring all new and existing commercial buildings over 50,000 square feet to reduce their energy use intensity by 15%, compared to the 2009-2018 average. Climate impacts Consequences of climate change – both expected and realized – for humans and natural systems. Climate resilience The capacity of a community, economy, or natural environment to prevent, withstand, respond to, and recover from climate-related disruption. Critical infrastructure Physical assets, networks, or services that are essential to public health, well- being, economy, and security. Environmental justice US EPA defines as the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income, with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies Energy infrastructure The physical equipment that makes up the delivery system of energy resources (electricity, natural gas, etc.) from source to consumer. Frontline communities Communities that are most heavily impacted by climate change. They are often Black, Indigenous, People of Color (BIPOC) and low-income communities. Green, affordable housing Reasonably priced housing that incorporates sustainable features and resident well-being such as energy-efficiency and proximity to public transportation. Green gentrification The process in which cleaning up pollution and providing green amenities (e.g., open space access, renewable energy options) in polluted or underserved neighborhoods attracts wealthier residents and subsequently drives up local property values and displaces historically underserved and disenfranchised residents, oftentimes those who are low-income, BIPOC, or elderly. Green Power Program A Puget Sound Energy (PSE) program that provides energy from renewable sources such as solar, wind, biogas, and hydroelectricity. Green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) Methods that use plant or soil systems, permeable pavement and surfaces, stormwater harvest and reuse, or varying landscaping techniques to infiltrate, store, or redirect stormwater and reduce flows to bodies of water and sewer systems. Greenhouse gas (GHG) Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere, including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and fluorinated gases. Growth Management Act (GMA) A series of state statutes adopted in 1990 and codified under Chapter 36.70A RCW which requires fast growing cities and counties to develop a comprehensive plan to manage population growth. 12 of 63 King County-Cities Collaboration (K4C) Partnership of local governments committed to accelerating collective climate action in King County and across the state. Low embodied carbon materials Embodied carbon refers to the emissions associated with the construction of a building rather than when it is in use (operational carbon). Materials with low embodied carbon are those which use less energy in their production, assembly, and transportation processes. Low-impact development (LID) Systems and practices that use or mimic natural processes to manage stormwater runoff. Water infiltrates the ground or stored onsite to protect water quality and minimize flooding. Multi-modal transportation Accessible transportation through a variety of travel modes, typically pedestrian, bicycle, public transit, and automobile modes, but may also include water and air transport modes. MTCO2e Refers to “metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent,” which is the standard unit of measurement for total greenhouse gas emissions. Puget Sound Climate Preparedness Collaborative A committed network of staff from local, tribal, and county governments, regional planning agencies, and academia aimed at supporting the advancement of climate adaptation efforts in the Puget Sound region. Regional code collaboration (RCC) A collaborative group of government agencies within and around King County focused on developing a regional approach to sustainable code development. Resilience hub Established and trusted community-serving facilities that coordinate resource distribution and services before, during, or after a natural hazard event. Carbon sequestration potential Ability of plants, soil, and habitats to capture and remove atmospheric carbon. Transit-oriented development (TOD) Walkable, pedestrian-oriented, and densely compacted mixed-use (commercial, residential, entertainment) development centered around or located near public transit stations. Climate vulnerability assessment (VA) An approach to identify the risks, exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity of a species, system, community/group, or resource to the effects of climate change and interacting stressors. Washington Environmental Health Disparities Map Using 19 indicators and four themes (environmental exposures, environmental effects, sensitive populations, and socioeconomic factors), this interactive map shows a visual representation of social and environmental disparities within the city of Federal Way. Washington State Building Code Requires permitted residential and nonresidential construction under the 2031 state energy code to achieve a 70% reduction in annual net energy consumption compared to the 2006 state energy code. Weatherization The practice of protecting a building or home—both interior and exterior— from the elements including sun, rain, snow, and wind, resulting in increased and optimized energy efficiency. Zero waste Zero waste of resources has been defined in various ways by various entities. For this report we used King County’s definition, which is that “materials of economic value, whether for reuse, resale, or recycling, won’t be put in the garbage or end up in the landfill. 13 of 63 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS Climate mitigation policies aim to reduce GHG emissions by avoiding emissions at the source or sequestering carbon dioxide (CO2) through natural carbon sinks. The City of Federal Way completed a communitywide GHG emissions inventory for 2019 to set climate mitigation targets, measure progress over time, and inform which actions will have the greatest GHG emissions reduction benefits. GHG Inventory Results In 2019, Federal Way’s residents, businesses, employees, and visitors produced an estimated 1,110,119 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MTCO2e). • Building energy (47%) and transportation (46%) were the largest emissions sources (Figure 1). • Refrigerants (5%), solid waste (2%), wastewater treatment (<1%) and tree cover loss (<1%) made up remaining community emissions. • The community’s 2019 per-capita emissions were approximately 11.3 MTCO2e per capita (Federal Way’s 2019 population was 97,840). • Federal Way emissions were slightly lower per capita than King County (12.18 MTCO2e/capita). Figure 1. Federal Way 2019 community emissions - 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 GHG Emissions (MTCO2e)14 of 63 Figure 2 below shows emissions by specific activity sources. The largest emissions sources in 2019 were electricity (35%), on-road vehicle transportation (31%), and natural gas (11%). Figure 2. 2019 Communitywide GHG emissions, by source The following sections provide a detailed breakdown of emissions by sector. Building Energy Federal Way’s consumption of electricity, natural gas, propane, and fuel oil to power, heat, and cool buildings produces most of the community’s GHG emissions (47%). • Electricity consumption is the biggest source of Federal Way’s communitywide emissions, producing 35% of total emissions (386,399 MTCO2e) and 74% of energy emissions. See Figure 1 in Appendix C: Figures for a breakdown of Washington State’s electric utilities fuel mix in 2019. • Natural gas consumption produced 24% of energy emissions (127,860 MTCO2e). • Other fuels (propane and fuel oil) produced 2% of energy emissions (8,317 MTCO2e). • The residential sector produced 54% of energy emissions, followed by the commercial sector (44%), and the industrial sector (2%). Electricity 35% Natural Gas 11% Other Fuels 1% On-Road Transportation 31% Aviation 10% Off-Road Transportation 4% Marine & Rail 1% Landfill 2%Compost <1%Refrigerants 5%Wastewater Treatment <1% Tree Cover Loss <1% 15 of 63 Figure 3. Building energy emissions, by sector and source Transportation Fuel combustion for on-road, off-road, air travel, marine, and rail vehicles and equipment produced 46% of Federal Way’s total communitywide emissions in 2019 (511,886 MTCO2e). • On-road vehicles produced 68% of transportation emissions (347,171 MTCO2e). On-road vehicles consist of passenger, light duty, and heavy-duty vehicles (including freight and transit vehicles). • Air travel produced 22% of Federal Way’s transportation emissions (113,123 MTCO2e). Air travel emissions were estimated by allocating emissions from SeaTac Airport across the region proportionately based on community income. • Off-road vehicles and equipment produced 9% of transportation emissions (44,668 MTCO2e). Off-road vehicles and equipment include a variety of equipment such as those used for construction, commercial, industrial, and lawn/garden applications. • Marine and rail transport produced approximately 1% of transportation emissions (6,923 MTCO2e). Marine and rail emissions are from ocean vessels and rail activity at the Port of Seattle and Northwest Seaport Alliance’s North Harbor, and ferries operating along Bainbridge, Bremerton, Port Defiance, and Vashon routes. These emissions were scaled to Federal Way based on the city’s service population. - 25,000 50,000 75,000 100,000 125,000 150,000 175,000 200,000 Electricity Natural Gas Other FuelsGHG Emissions (MTCO2e)Residential Commercial Industrial 16 of 63 Figure 4. 2019 Community transportation emissions, by source Refrigerants Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are powerful greenhouse gases often used as a coolant in air conditioning and refrigeration equipment. Leakage of these and other refrigerants produces “fugitive” GHG emissions. • Refrigerant leakage accounted for 5% of Federal Way’s 2019 community emissions (52,044 MTCO2e). • These emissions were estimated by downscaling national-level refrigerant emissions estimates from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to the local level by population. Solid Waste Transporting waste to landfill and compost facilities and the decomposition of waste under anaerobic (lack of oxygen) conditions produces GHG emissions. When solid waste breaks down in an anaerobic environment, like a landfill, methane—a greenhouse gas that is 28 times more powerful than carbon dioxide—is released into the atmosphere. • Solid waste emissions accounted for 2% of 2019 community emissions (20,289 MTCO2e). - 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000 350,000 On-Road Transportation Aviation Off-Road Transportation Marine & RailGHG Emissions (MTCO2e)17 of 63 • The majority (95%) of solid waste emissions are from the decomposition of landfilled waste. The remaining 5% of emissions are from the transportation of solid waste to disposal sites. • These emissions were estimated from the generation and disposal of solid waste using tons of community-generated waste (as reported by King County) and material-specific emissions factors, derived from the EPA WARM v15 model. Wastewater Wastewater treatment processes—like the combustion of digester gas, nitrification, and denitrification processes— produce GHG emissions. The quantity of emissions produced depends on a variety of factors based on each wastewater treatment plant’s treatment processes. Lakota Treatment Plant (part of Lakehaven Water & Sewer District) is located within Federal Way’s city limits and treats the city’s wastewater. • Wastewater emissions make up <1% of Federal Way’s total emissions in 2019 (24 MTCO2e). Tree Cover Loss Trees remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through a passive process called carbon sequestration. Trees store this carbon, temporarily preventing it from entering the atmosphere. When these trees are removed—through development, wildfire, or other means—they release stored carbon and prevent future tree carbon sequestration. Alternatively, when trees are protected and preserved, they continue to remove harmful carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. While carbon sequestration has a climate benefit, it should not take the place of emissions reductions. Carbon sequestration should only be considered as a method to meet carbon neutrality targets once all other feasible emissions reductions are achieved. GHG emissions and carbon sequestration associated with tree canopy cover changes in Federal Way were estimated using ICLEI’s Land Emissions and Removals Navigator (LEARN) tool. • Tree cover loss produced <1% of Federal Way’s emissions (3,282 MTCO2e). These emissions stemmed from a variety of land cover changes including disturbances to forests and transitions of forested land to settlements, grasslands, and non-forested lands. <1% <1% 18 of 63 • Federal Way’s maintained tree cover sequesters approximately 19,313 MTCO2e per year. These removals are primarily from undisturbed forest and urban trees. Future Emissions Scenarios A “wedge analysis” was used to understand future GHG emissions profiles in Federal Way under potential climate action scenarios. A “wedge analysis” visually depicts projected emissions and emissions reductions based on identified climate action policies and strategies. This wedge was developed for the Puget Sound Regional Emissions Analysis (PSREA) project and tailored to reflect Federal Way’s local emissions. This tool forecasts the scenarios and targets outlined below and in Table 1 of Appendix A: Emissions Forecast: • “Business-as-Usual” (BAU): A "no action future” that assumes per-capita emissions remain constant and total emissions grow over time as population and jobs increase (dotted black line in Figure 5). • “Adjusted Business-as-Usual” (ABAU): An adjusted scenario to reflect expected emissions reductions from adopted federal, state, and regional climate policies. (pink line in Figure 5; see Table 3 in Appendix B: Commitments & Policies for a summary of key policies reflected in the ABAU forecast.) • Sector-specific plans and commitments: A scenario to reflect additional emissions reductions from achieved commitments in the aviation, marine, and rail industry.1 (green wedges below pink line in Figure 5; see Table 2 in Appendix B: Commitments & Policies for key sector-specific commitments reflected in the forecast.) • Emissions reduction targets: Washington State’s adopted emissions reduction targets (from 1990 emissions baseline; red dotted line in Figure 5)2: o 45% reduction by 2030 o 70% reduction by 2040 o 95% reduction by 2050 + net zero 1 Assumptions used in model were based on the Air Transport Action Group (ATAG) 2050 Plan. ATAG is made up of representatives of the world’s major aviation industry associations and largest aircraft and engine makers. Modeled assumptions from ATAG’s Net Zero 2050 Plan (Scenario 0 – most conservative). ATAG plans to achieve targets through accelerated efficiency measures, energy transition and innovation across the aviation sector, and in partnership with Governments around the world. 2 As of May 2023, Federal Way has not officially adopted GHG emission reduction targets. 19 of 63 • Emissions gap: Remaining emissions to be addressed through local climate action to achieve emissions reduction targets (grey area above red dotted line in Figure 5). Figure 5. Federal Way's forecasted emissions through 2050 Pathway to Emissions Reduction Targets Based on the ABAU scenario, Figure 6 presents Federal Way’s current, historic, and future emissions. Figure 7 presents Federal Way’s projected emissions in 2030, 2040, and 2050 under the ABAU scenario. The impact of federal, state, and regional policies is expected to reduce emissions to a level which achieves Washington State’s 2030 emission reduction target of a 40% reduction. While the policies modelled under this ABAU scenario will continue to significantly reduce emissions through 2050, local climate action will also be necessary to achieve substantial emission reductions, such as those needed to meet Washington State’s emission reduction targets in 2040 and 2050. 20 of 63 Figure 6. Historic and projected GHG emissions (2007 - 2050) Figure 7. Projected future GHG emissions (target years 2030, 2040, and 2050) Summary of the top sources of GHG emissions in 2019 and projected emissions from those sources in 2030, 2040, and 2050, as outlined in Table 3 of Appendix B: Commitments & Policies: • Electricity emissions are expected to drop off in 2030 and beyond in an adjusted business-as-usual scenario due to the Clean Energy Transformation Act (CETA), which commits Washington State to an electricity supply without greenhouse gas emissions by 2045. - 200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000 1,000,000 1,200,000 200720082015201720192020202120222023202420252026202720282029203020312032203320342035203620372038203920402041204220432044204520462047204820492050MTCO2eTree loss Agriculture Refrigerants Wastewater process emission Compost Landfill Marine & rail Avia�on Off-road equipment On-road vehicles Industrial processes Propane Fuel oil Natural Gas Electricity Target - 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 2030 2040 2050MTCO2e Tree loss Agriculture Refrigerants Wastewater process emissions Compost Landfill Marine & rail Avia�on Off-road equipment On-road vehicles Industrial processes Propane Fuel oil Natural Gas Electricity Target 21 of 63 • Natural gas emissions are expected to make up a larger proportion of total emissions (from 12% in 2019 to 40% of projected emissions in 2050). • On-road vehicle emissions are expected to decrease over time due to federal and state policies (31% in 2019 to 10% of projected emissions in 2050). • Aviation emissions are expected to make up a larger proportion of total emissions (from 10% in 2019 to 23% of projected emissions in 2050). • Off-road equipment emissions are expected to make up a larger proportion of total emissions (from 4% in 2019 to 13% of projected emissions in 2050). If Federal Way chooses to adopt emissions reduction targets, the City should consider the following key high-level emissions reduction pathways as part of a strategic, phased approach. These strategies will ensure that the most significant remaining emissions sources are addressed: • Electrify new and existing buildings; • Reduce energy consumption in new and existing buildings; • Reduce passenger vehicle travel; • Electrify passenger vehicles and freight and service vehicles; • Decarbonize off-road equipment; • Decarbonize aviation fuels; • Reduce air travel and increase fuel efficiency. 22 of 63 KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS & TARGETS To track progress toward achieving Federal Way’s goal of substantially reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the City has developed a set of key performance indictors (KPIs) and associated targets. These KPIs and targets were developed by referencing the City’s largest emissions sources from the 2019 greenhouse gas emissions profile and the expected impacts of federal, state, and regional policies. These targets reflect the change to emission-producing activities (compared to the 2019 inventory) needed for Federal Way to meet Washington State’s emission reduction targets. Strategy KPI 2030 Target 2040 Target 2050 Target Electrify new buildings % fossil fuel use converted to electricity - 100% 100% Reduce energy use in existing buildings % reduction in energy use - 25% 35% Electrify existing buildings % fossil fuel use converted to electricity - 25% 100% Electrify freight/service vehicles % new vehicles sold that are EV 50% 75% 100% Decarbonize offroad equipment % reduction in emissions - 25% 75% Decarbonize aviation fuels % reduction in fuel carbon intensity - 25% 75% Reduce air travel & increase efficiency % reduction in aviation fuel use - - 15% Divert C&D materials % of C&D waste diverted - - 85% Divert other recyclable and compostable materials % reduction in waste to landfill - - 95% Reduce tree loss % reduction in tree loss 100% 100% 100% Protect land carbon sinks % of current sinks protected 100% 100% 100% 23 of 63 DRAFT CLIMATE & RESILIENCY CHAPTER The draft Climate & Resiliency Chapter will serve as a foundation for City staff as they continue to engage and prioritize goals and policies with key stakeholders and the community. Ultimately, the objective of the Climate & Resiliency Chapter is to build on the Comprehensive Plan’s existing climate policies and provide a consistent, clear, and actionable framework to guide climate mitigation and resilience actions. INTRODUCTION The City of Federal Way was awarded a grant through the Washington State Department of Commerce to conduct a greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions inventory and develop and integrate climate goals and policies into a new Climate & Resiliency Chapter of the Federal Way Comprehensive Plan (FWCP). The chapter proposes actions the City can take to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, adapt to the projected impacts of climate change, and ensure a safe, equitable city where all can thrive. Though state and national level climate strategies, such as a carbon fee or clean fuel standards, have the most visible impact on reducing emissions, local jurisdictions like Federal Way have a small but incredibly important role to play. The City’s strategy for addressing climate change is two-pronged: 1) reduce greenhouse gas emissions in line with the latest climate science to avoid worsening climate-influenced events, and 2) promote resilience to climate events through adaptation measures to protect the wellbeing of residents and the local economy. The Climate & Resiliency Chapter will build on the Comprehensive Plan’s existing climate policies and provide a consistent, clear, and actionable framework to guide climate mitigation and resilience action in Federal Way. Policy Background State Policies The Growth Management Act (GMA) provides a framework for content and adoption of local comprehensive plans. The GMA (Chapter 36.70A RCW) was amended in 2023 under Washington House Bill 1181, requiring cities and counties to integrate climate mitigation and resilience policies into comprehensive plan updates. These required policy changes will address GHG emissions and associated climate changes and impacts, while considering co-benefits and integration with other planning documents such as those for housing, transportation, and land use. The bill introduces specific legislation to reduce per capita vehicle miles traveled (VMT), foster resiliency, enhance environmental justice, and include the participation of vulnerable populations and overburdened communities in climate 24 of 63 planning. This is a legislative priority of King County, and several cities have already begun the process of integrating climate policies into comprehensive plans before it is required. In response to HB 1181, the Washington Department of Commerce has initiated a multiyear project to develop a model Climate Element, as well as guiding policies and actions for addressing climate issues in city and county comprehensive plans. This guidance from Commerce outlines pathways to integrate both climate resilience and mitigation policies into a comprehensive plan, either as a set of integrated policies or standalone element. Cities are encouraged to assess their climate impacts and risks, seek input from key stakeholders and communities, and pursue pathways that modify existing and/or create new policies to address greenhouse gas emissions and increase community resilience. The goals and policies included in this chapter are consistent with the model element guidance and integrate with other chapters of the Federal Way Comprehensive Plan. The adoption of this Climate & Resiliency Chapter in Federal Way’s 2024 Comprehensive Plan update will guide sustainable and equitable city planning efforts in the face of current and future climate impacts. Regional Policies The Puget Sound Regional Council’s (PSRC) VISION 2050 and the King County Countywide Planning Policies, both required by the Growth Management Act, provide a regional framework to achieve the goals of the Growth Management Act. The goals and policies in this report are consistent with the VISION 2050 priorities. VISION 2050 identifies several key goals and actions related to climate change in the region: • Goal: The region substantially reduces emissions of greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change in accordance with the goals of the Puget Sound Clean Air Agency (50% below 1990 levels by 2030 and 80% below 1990 levels by 2050) and prepares for climate change impacts. • CC-Action-1: PSRC will work with local governments and other key agencies and stakeholders to advance the development and implementation of the region’s Greenhouse Gas Strategy to equitably achieve meaningful reductions of emissions toward achievement of the region’s greenhouse gas reduction goals. • CC-Action-2: PSRC will engage in regional resilience planning and climate preparedness, including development of a regional inventory of climate hazards, assistance to member organizations, and continued research and coordination with partners such as the Puget Sound Climate Preparedness Collaborative and tribes. Climate resilience actions will focus on equitable outcomes, particularly for historically marginalized communities at greater risk and with fewer resources. 25 of 63 • CC-Action-3: Cities and counties will incorporate emissions reduction policies and actions that contribute meaningfully toward regional greenhouse gas emission goals, along with equitable climate resiliency measures, in their comprehensive planning. Strategies include land uses that reduce VMT and promote transit, biking, and walking consistent with the Regional Growth Strategy; developing and implementing climate friendly building codes; investments in multimodal transportation choices; and steps to encourage a transition to cleaner transportation and energy systems. • CC-Action-4: Cities and counties will update land use plans for climate adaptation and resilience. Critical areas will be updated based on climate impacts from sea level rise, flooding, wildfire hazards, urban heat, and other hazards. The comprehensive plans will identify mitigation measures addressing these hazards including multimodal emergency and evacuation routes and prioritizing mitigation of climate impacts on highly impacted communities and vulnerable populations. In addition, the King County Regional Growth Strategy identifies several climate impacts affecting King County and the importance of strengthening policies related to emissions reduction. The Regional Growth Strategy envisions environmental protection and restoration efforts that incorporate climate action, mitigation, and resilience into local comprehensive plans. 26 of 63 Climate Mitigation in Federal Way Climate mitigation policies aim to reduce GHG emissions by avoiding emissions at the source or sequestering carbon through natural carbon sinks. The City of Federal Way completed a communitywide GHG inventory for 2019 to set climate mitigation targets, measure progress over time, and inform which actions will have the greatest GHG emissions reduction benefits. As shown in Figure 3 below, the largest emissions sources in 2019 were building electricity (35%), on-road transportation (31%), building natural gas (11%), and air travel (10%). Figure 3. Federal Way 2019 communitywide GHG emissions, by source (%) Policy Implications by Priority Sector Buildings & Energy. Building energy accounts for almost half (approximately 47%) of Federal Way’s communitywide GHG emissions. Supporting a more rapid transition to 100% clean energy and reducing energy use is a pathway to eliminate local building energy emissions and mitigate climate change. Reducing GHG emissions from buildings requires policies that not only address energy use in new construction, but also transition existing buildings to more efficient and clean energy sources. This transition may necessitate improvements in the electric grid reliability and capacity. Transportation. Transportation, including on-road vehicles (cars and trucks) and off-road vehicles (boats, lawn mowers, construction equipment, etc.), account for almost half (approximately 46%) of communitywide GHG emissions. The Comprehensive Plan currently includes several policies that will reduce these GHG emissions by increasing transit use, reducing VMT, and increasing pedestrian and Electricity 35% Natural Gas 11% Other Fuels 1% On-Road Transportation 31% Aviation 10% Off-Road Transportation 4% Marine & Rail 1% Landfill 2%Compost 0%Refrigerants 5%Wastewater Treatment 0% Tree Cover Loss 0% Building Energy Transportation Solid Waste Process & Fugitive 27 of 63 bicycle infrastructure. Supplementing these existing goals and policies with additional policies supporting multimodal transit systems and the transition to electric vehicles would further reduce GHG emissions within the transportation sector. Waste Management. Solid waste disposal contributes approximately 2% of Federal Way’s communitywide GHG emissions. Actions to support sustainable waste management include promoting recycling, composting, and sustainable consumption; minimizing adverse effects of solid waste collection; and expanding waste education and regional collaboration. Zoning & Development. Zoning and development goals, objectives, and policies influence GHG emissions reduction through site use, design, and other development decisions. Zoning activities include addressing emissions from construction, infill development, and producing and transporting building materials; energy used in operating equipment; and transportation associated with development. Encouraging land use and development policies such as mixed-use development, denser development, and transit-oriented development will minimize long-term GHG emissions. While the many economic and health benefits of emissions reduction actions are shared across the community, they are often not shared equitably, especially among overburdened communities. To address this, climate equity considerations were woven into both the mitigation and resilience policy development process for this chapter. Many policy recommendations proposed here directly address the potential to provide co-benefits that promote climate equity and support vulnerable communities, while reducing GHG emissions. The co-benefits of these policies include improving air quality, promoting housing equity, and minimizing public health risks. 28 of 63 Climate Resilience in Federal Way Washington State is already experiencing the impacts of climate change, which are expected to intensify in the coming years. Climate impacts in the Puget Sound region specifically include more frequent and severe heat extremes, flooding, sea level rise, wildfires, and drought [1]. These impacts are expected to strain water resources and salmon populations, threaten public health, reduce agricultural production, damage coastal and flood-prone infrastructure, and result in loss of recreation opportunities [2]. Because the City of Federal Way has not yet conducted a comprehensive climate vulnerability assessment 3 (VA) to determine specific risks and needs, policy development was guided by an existing policy assessment and consultation of regional climate resources, which included: • WA Department of Health Environmental Health Disparities data, which includes a mapping tool that compares communities across WA for environmental health disparities [3]; • Headwaters Economics Neighborhoods at Risk data, which provides resources to identify neighborhoods that may be more impacted by climate change, such as unequal impacts from flooding and extreme heat [4]. Climate impacts such as extreme heat or increased heavy precipitation have the potential to greatly affect existing housing, transportation, and energy infrastructure, especially in areas already vulnerable to risks such as flooding or landslides [1]. In addition, climate change amplifies existing risks and disparities like chronic health conditions, social and economic inequalities, and pollution exposure, which disproportionately impacts frontline community groups 4. When comparing at-risk neighborhoods and climate exposure risks, Federal Way intersects five census tracts where vulnerabilities to climate change exceed the community median [4]. These neighborhoods include residents who identify as people of color (75%), have low English language proficiency (10.3%), and live in rental housing units (69.9%). These frontline communities face disproportionate risks of climate impacts due to compounding factors such as a lack of tree canopy and high areas of impervious surfaces [4]. Federal Way also shows high levels of environmental health disparities compared to surrounding cities in King County and Washington State. Northeast Federal Way ranks at the highest level of environmental health disparities compared to other census tracts in Washington, as shown in Figure 2 [3]. In Federal Way, these high indicators of environmental health disparities include proximity to hazardous 3 A vulnerability assessment supports enhanced data collection for hazard events to provide a fuller understanding of the community's hazard characteristics—including identifying demographic groups and community members most vulnerable to climate impacts. 4 Frontline communities are those that will be disproportionately impacted by climate change; these are the populations that face historic and current inequities, often experience the earliest and most acute impacts of climate change and have limited resources and/or capacity to adapt [6]. 29 of 63 waste treatment and diesel pollution, populations at risk for negative health outcomes, and low-income rates. Figure 4. WA Department of Health environmental health disparities in Federal Way. City border outlined in green. [3] Policy Implications Understanding which areas and populations are most at risk from climate and environmental burdens can inform policy focus areas and community priorities. Climate change exacerbates existing inequitable health and well-being outcomes for communities, necessitating policies that reduce cumulative environmental and health risks within the City of Federal Way. Incorporating climate equity principles and understanding the social and racial impacts of proposed climate policies will improve the equitable distribution of benefits and reduce disparities. Promoting vulnerable community resilience requires a focus on sustainable urban growth during zoning and development processes and public participation in planning. It is also important for Federal Way to ensure critical facilities can withstand and recover quickly from the impacts of extreme weather and other natural hazards worsened by climate change. These critical facilities include physical assets, networks, or services that are essential to public health, well-being, and security. As the impacts of climate change worsen, building resilience through City planning processes will not only protect critical infrastructure and ecosystems, but will also improve public health, capacity, and cohesion, especially for overburdened 30 of 63 communities in Federal Way. Policies that increase a community’s capacity to prepare, respond, and recover from climate risks will reduce disproportionate impacts on the most vulnerable communities in Federal Way. 31 of 63 Climate & Resiliency Chapter Goals & Policies Overarching Goals & Policies CRG1: Track GHG emissions within Federal Way. CRP1 Develop a plan to monitor, track, and share local GHG emissions trends and confirm targets are being met. CRG2: Evaluate and monitor climate vulnerability within the city. CRP2 Conduct and periodically update a Climate Vulnerability Assessment for the city, with a focus on the built environment, communities, and natural systems. Foster equitable collaboration with frontline communities and ensure future research on climate vulnerability focuses on impacts to areas most at risk. CRP3 Use assessment findings to evaluate changes to Comprehensive Plan goals and policies and enhance resilience. GHG Emission Reduction Goals & Policies CRG3: Implement sustainable and equitable land use and development policies and patterns to reduce GHG emissions. CRP4 Prioritize dense, mixed use, transit-oriented development, and affordable housing in Federal Way and City urban growth areas. CRP5 Prioritize infill development during the zoning and permitting process. CRP6 Protect and restore ecosystem health & resiliency, especially carbon sink resources and critical areas, in development and land use projects. CRP7 Incentivize low impact development and green building standards in alignment with state and regional polices for new and existing infrastructure. Seek out programs that make energy generation and distribution systems more affordable and more accessible, increase grid reliability, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, especially for multifamily and affordable housing units. CRG4: Prioritize low-carbon transportation options and implement an integrated, multimodal transportation system in Federal Way. CRP8 Expand the City’s multimodal transportation system by working with local and regional transit providers to improve transit efficiency, reliability, and access for all members of the Federal Way community. Ensure public 32 of 63 transit stops are frequent near dense residential areas and commercial/retail hubs in the city. CRP9 Build on Federal Way’s existing policies to create safe and accessible pedestrian and bike infrastructure that encourages non-motorized transportation. Address mobility inequities by ensuring transportation infrastructure is readily accessible to and usable by persons with disabilities, as outlined in Federal Way's Americans with Disabilities (ADA) Transition Plan. CRP10 Partner with local and regional transit agencies, such as Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) and King County, to increase accessibility and availability of non-motorized or shared mobility transportation options, such as ride or bike shares, consistent with the Transportation Chapter. Continue to maintain affordability of services. CRP11 Promote state incentives for community members and organizations to purchase electric vehicles (EVs) (including stronger incentives for low- income residents). • Consider expanding local incentives, such as providing preferential EV parking at public facilities. CRP12 Expand public EV charging infrastructure and capacity. • Consider mandating EV charging infrastructure in new multi-family homes, apartment buildings, major employers, and parking garages. CRP13 Convert all public-owned vehicles to zero-emission vehicles and install charging stations in City owned facilities as soon as feasible. CRP14 Support the Commute Trip Reduction (CTR) Act and other efforts to reduce vehicle miles travelled (VMT), such as carpool and telecommuting options, as addressed in the Transportation Chapter. CRP15 Promote coordinated planning and effective management to optimize the region’s aviation system in a manner that minimizes air quality degradation and noise impacts to communities, including historically marginalized communities. CRP16 Support regional and industrial efforts to reduce aviation emissions by promoting the use of sustainable aviation fuel and adoption of aviation fuel efficiency measures. CRG5: Support the transition to renewable energy. CRP17 Promote the transition from fossil fuel (e.g., natural gas) to renewable energy sources and decarbonize buildings by implementing building codes that align with the Washington State Building Code Council and the Clean Buildings Act. CRP18 Conduct community outreach and education to encourage phasing out fossil fuel use through energy efficiency upgrades and incentive 33 of 63 programs, such as community solar. Incorporate inclusive engagement strategies and partner with overburdened community organizations to ensure education and incentive programs build capacity and reduce cost burden for all residents. CRP19 Support renewable energy production and storage in Federal Way and provide expedited permit review for renewable energy upgrades and implementation in city buildings. CRP20 Develop and implement a plan to achieve carbon neutrality for City buildings and operations as soon as feasible. CRG6: Reduce GHG emissions from new and existing buildings. CRP21 Encourage sustainable building techniques and design within Federal Way’s building code for the development of new buildings and retrofits, in line with the policies outlined in the Washington Clean Building Act. CRP22 Promote building weatherization and participation in utility green power programs, such as Puget Sound Energy's (PSE) Green Power Program, by utilizing state and regional resources, and resident and business outreach. Prioritize retrofit incentives for cost burdened communities and ensure outreach programs reach frontline communities through inclusive engagement strategies. CRP23 Provide incentives to retrofit existing buildings to be fully electric and more energy efficient, as consistent with the Resiliency Chapter draft. Partner with regional jurisdictions and organizations to encourage upstream incentives for building electrification retrofits to local distributors and contractors. CRG7: Reduce the environmental impact of Federal Way material consumption and waste. CRP24 Promote recycling, composting, and sustainable consumption for residential communities and commercial activities to reduce the City’s emissions from waste and promote a circular economy. CRP25 Update building codes to include space and design element requirements that allocate for several waste streams, consistent with Federal Way’s Private Utilities Chapter. CRP26 Implement goals set by the adopted 2019 King County Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Plan to reach zero waste of resources as soon as feasible and increase education, incentives, and regulations aimed at single- and multi-family residents, businesses, and construction projects. CRP27 Work with local businesses, schools, restaurants, and producers to minimize food waste, reduce use of single-use items, and promote food recovery programs. 34 of 63 CRP28 Provide a pathway to phase in and enforce the diversion of 85% of all construction and demolition debris as soon as feasible, in line with King County targets. CRP29 Ensure solid waste collection services consider impact on ecosystems, community health, and welfare by minimizing pollution, litter, and disruption to all neighborhoods, especially those at risk of increased environmental health disparities. CRP30 Promote local eco‐industrial development to support a circular economy that increases demand for recycled materials and reduces demand for new raw materials and their embodied carbon emissions. Collaborate with King County's Solid Waste Division (SWD's Re+ Program) and other jurisdictions to develop and implement a circular economy framework. CRP31 Partner with food waste reduction efforts, such as the “Food: Too Good to Waste” program, which aims to reduce GHG emissions by educating people about how to plan and prepare meals to decrease the amount of wasted food. Resilience Goals & Policies CRG8: Promote resilient communities and ecosystems through land use planning and development standards. CRP32 Conduct an environmental justice audit prior to creating new zoning designations or rezoning. CRP33 Work toward a distribution of growth that promotes equitable access for overburdened communities and reduces the potential for displacement through program services such as emergency preparedness, affordable energy prices, and accountable utilities with consideration of climate impacts such as extreme heat, flooding, wildfire smoke, and drought. CRP34 Identify and expand community-centered anti-displacement strategies and climate-resilient infrastructure to mitigate housing insecurities exacerbated by climate change and green gentrification in accordance with the Housing Chapter and the Housing Action Plan. CRP35 Ensure that Shoreline Master Program policies and regulations support resilient ecosystems and developments in response to rising sea levels. • Address and minimize the impacts of sea level rise on the shoreline environment with strategies that also protect shoreline ecological functions, allow water-dependent uses, and provide public access. CRP36 Ensure that development and redevelopment projects are resilient to the impacts of climate change. Establish development regulations that incorporate best practices for reducing the risk of extreme heat, sea level rise, flooding, air pollution impacts, and other climate hazards. 35 of 63 CRP37 Require the design and construction of commercial and residential buildings and their surrounding sites to reduce water consumption, reuse wastewater, and reduce stormwater runoff. Encourage low-impact development techniques that enhance climate resilience in proposals for new development. CRG9: Protect, expand, and restore urban green space and ecosystems to promote resilience to environmental impacts worsened by climate change. CRP38 Improve walking and trail systems within walking distance of urban residents and multi-family housing. Prioritize historically underserved communities for tree canopy, natural area, and park improvements and investments. CRP39 Develop an Urban Forest Master Plan that implements climate-smart forest management and increases tree canopy in urban heat island areas. CRP40 Provide access to green space and healthy food resources for all residents through urban agricultural activities consistent with the Land Use Chapter. CRP41 Update and enforce codes that protect critical resources and natural habitats in areas that experience floods, landslides, wildfires, drought, or other events exacerbated by climate change. Provide connections for wildlife, support biodiversity, improve water quality, and reduce risk from climate impacts, as consistent with the Natural Environment Chapter. CRP42 Assess and understand ecosystem and species risk to the impacts of climate change in Federal Way. • Promote the control of non-native invasive species that are affected by climate change and consider where these invasive species threaten ecosystem function, as consistent with the Parks, Recreation, & Open Space Plan. CRP43 Partner with local organizations, tribes, and state and regional partners to prepare for risks to environmentally critical areas. Protect public health, safety, and wellbeing by maintaining the City’s natural systems, especially for overburdened communities. CRG10: Enhance community health by tracking and planning for air pollution and extreme heat exacerbated by climate change. CRP44 Partner with Puget Sound Clean Air Agency to track and monitor air quality in the city. Reevaluate plans to ensure alignment with 100% of US EPA National Ambient Air Quality Standards. 36 of 63 CRP45 Conduct community outreach to educate the public on air pollution sources (e.g., wildfire smoke) and provide resources to mitigate poor air quality impacts. CRP46 Consider and seek to reduce the health impacts of air pollution on residential populations and other sensitive uses near corridors with high volumes of vehicle traffic, such as I-5, to increase resident health, wellbeing, and resilience. CRP47 Develop and implement an urban heat resilience plan or strategy that includes heat mitigation and management actions to prepare for and respond to chronic and acute heat risk in the community. The strategy should be informed by urban heat island mapping and may include coordinated efforts such as cooling centers, early warning systems, development/land use codes, and energy grid resilience. Utilize the King County Extreme Heat Mitigation Strategy to align with county planning efforts. CRP48 Identify communities disproportionately impacted by extreme heat or wildfire events and prioritize equitable access to emergency preparedness resources for frontline communities and vulnerable areas. Develop and distribute tools and resources for the community to stay safe during extreme heat or wildfire events, like better filtration, air-conditioning, or HVAC systems in low income and high-density housing. CRG11: Increase the resilience of City infrastructure and systems to climate impacts. CRP49 Advance the resilience of the transportation system by considering climate risks in siting and planning, incorporating redundancies, preparing for disasters and other impacts, and conducting coordinated planning for system recovery. Ensure transit hubs are above future flood zones and major roadways have additional capacity to enable evacuations, first responders, utility repair crews, and other emergency services. This could include: • Coordinating the planning, construction, and operation of transportation facilities and programs with the state, county, neighboring cities, Puget Sound Regional Council, King County Metro, Sound Transit, and other entities to ensure critical infrastructure is in place to respond to both natural and human-caused disasters in accordance with the Transportation Chapter. • Ensuring provision of diverse multi-modal transportation options that are equipped to operate during extreme events, such as heat waves and flooding events, in accordance with the Transportation Chapter. CRP50 Design and update energy infrastructure for increased reliability and recovery during extreme weather events and other hazards worsened by climate change. For example, the City should continue to work with utilities to plan for undergrounding of overhead utilities and co-location of utilities 37 of 63 to increase resilience and reduce power loss during severe weather events consistent with the Private Utilities Chapter. CRP51 Promote retrofits and new building policies that encourage weatherization of residential buildings and increase resilience to extreme weather and other hazards worsened by climate change. Prioritize areas identified most at-risk to climate change impacts. CRP52 Support the maintenance of existing housing and improve infrastructure resiliency, especially in multi-family complexes and those housing older residents or other overburdened communities. CRP53 Plan for and respond to climate impacts that affect programs supporting those who are most vulnerable to experiencing homelessness. CRG12: Actively seek opportunities to factor climate risks and impacts into the planning of operations and the coordination of preparedness, response, and recovery activities. CP54 Continue to track and integrate a climate impacts risk assessment and policies into the local hazard mitigation plan or emergency management plan. CRP55 Anticipate and be ready to accommodate the rise in demand for the provision of human services due to climate change impacts, with a particular focus on areas and populations most vulnerable to environmental health disparities worsened by climate change. CRP56 Encourage the involvement of frontline communities when discussing policies that will impact their neighborhoods. Provide outreach in multiple formats and languages. CRP57 Where appropriate, support retrofit, purchase, or relocation of structures located in hazard-prone areas to protect structures from future damage, with properties with exposure to repetitive losses as a priority. CRG13: Ensure that all Federal Way community members are prepared for climate events and have access to resources and tools to effectively adapt to current and future climate impacts. CRP58 Provide community members an equitable opportunity to learn about climate impacts, influence policy decisions, and take actions to enhance community well-being and resilience. • Ensure community members are educated about emergency preparedness and encourage communities to be prepared for climate impacts (e.g., extreme heat, flooding). 38 of 63 • To reach frontline communities, consider incentives as part of equitable engagement and transcreation when developing culturally relevant climate communication. CRP59 Develop and deliver messaging on the impacts of climate change on health and safety, including information to help residents plan and practice actions to protect themselves from these impacts. Outreach and materials should be provided in languages representative of community needs. CRP60 Work with community members and facilities, such as public libraries or other community centers, to create "resilience hubs" that are prepared to meet the challenges of weather emergencies exacerbated by climate change. Ensure that resilience hubs are located in areas of most risk and/or need. CRG14: Ensure that cultural resources and practices, including historic sites and culturally important traditional foods and natural resources, are resilient to the impacts of extreme weather and other natural hazards worsened by climate change. CRP61 Protect culturally significant resources, land, and artifacts at risk due to climate change. Protect, enhance, and restore ecosystems to meet tribal treaty rights including habitat for salmonids, foods, and medicinal plants that could be adversely impacted by climate change. CRP62 Coordinate across departments to ensure that Federal Way’s plans consider climate change impacts in addition to other issues, resources, and needs that make a community whole—including land use, civic, cultural, recreation, transit, health, human services, natural environment, and the provision of infrastructure and other services consistent the Land Use Chapter. CRG15: Support and bolster local food access and security to address the impacts of climate change on Federal Way communities, especially those facing food insecurity. CRP63 Continue to coordinate with local and regional organizations to support and encourage the development of community gardens and farmers markets, as consistent with the Land Use Chapter. Consider incentive or grant programs to support this development. CRP64 Consider using public land to expand the city’s capacity produce and access local food, particularly for distribution to multi-family developments and households in need, as consistent with the Land Use Chapter. 39 of 63 CRG16: Enhance the resiliency of the City’s water sources and systems from climate impacts. CRP65 Protect water supply and aquifer recharge areas to prepare for climate change impacts affecting water systems, such as increased flooding, extreme precipitation, and drought. Prioritize actions to protect the most vulnerable populations. CRP66 Identify critical water resource areas and encourage conservation, water reuse, surface water runoff retention, and pollution minimization in these areas. CRP67 Promote education of low-impact, drought-aware development and design, including graywater reuse and green stormwater infrastructure. CRP68 Partner with utility districts to manage the city’s stormwater and sewer system to address flooding impacts. Identify vulnerable communities and secure existing infrastructure in flood zones. CRP69 Work with utility districts to create new water storage systems to provide emergency water back-up during droughts and evaluate future projected changes to hydrological systems in Federal Way. CRG17: Support the development of a local economy that fosters business opportunities associated with climate action. CRP70 Develop a green jobs strategy in partnership with community groups and businesses that is consistent with the Economic Development Chapter. Support increased economic opportunity for businesses and populations facing economic inequities, such as small or BIPOC-owned businesses and low-income populations. Provide green job training and support for those facing economic vulnerability or with limited skills and work experience in this sector. CRP71 Recognize the environment as a key economic value in the community that must be protected. CRP72 Support local business efforts to generate and store renewable electricity on-site, which can provide back-up power during emergencies and help ensure continuity of operations. Ensure this support reaches businesses facing economic disadvantage, such as small, women-owned, or BIPOC- owned businesses. Implementation The following implementation strategies are recommended to implement the policy direction outlined in this chapter. Implementation will occur over time and is dependent on resources available to the City and community. The following strategies are not ordered to reflect implementation timeline, sequence, nor importance or priority. 40 of 63 Monitoring and Evaluation • Tracking greenhouse (GHG) emissions will allow the City to monitor successful implementation of mitigation goals and policies. The City will update its GHG inventory every two to four years to monitor emissions and track progress on meeting the GHG emission reduction targets, once targets are adopted. • Conduct a climate vulnerability assessment (VA) to identify the city’s current climate risk, anticipate and flag areas of future risk, and evaluate areas of strength and resilience by identifying existing strategies and implementing resilience policies that help the community adapt to changing climate conditions. The City should seek to update the VA every four to five years, with a focus on the built environment, communities, and natural systems. • Work with waste haulers to track waste diversion progress. Plan Development and Updates • Develop and implement a Climate Action Plan for the city that introduces a strategic framework and roadmap to achieve GHG emission reduction and resiliency goals. • Incorporate Climate and Resiliency chapter goals and policies into the Land Use, Housing, and Transportation chapters to align climate-oriented growth strategies such as dense, mixed use, transit-oriented development, and affordable housing. • Develop and implement a plan that guides expansion of EV charging capacity throughout the city, such as an Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Plan. • Establish an environmental justice audit process to incorporate into the Land Use chapter. Engage city residents and community groups to ensure thorough understanding of community needs. The WA Environmental Health Disparities Map may offer a starting point for understanding existing disparities in the city [3]. • Develop and implement an urban heat resilience plan or strategy that includes heat mitigation and management actions to prepare for and respond to chronic and acute heat risk in the community. Incentives • Promote existing federal and state building efficiency and EV incentives, such as rebates. • Develop an incentives program, for both residential and commercial development, that encourages sustainable building techniques inline or exceeding requirements in the WA Clean Building Act. Incentives should 41 of 63 enable builders to implement green building standards while keeping developments affordable. Engagement and Partnerships • Promote programs that achieve GHG emission reduction targets through coordination and partnerships with local jurisdictions, frontline communities, the state, academic institutions, community leaders, Puget Sound Regional Council (PSRC), Puget Sound Clean Air Agency (PSCAA), private, and not-for- profit groups. • Partner with local organizations, tribes, and state and regional partners to prepare for risks to environmentally critical areas. • Conduct educational outreach and engagement for the following, but not limited to: o Recycling, composting, and sustainable consumption.  Create educational flyers and online resources provided in languages representative of community needs.  Partner with food waste reduction efforts, such as the Food: Too Good to Waste program. o Air pollution.  Partner with Puget Sound Clean Air Agency to track and monitor air quality in the city.  Conduct community outreach to educate the public on air pollution sources (e.g., wildfire smoke) and provide resources to mitigate poor air quality impacts such as providing filter fans for at-risk community members during wildfire smoke events. o Emergency preparedness.  Ensure community members, with special emphasis on frontline and overburdened communities, are educated about emergency preparedness and encourage communities to be prepared for climate impacts (e.g., extreme heat, flooding).  Work with community members and facilities, such as public libraries or other community centers, to create "resilience hubs" that are prepared to meet the challenges of weather emergencies exacerbated by climate change. o Economic development.  Develop a green jobs strategy in partnership with community groups and businesses. 42 of 63 43 of 63 REFERENCES [1] Mauger, G.S., J.H. Casola, H.A. Morgan, R.L. Strauch, B. Jones, B. Curry, T.M. Busch Isaksen, L., "State of Knowledge: Climate Change in Puget Sound," 2015. [2] L. S. N. a. E. M. Hansen, "Climate Change Adaptation through Local Comprehensive Planning: Guidance for Puget Sound Communities," EcoAdapt, Bainbridge Island, WA, 2016. [3] University of Washington Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences and Washington State Department of Health, "Washington Environmental Health Disparities Map: Cumulative Impacts of Environmental Health Risk Factors Across," 2022. [4] Headwaters Economics, "Neighborhoods at Risk," Northeast Regional Climate Center, [Online]. Available: https://nar.headwaterseconomics.org/5300023515/explore/map. [Accessed 2023]. [5] Washington State Department of Commerce, "Model Climate Element: Planning Guidance," 2023. [6] King County, "Strategic Climate Action Plan (SCAP)," 2020. 44 of 63 APPENDIX A : EMISSIONS FORECAST Table 1. Summary of emissions forecast estimates (in MTCO2e) Description 2019 2030 2040 2050 Business-as-usual (BAU) emissions: emissions forecast based on Federal Way’s 2019 GHG emissions profile, assuming no climate action (programs, policies, standards) at the local, state, or federal level. 1,110,119 1,356,589 1,503,159 1,646,759 Adjusted business-as-usual (ABAU) emissions: adjusted BAU forecast to account for the impacts of adopted federal and state policies (still assuming no climate action at the local level). 1,110,119 595,832 471,178 441,912 Difference between BAU and ABAU emissions 0 760,757 1,031,981 1,204,847 Sector-Specific Plans & Commitments: adjusted ABAU forecast to account for the impacts of regional climate plans and commitments. 1,110,119 565,034 411,789 351,671 Difference between ABAU and sector- specific scenario emissions 0 30,798 59,389 90,241 45 of 63 APPENDIX B : COMMITMENTS & POLICIES Table 2. Key sector-specific commitments reflected in forecast. Commitment Key Assumptions in Forecast Air Transport Action Group (ATAG) 2050 Plan Based on the Air Transport Action Group (ATAG) 2050 Plan. ATAG is made up of representatives of the world’s major aviation industry associations and largest aircraft and engine makers. In 2021, ATAG committed to a goal of net zero emissions by 2050 for global civil aviation operations. This will be supported by accelerated efficiency measures, energy transition and innovation across the aviation sector and in partnership with Governments around the world. Using assumptions from Air Transport Action Group's (ATAG) net zero 2050 plan (Scenario 0, page 23): -10% reduction of 2050 BAU from technology advancements -9% reduction of 2050 BAU from operations and infrastructure improvements -38% reduction of 2050 BAU from sustainable aviation fuels (adjusted from 31% in published graph to account for action sequencing) Total reduction = 50% of 2050 BAU Regional marine, rail, and ferry transport Includes assumed future emission reductions under the Washington State Ferries (WSF) System Electrification Plan and Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy (NWPCAS). The WSF System Electrification Plan is an initiative to electrify the WSF system with plug-in hybrid-electric vessels and terminal enhancements to achieve reduced environmental impact and energy cost. From 2005 baseline, WSF has developed emissions reduction targets of 27% by 2025; 53% by 2030; 76% by 2040; 95% by 2050. The Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy (NWPCAS) was adopted by the Port of Tacoma Commission in April 2021. This strategy identified a new vision for clean air and climate action by the Port of Tacoma: “phase out emissions from seaport-related activities by 2050.” The pathway to these emissions reductions from marine vessels and rail (from a 2005 baseline) include reduction targets of 50% by 2030; 70% by 2040; 100% by 2050. - From 2005 baseline, reduce emissions from ferries MTCO2e: 27% by 2025; 53% by 2030; 76% by 2040; 95% by 2050. - From 2005 baseline, reduce emissions from marine vessels and rail 50% by 2030; 70% by 2040; 100% by 2050. Table 3. Key federal, state, and regional policies reflected in ABAU forecast. Policy Level Key Assumptions in Forecast State Energy Codes Requires adoption of state energy codes (new buildings) from 2013 through 2031 that incrementally move towards achieving State New construction in 2031 and beyond will consume 70% less energy than the 2006 baseline. Used King County's 2008 energy consumption rate as a proxy for 2006 baseline. Assumed this baseline applies to all jurisdictions. Using 2019 energy consumption rates, modeled a straight-line reduction in energy 46 of 63 Policy Level Key Assumptions in Forecast a 70% reduction in annual net energy consumption (compared to a 2006 baseline). All new commercial buildings must use electric heat pumps for space heating and electric water heating for 50% of water. consumption rate from 2019 to 2031 to achieve the 70% reduction from baseline (in new buildings only). Assume that any additional energy consumption under BAU compared to 2019 is from "new buildings." This action impacts activity data (reduces energy consumption). All new commercial buildings must use electric heat pumps for space heating and electric water heating for 50% of water. - Assume commercial water heating accounts for 9% of building energy use; assume space heating accounts for 23% of building energy use (total = 32%; Source: EIA 2015). - Assume 75% of current commercial buildings use fossil fuel space/water heating. WA Clean Buildings Act (HB 1257) Requires all new and existing commercial buildings over 50,000 square feet to reduce their energy use intensity by 15%, compared to the 2009-2018 average. State Using 2019 county level commercial energy consumption data, calculated energy consumed per sq ft of commercial building space to arrive at average energy use intensity (EUI - energy consumed per sq ft). Used as proxy for 2009-2018 baseline. Modeled a straight-line reduction in energy use intensity (up to 15%) for Bins 1-3 below for 2020 through respective compliance dates. Assume 15% reduction through 2050. Bin 1: >220K sq ft Bin 2: > 90K sq ft Bin 3: > 50K sq ft Bin 4: 50K sq ft and under (rule does not apply) Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards National Highway Traffic Safety Administration standards regulate light- and heavy-duty vehicle fuel economy standards (how many miles the vehicle can drive per gallon of fuel). Federal Based on PSRC Vision 2050 modeling, assumed the following changes in vehicle emissions intensity (gCO2e/mile): - Light duty vehicles: 33% reduction from 2018 to 2050. - Heavy duty vehicles: 26% reduction from 2018 to 2050. Clean Fuel Standard Washington state's Clean Fuel Standard (HB 1091) requires a 20% reduction in the carbon intensity of transportation fuels by 2038, compared to a 2017 baseline, beginning January 1, 2023. State Reduce gasoline and diesel emissions factor linearly by 20% from 2023 to 2038. Assume 2019 transportation fuel emissions factors are applicable for 2017-2023 (2017 is policy baseline year). Overall, policy calls for 20% reduction in carbon intensity of transportation fuels by 2038; includes reductions from EVs given concerns with WA’s short- term ability to scale up low carbon fuels. Compared to baseline, modeled the following for fuel carbon intensities: - 3.5% reduction in per-gallon gasoline & diesel vehicle (passenger, heavy duty, transit) emissions from cleaner fuels (NOT EVs) by 2030 - 10% reduction in per-gallon gasoline & diesel vehicle (passenger, heavy duty, transit) emissions from cleaner fuels (NOT EVs) by 2040 - Maintain 10% reduction levels to 2050 Given ICE ban, compared to baseline, modeled the following for EV use: 47 of 63 Policy Level Key Assumptions in Forecast - 6.5% transition of gasoline/diesel passenger vehicles to EV by 2030 - 10% transition of gasoline/diesel passenger vehicles to EV by 2040 - Maintain 10% reduction levels to 2050 WA Internal Combustion Engine Ban (SB 5974) Establishes a target that, "all publicly owned and privately owned passenger and light duty vehicles of model year 2030 or later that are sold, purchased, or registered in Washington state be electric vehicles". State As part of Move Ahead Washington program, WA would ban sale of gasoline/diesel ICE passenger vehicles starting in 2030. For ICE ban, assuming a 15-year vehicle turnover rate, with the following proportion of new sales EV (a conservative estimate given that the ICE ban is currently a goal and lacks a clear accountability mechanism): - 25% by 2026 - 65% by 2030 - 100% by 2035 - Maintained by 100% thereafter PSRC Regional Transportation Plan VMT Reductions The Regional Transportation Plan (RTP) is a long-term transportation plan for the central Puget Sound region and is designed to implement the region's growth plan, VISION 2050, outlining investments the region is making in transit, rail, ferry, streets and highways, freight, bicycle and pedestrian facilities, and other systems. Regional Assume future passenger vehicle VMT reductions will reflect estimations from the RTP model. WA Hydrofluorocarbon Policies (HB 1112 & HB 1050) HB 1112 requires that new equipment be manufactured without HFCs or using refrigerants with a lower global warming potential (GWP) in a phased approach through 2024. Equipment covered by the law are being phased in each year, starting with 2020, and penalties apply for non- compliance. In 2021, HB 1050 applied Clean Air Act provisions for ozone depleting substances to HFCs and extended restrictions on higher GWP HFCs to new equipment such as ice rinks and stationary air conditioning. State Aligned model assumptions with Washington State modeling. Clean Energy Transformation Act (CETA) Requires all electric utilities to eliminate coal-fired electricity from their state portfolios by 2025, be GHG neutral by 2030, and supply customers with 100% renewable or non-emitting electricity by 2045. State Electricity will be GHG neutral (electricity emissions factor equals zero) in 2030 and beyond with a straight-line emissions factor reduction from 2019 to 2030. For utilities that rely on coal for electricity generation, additionally model straight-line reduction to 0% coal by 12/31/2025. Assume coal is replaced by renewables. WA Climate Commitment Act (E2SSB 5126) The Climate Commitment Act (known as Cap and Invest) places an economy-wide cap on carbon to meet state GHG reduction targets and remain consistent with best available science, while minimizing the use of offsets to meet those targets. Every State State estimates that CCA will account for 26.2 million MTCO2e in statewide reductions by 2030. 2018 total emissions = 99.57 million MTCO2e. Thus, the state anticipates that CCA will reduce total WA emissions 26% compared to current (2018) levels. 48 of 63 Policy Level Key Assumptions in Forecast polluting facility covered under the program needs to hold one allowance for every ton of greenhouse gas that it emits. Based on an environmental justice review, 35-40% of investments must be made in overburdened communities to reduce health disparities and create environmental benefits, with an additional 10% allocated for tribal programs and projects. Key regulated CCA sectors relevant to the geographic inventory include: - Natural gas (however, this sector will receive directly-allocated no-cost allowances) - Industrial processes (however, Emissions- Intensive Trade-Exposed facilities will received directly-allocated no-cost allowances) - Transportation fuels (however, already covered to some extent by Clean Fuels Standard) Therefore, assume the following for CCA: Assume CETA addresses emissions reductions in electricity sector. Apply -10% emissions factor adjustment to natural gas (assuming increase in hydrogen or RNG in fuel mix) to 2030. Apply -15% emissions reduction estimate (consider applying a reduction factor) to industrial process emissions to 2030. Apply -23.5% fuel emissions factor reduction estimate (consider applying a reduction factor) to transportation emissions to 2030 and -30% to 2040 (includes reductions from CFS). 49 of 63 APPENDIX C: FIGURES Figure 1. Washington State 2019 Electric Utilities Aggregate Fuel Mix Source: Washington State Department of Commerce. “Washington State Electric Utility Fuel Mix Discloser Reports 2019,” 2020. 50 of 63 Attachment 2: Public Input to-Date to inform Climate Change & Resiliency Comprehensive Plan Chapter Survey responses to-date (50 respondents through 6/1/23) (https://engagefw.com/climate_resiliency/survey_tools/climate -change) Q1: What should be the greater focus of Federal Way’s climate change planning? (note that the climate change chapter will still address both greenhouse gas emissions reductions and preparing for climate change impacts): (# of responses) Q2: Should Federal Way's planning and actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions primarily be done by Federal Way on our own as a city, or in collaboration with other local governments? (# of responses) 33325 8th Avenue South Federal Way, WA 98003-6325 253-835-7000 www.cityoffederalway.com Jim Ferrell, Mayor 51 of 63 2 Q3: Which of the following specific actions are you most excited to take, as an individual or family, to help reduce Federal Way's greenhouse gas emissions and/or your overall environmental impact? (select as many as you'd like) (# of responses) Q4: Which of the following specific actions are you least excited to take, as an individual or family, to help reduce Federal Way's greenhouse gas emissions and/or your overall environmental impact? (select as many as you'd like) (# of responses) 52 of 63 Outreach poll #1: Activity polled at 3/9/23 Comp Plan Town Hall and 5/13/23 Bonsai Fest Reduce energy consumption Use solar energy Enroll in PSE’s Green Power Program Switch from natural gas to electricity Drive less Transition to cleaner vehicles Reduce air trips when possible Subscribe to a composting service or use backyard composting Reduce food waste Recycle ‘right’ (clean, dry, empty, alight w/accepted materials, reuse if possible before recycling) Other (please specify) Written responses to-date: • Invest in public transit • Make cities more walkable • No plastic straws • Stormwater, CSO, drought, clean water Categories listed in image above (for readability) 53 of 63 Outreach poll #2 part 1: Initial draft goals 1-12; Activity conducted at 5/13/23 Bonsai Festival 54 of 63 5 Outreach poll #2 part 2: Initial draft goals 13-23; Activity conducted at 5/13/23 Bonsai Festival Written sticky notes from image above, for readability (verbatim as written from top-bottom, left-right): • Retain existing forests; not strip forests • Work w/arborists for climate ready species selection + long-term tree canopy success • Algae farms + food with omega 3 & [illegible] + co2-O2 • Traffic light synchronization to reduce idling 55 of 63 M E M O R A N D U M DATE: June 7, 2023 TO: Federal Way Planning Commission FROM: Evan Lewis, Senior Planner; evan.lewis@cityoffederalway.com; 253-835-2646 SUBJECT: Residential Open Space Code Updates Briefing – Part 3 Objective: This is the 3rd Planning Commission briefing on proposed residential open space code updates to Federal Way Revised Code (FWRC) Titles 18 and 19. Residential open space code updates are intended to: 1) Improve the consistency of open space definitions and requirements between housing types and zones; 2) Clarify aspects of Federal Way’s residential open space requirements that create ambiguity and confusion; 3) Implement Housing Action Plan (HAPI) recommendations related to residential open space; and 4) Update the method for calculating open space for subdivisions which would provide a consistent open space calculation method between single family and multifamily. This 3rd briefing focuses on the amount of required residential ‘usable’ open space for both single-family and multi-family. Overview of Open Space Quantity Update: The proposed updates would reduce the required on-site, usable open space for most single-family detached subdivisions and for certain multifamily housing types. Required usable open space for senior housing and for residential uses in the neighborhood business (BN), City Center Core (CC-C), City Center Frame (CC-F), and Commercial Enterprise (CE) zones would remain unchanged. FWRC usable open space requirements currently apply to developments regardless of the number of units. In the proposed update, open space requirements would only apply to development proposals with six (6) or more units for both single-family and multi-family. The proposed updates are warranted and balanced with consideration of the following factors: 1) Benefits from the expected adoption of a park impact fee in the summer of 2023 which will provide a new, consistent funding source from future residential growth for necessary public park facilities that mitigate impacts from that growth. 2) Reduce barriers to new housing in certain zones and for certain uses. 3) Decrease the potential for natural areas being destroyed to accommodate usable open space. 4) Improve the consistency of open space requirements between uses and among zones. 5) Bring residential open space requirements more in-line with other cities. 33325 8th Avenue South Federal Way, WA 98003-6325 253-835-7000 www.cityoffederalway.com Jim Ferrell, Mayor 56 of 63 2 Single-Family Open Space Quantity Updates: Proposed Update The proposed code update changes the method of calculating open space for single -family residential subdivisions from 15 percent of the gross land area basis to a square feet per unit basis. The proposed update would require 150 sq. ft. of usable open space per single-family unit. Explanation This usable open space amount would be consistent with the proposed new open space quantities for most non-single family uses as detailed in the next section. It’s difficult to establish a 1:1 comparison with other cities for single-family residential open space. Many cities do not require any open space for single-family subdivisions beyond open areas established through typical setback and impervious surface requirements. Of those cities that still require single-family open space, some calculate required open space as a percent of either site or lot area and others as a sq. ft. amount per dwelling unit consistent with the current proposal for Federal Way. For lack of many good 1:1/apples-to- apples comparisons among cities, the proposed usable open space measure and quantity is based on reasons listed in the “Overview” section above. Multi-Family Open Space Quantity Updates: Proposed Update The table below summarizes proposed changes to current residential open space requirements by use and zone. Zone Zero lot line townhouse Multifamily (stacked) Manufactured Home Park Permanent Supportive Housing Senior or special needs housing RS 400 150 sq. ft/unit NA 400 150 sq. ft/unit 400 150 sq. ft/unit 100 sq. ft/unit RM 400 150 sq. ft/unit 400 150 sq. ft/unit 400 150 sq. ft/unit 400 150 sq. ft/unit 100 sq. ft/unit BN NA 150 sq. ft/unit NA 150 sq. ft/unit 100 sq. ft/unit BC NA 150 100 sq. ft/unit NA 150 100 sq. ft/unit 100 sq. ft/unit CC- C NA 100 sq. ft/unit NA 100 sq. ft/unit 100 sq. ft/unit CC- F NA 100 sq. ft/unit NA 100 sq. ft/unit 100 sq. ft/unit CE NA NA NA 100 sq. ft/unit NA 57 of 63 3 Explanation The changes shown above are proposed for the following reasons: 1) The decreased amount from 400 to 150 sq. ft./unit for several residential uses in the RS and RM zones improves consistency with required residential open space in other zones and is more consistent with multifamily open space requirements in other cities. 2) The decrease from 150 to 100 sq. ft./unit for the BC zone is consistent with the CC-C and CC-F zones; those 3 zones are a priority focus for implementing our Housing Action Plan and should require consistent open space quantities. Attachments: 1. City-by-city comparison for residential open space requirements Next Steps: 1. Public Hearing: 6/21/23 2. LUTC: 7/10/23 3. Council 1st Reading: 7/18/23 4. Council 2nd Reading/Adoption: 8/15/23 58 of 63 Attachment 1: City Comparisons for Residential Open Space Requirements The list below shows residential open space requirements among 13 comparison cities in King County. Staff has aimed to provide as much of a 1:1/apples-to- apples comparison a possible among the most typical open space requirements common to conventional single-family and multifamily development types in these cities, in order to inform Federal Way’s updated residential open space requirements. The list below specifically does NOT inventory the following types of open space or related code requirements: • Open space requirements for cluster housing, cottage housing, planned unit developments, senior or assisted living housing, or incentive or bonus open space to achieve more density or other zoning flexibilities. • Open space requirements such as maximum impervious surface (lot coverage) limits. • Open space requirements specific to the preservation of environmental critical areas unless such areas count in usable open space requirements. • Open space requirements that may be required for design review districts and found within design review guidelines for these cities that might exist separate from their online code books. • Fee-in-lieu of open space options or other options some cities may provide to allow reduced open space from the requirements below. Multi-Family Residential Open Space Requirements City Multifamily Open Space Requirement Notes and Clarifications Code citation Auburn No apparent applicable requirement Higher density residential zones (R10 thru R20) require 20% of site area as landscaped open space but that's different than usable open space/recreation open space. Mixed use residential developments appear to have point system for eligibility for flexible development regulations; greater of either 10% of site area or 250 sf/unit. But it's an optional bonus for mixed use only; not required. AMC 18.07.030 Bellevue 800 sq. ft. usable open space + 50 sq. ft/unit over 10 units Requirement is for developments of 10 units or more, doesn’t pertain to Downtown, totaled up to max of 10k sf. Exact code language: "New multifamily developments of 10 units or more shall be required, as a condition of Building Permit approval, to provide a minimum of 800 square feet of unpaved, usable open space with lawn or other soft surface for an outdoor children’s play area, plus an additional 50 square feet of usable open space for each additional unit beyond the initial 10 units, up to a maximum of 10,000 square feet, except that this requirement does not apply to multifamily development downtown or to developments devoted exclusively to senior citizen dwellings as defined at LUC 20.50.046." BMC 20.20.540 Burien 200 sq. ft/unit "New developments of 4 multiple family dwelling units or more shall provide a minimum of 200 square feet of required common recreation space per dwelling unit. The required common recreation space shall be in one or more areas on site that are available and accessible to all residents of the development." BMC 19.17.010 Des Moines 200 sq. ft/unit 200 sq. ft./unit of common recreation space. Also requires 60 sq. ft/unit of PRIVATE outdoor recreation area. DMC 18.155.050 59 of 63 City Multifamily Open Space Requirement Notes and Clarifications Code citation Issaquah 48 sq. ft/unit “Outdoor space” requirement for multifamily and duplexes. Can be private or common. Same amount also required for assisted living facilities, sr. housing but applied to both indoor and outdoor areas for those later uses. IMC 18.07.440(5) Kent 20-25% of gross land area Appears to only be for zero lot line developments in single family and multifamily zones; 25% is in single family zones and 20% is in multifamily zones. KMC 15.08.330 Kirkland 200 sq. ft/unit For 4 or more units only. Specific requirement is for "at least 200 square feet per unit of common recreational space usable for many activities." Furthermore, "The required common recreational open space may be reduced to 150 square feet per unit if permanent outdoor furniture, pool, cooking facilities, playing equipment, and/or a recreation building are provided in the common open space." KMC 115.23(2) Redmond** General: 25% of required open space for developments of 30 or more units (which appears to amount to appx. 5% of lot area for most uses) Requirement is for most residential types and it's 20% of total lot area - i.e. the impervious surface requirement. For dev. 30 or more units, 25% of required open space must be common open space (so that amounts to basically 5% of gross site area). ALSO: the 20% includes critical areas thus it's not a good apples-apples comparison; only the common open space requirement is. See RMC 21.08.180 for more. **For downtown: Residential common usable open space of at least 100 sq. ft/unit up to 20% of the site. See RMC 21.10.130(E) for complete requirement. **For Overlake area: Usable open space of at least 6.25% of gross residential floor area. See RMC 21.12.120 for more detail. **Marymore Design District, presumably 15% of site area but unclear. Residential usable open space req. is 15% of…something. See RMC 21.13.120. RMC 21.08.180 Renton - High Density Zones 600 sq. ft/unit (350 common, + 250 private but see notes) For higher density residential (mf or sf); R-10 and R-14 zones only when 4 or more units. 350 sf/unit of common open space; 250 sf/unit of common open space added to that for all non- ground units; for ground units that 250 sf/unit can be private open space rather than common. Open space definition is: "Any physical area that provides visual relief from the built environment for environmental, scenic or recreational purposes. Open space may consist of developed or undeveloped areas, including urban plazas, parks, pedestrian corridors, landscaping, pastures, woodlands, greenbelts, wetlands and other natural areas, but excluding stormwater facilities, driveways, parking lots or other surfaces designed for vehicular travel." RMC 4.2.115 60 of 63 City Multifamily Open Space Requirement Notes and Clarifications Code citation Renton - Design districts A, C, D 50 sq. ft/unit For all mixed use and attached developments of 10 or more units. Requirement is for common open space and/or recreation areas. RMC 4.3.100 Renton - Design district B (private only) 150 sq. ft/unit Requirement is for private usable open space for all attached housing developments in District B abutting each unit; may include porches, balconies, yards, and decks. RMC 4.3.100 Sammamish 90-170 sq. ft/unit "All single-family, multifamily and townhouse developments of more than four units, and mixed use developments of more than four units, shall provide recreation space excluding environmentally sensitive areas as defined by SDC 21.03.020 for leisure, play or sport activities as follows…Attached residential developments at a density of greater than eight units per acre, and mixed use: i. Studio and one bedroom: 90 square feet per unit; ii. Two bedroom: 130 square feet per unit; and iii. Three or more bedroom: 170 square feet per unit.” SMC 21.02.030(I) Seatac 5-10% of net site area ONLY for Angle Lake and City Center subareas. SMC 15.300 Shoreline 50 sq. ft/unit More specifically, the greater of 800 sf/development or 50 sf/unit. Applies to all multifamily. Important note that "Required landscaping can be used for open space if it does not obstruct access or reduce the overall landscape standard." That somewhat waters-down this requirement. SMC 20.50.240 Tukwila 400 sq. ft/unit Minimum of 1000 sf of recreation space. Includes zero lot line townhomes in multifamily requirement. At least 250 sq. ft of the 400 must be private, ground level open space. TMC 18.12 61 of 63 Single-Family Residential Open Space Requirements City Single-Family Open Space Requirement Notes and Clarifications Code citation Auburn Case-by-Case and only for subdividisons of 50 or more units – determined by hearing examiner SF open space determined case-by-case for single-family: "Where dedication of land for park and recreation purposes is required, the hearing examiner shall be guided by the policies and recommended standards of the Auburn parks, recreation, and open space plan. It is the policy of the city to require park land dedication where a proposed subdivision will result in a substantial increase in demand for park land or is needed to prevent or abate public nuisances. Generally, this will occur where a subdivision will result in the creation of lots capable of supporting 50 or more residential dwelling units; however, where it is determined that the proposed subdivision, together with any reasonably anticipated future development on adjacent or nearby land, will act in a cumulative manner to substantially increase demand for park land, dedication may be required of smaller subdivisions. The acceptability of the size, configuration and location of land proposed for park dedication shall be determined by the hearing examiner based upon such factors as topography, drainage, natural amenities and access. " AMC 17.14.100 Bellevue No apparent requirement BMC 20.45A Burien 5 - 5.5% of gross land area Varies by zone, ranging from 5 to 5.5% of gross land area by zone for open space to be dedicated or reserved and set aside. BMC 17.60.070 Des Moines 778 sq. ft/unit Code language: "Proposed residential subdivisions shall either provide a minimum of 778 square feet of park area per lot consistent with the requirements of subsections (2) through (4) of this section or make an in-lieu fee payment consistent with the requirements of subsection (5) of this section in order to comply with the level of service standard of 6.5 acres of park land per 1,000 population established in the City of Des Moines 2010 Parks, Recreation and Senior Services Master Plan, Section 2.3." DMMC 17.35.180 Issaquah No apparent requirement City has a 15% of net site area open space requirement for cluster housing, but couldn't find any open space requirement for conventional subdivisions. IMC 18.07.420 Kent 180 sq. ft/unit Applied to subdivisions of 20 or more units. KMC 12.04.060 Kirkland 200 sq. ft/unit** **This only appears to apply to medium and higher density zones, not low density sf residential zones. For 4 or more units only. So this requirement might not be a good 1:1 comparison since single-family subdivisions would likely be less common in medium-higher density zones (which don’t include single-family residential zones although some appear to still allow single-family detached housing) KMC 115.23 Redmond General: 25% of required open space for Requirement is for most residential types and it's 20% of total lot area - i.e. the impervious surface requirement. For dev. 30 or more units, 25% of required open space must be common open space (so that amounts to basically 5% of gross site area which can still be RMC 21.08.180 62 of 63 City Single-Family Open Space Requirement Notes and Clarifications Code citation developments of 30 or more units (which appears to amount to appx. 5% of lot area for most uses) substantial). ALSO: the 20% includes critical areas thus it's very much NOT a good apples- apples comparison; only the common open space requirement is. See RMC 21.08.180 for more. Renton - High Density Zones Limited requirement – not a good example Not a good comparison example. Similar to Kirkland, Renton’s sf/unit open space requirement outside of its design districts (appx. 600 sf/unit) appears to apply to all uses but only within high density R10 and R14 zones, where technically sf detached is allowed but seems less likely (at 10 and 14 units/acre) than attached/multifamily units. RMC 4.2.115 Sammamish 390 sq. ft/unit "All single-family, multifamily and townhouse developments of more than four units, and mixed use developments of more than four units, shall provide recreation space excluding environmentally sensitive areas as defined by SDC 21.03.020 for leisure, play or sport activities as follows…Residential developments at a density of eight units or less per acre: 390 square feet per unit” SMC 21.02.030(I) Seatac Unclear Couldn't find single family open space requirement; unclear if req. for Angle Lake and City Center subareas cited earlier would apply to single fam subdivisions in those areas. Shoreline No apparent requirement No apparent SF subdivision open space requirement SMC 20.50 Tukwila Unclear…seemingly no for most areas Could only find open space requirement for Southcenter area - not citywide and unclear if it applies to sf subdivision. No common/public/usable open space req. found in subdivision code for sf subdivisions Title 18 - Zoning (tukwilawa.gov) - see table 18.4 63 of 63