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22-102749-UP-Hydrogeological Assessment-04-10-2023-V2
LOMBARDINI GEOLOGICAL SERVICES LLC 3/17/2023 Concrete Plant Property Hydrogeologic Assessment- Revision 1.0 - Critical Area Recharge Assessment 35000 & 35050 Pacific Ave S Federal Way, WA 98003 Shawn Lombardini LHG RG PRINCIPAL HYDROGEOLOGIST LOMBARDINI GEOLOGICAL SERVICES LLC PO BOX 4301 • Spanaway, WA 98387 Phone: 253.334.4782 • Email: shawn@lgs-geo.com -1- March 17, 2023 Corliss Resources INC & Apex Engineering Colleen Harris harris@apexengineering.net Project: Concrete Plant Property Hydrogeological Assessment 35000 & 35050 Pacific Ave S Federal Way, WA 98003 Dear Corliss and Apex Engineering: Lombardini Geological Services, LLC (LGS) has conducted a Site specific hydrogeologic review of the proposed Site development on the property, and prepared this technical memorandum pursuant of the FWRC Chapter 19.145, “Environmentally Critical Areas.” Specifically, FWRC 19.145.490 Development within critical aquifer recharge areas 2) The city will review the hazardous materials inventory statement along with the permit, land use, or business license application to determine whether hazardous materials will be used, stored, transported or disposed of in connection with the proposed activity. The city shall make the following determinations and apply the appropriate capture zone protection measures: (c) Hazardous materials are involved and the proposal has the potential to significantly impact critical aquifer recharge areas. The city may require a hydrogeologic assessment with a critical areas report to be prepared by a qualified professional in order to determine the potential impacts of contamination on the aquifer. (i) Information regarding geologic and hydrogeologic characteristics of the site, including the surface location of the capture zone in which it is located and the type of infiltration of the site. (ii) Groundwater depth, flow direction, and gradient. (iii) Location of other critical areas, including surface waters, within 200 feet of the site. (iv) Best management practices and integrated pest management proposed to be used, including: (A) Predictive evaluation of groundwater withdrawal effects on nearby wells and surface water features; (B) Predictive evaluation of contaminant transport based on potential releases to groundwater; and (C) Predictive evaluation of changes in the infiltration/recharge rate. The technical memorandum herein shall include applicable hydrogeological principals and assessments to the FWRC in respect to the redevelopment of the Site, located at the above-referenced address in Federal Way, Washington (Site). The hydrogeological assessment presented follows generally accepted hydrogeologic industry principles and standards. This report is exclusively for Corliss Resources INC and Apex Engineering’s use only. It is at the discretion of these entities to distribute this report and plan to others as needed. This is in lieu of other warranties, expressed, or implied. LOMBARDINI GEOLOGICAL SERVICES LLC PO BOX 4301 • Spanaway, WA 98387 Phone: 253.334.4782 • Email: shawn@lgs-geo.com -2- TABLE OF CONTENTS: 1.0 BACKGROUND 2 2.0 SCOPE OF WORK 3 3.0 SITE CONDITIONS 3 4.0 SURFICIAL GEOLOGIC SETTING 4 5.0 HYDROGEOLOGIC SETTING 4 6.0 GROUNDWATER RECHARGE 7 7.0 WELLHEAD P ROTECTION AREA 7 8.0 CONCEPTUAL SITE MODEL 7 9.0 F EDERAL WAY REVISED CODE 7 10.0 C ONCLUSIONS 9 11.0 SUMMARY 9 12.0 LIMITATIONS 10 13.0 R EFERENCES 10 LOMBARDINI GEOLOGICAL SERVICES LLC PO BOX 4301 • Spanaway, WA 98387 Phone: 253.334.4782 • Email: shawn@lgs-geo.com -3- 1.0 BACKGROUND- The properties are currently developed with commercial trucking and container processing facilities. The properties are currently mostly parking area or container storage which include one office building per property operating and assorted miscellaneous building structures like a scale, and loading dock structure as an example. The general topography of both parcels is relatively flat on the 35000 property and the 35050 property rolls to the southwest at 2% slope to Pacific Highway South or S 351st Street to the south of both properties. The general Google Earth elevations 250’ AMSL to 244’ AMSL from northeast to southwest across both parcels. The property to the north and east is 35002 and 1405 which is the Federal Way Crossings Retail structures (former Flying J’s Truckstop), to the south is King County Fire Protection District structures, and across Pacific Highway South is 1019 Neumeier Engineering structures. All of these buildings are of commercial or private ownership and are not residential. The properties (Site) are King County parcels #2021049163, #2021049162 for property 35000, and parcels # 2021049155, 2021049043 for 35050 Pacific Highway S. .72 acres, .87 acres, 1.28 acres, and 1.32 acres respectively per the King County Assessor. Figure 1- Site Map, Shows the Site parcel configuration with overlay of the proposed structures, and Figure 2 – Extended Site Map, identifies reasonably ascertainable adjacent observed well locations pertinent to discussing the conceptual Site hydrogeological conditions. Multiple additional figures exist in the Appendix – Supporting Documents that were used to research conditions in support of the assessment. Lakehaven Water District Well 15 and 15A exist approximately 1,000’ to the west of the Site, and proposed location of the new Site well. The District wells are accessed by S 351st Street south of the Neumeier property, the Site is within the 6 month, and 1 year, 5 year, and 10 year time of travel wellhead protection area based on the Department of Health SWAP database. 2.0 SCOPE OF WORK- The scope of LGS services was to evaluate the existing hydrogeologic conditions at the Site and provide a hydrogeologic assessment of the Site in respect to the protected wellhead areas and provide an opinion if the project/Site redevelopment is protective of human health and the environment. The following explains the scope in further detail; 1) Review existing Site proposed plan/feature layout (Valley Avenue LLC Properties- Concrete Plant), available topographic maps, soil profile (USDA Soil Survey), geology & hydrogeology (USGS/DNR), local well logs (DOE), Local Department of Health well resource protection maps, and Wellhead Guidance Document (DOH), National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), King County Assessor page for parcel details, Federal Way Revised Code FWRC 19.145.490 Development within critical aquifer recharge areas, and other pertinent documents for preparing the hydrogeological assessment. LOMBARDINI GEOLOGICAL SERVICES LLC PO BOX 4301 • Spanaway, WA 98387 Phone: 253.334.4782 • Email: shawn@lgs-geo.com -4- 2) Perform a Site visit to identify surficial runoff potential, catch basins, adjacent creeks and other sensitive/critical area receptors within 200’ of the Site, well 15 location, surficial topographical changes, and final site developmental concept. 3) Evaluate groundwater flow directions, hydraulic conductivities/transmissivities of aquitards and aquifers pertinent to the Site, and background aquifer properties within the vicinity of the Site to prepare a conceptual Site hydrogeological model. 4) Preparing this hydrogeological assessment to adequately justify the redevelopment being protective of human health and the environment per Federal Way Revised Code FWRC 19.145.490(2)(c) Development within critical aquifer recharge areas, aforementioned 6-month, 1 year, 5 year, and 10 year time of travel protective wellhead areas. 3.0 SITE CONDITIONS - According to the King County Assessor website a 1 story metal fabricated building was recorded on the Site in 1974. This building is recorded as being one story at approximately 4,400 square feet. During the Site visit it was observed that an office building existed on the 35050 property, and the building mentioned above was in use as well on the 35000 property. A scale and loading dock were present on the 35000 property and generally the properties were asphalt paved mostly or had gravel surface coverings. The topography was relatively flat on 35000 property and slightly rolling to the southwest on 35050 property at about 2%. The topography was from northeast to southwest 250’ AMSL to approximately 244’ AMSL. See Appendix, Supporting Documents – Site Photographic Record. LGS also observed Well 15 and 15A wellhouse location off of S 351st Street to identify any potential critical wetlands or areas on the surface. There appeared to be a sharp topographical change which appeared to be a part of the Hylebos wetland watershed draining to the southwest. The properties, in all cardinal directions, are fully developed. 4.0 SURFICIAL GEOLOGIC SETTING- Site surficial geology was reviewed using USDA Soil Web survey. The Soil Web Survey describes the soils as Everett-Alderwood gravelly sandy loams, 6-15 percent slopes at the property. These soils produce terrace like landforms. The parent materials are described as glacial outwash with a component of volcanic ash in the part. The survey states the restrictive layer is greater than 80” and water table is greater than 80 inches. The soils are somewhat excessively drained. A Site USGS surficial geologic and hydrogeology map review showed the Site being located on Qvt, Quaternary (Pleistocene) Glacial Till deposits, where over consolidated soil matrix of clay, silt, sand, gravel, cobbles, and boulders were overridden with approximately one-mile-thick ice glacier which over compacted the soils present at the site. Appendix, Lidar-Revised Geologic Map of the Poverty Bay 7.5’ Quadrangle, King and Pierce Counties, Washington, By Tabor and others 2014. During the Site visit it appeared that two main terraces, or elevation contours existed. One terrace was the Site and surrounding development and the lower one was surrounding the District wells 15 & 15A which appears to be the Hylebos wetland grade. It appears that both the wetland on top of some component of till LOMBARDINI GEOLOGICAL SERVICES LLC PO BOX 4301 • Spanaway, WA 98387 Phone: 253.334.4782 • Email: shawn@lgs-geo.com -5- which thickness is unknown. -Note* It appeared that in the previous version of this report that a minor perched water table was present, but after further evaluation and additional information provided, from this revision effort, this may be the upper portion of the confined aquifer Qva, albeit with slightly less permeability but essentially hydraulically connected. In the USGS Hydrogeological Framework literature this site is shown to be 88’ thick. The well logs average approximately 50’ of glacial till below the surface where the confined aquifer begins. The cross sections have been revised shown in Addendum A. The wells 15 and 15A are likely within a high production sandy aquifer known as the Redondo Milton Channel (RMC). The hydrogeology is further described in the next section. 5.0 HYDROGEOLOGIC SETTING- LGS reviewed 12 Department of Ecology well logs, all of which are attached in the addendum, and Toxics Cleanup Sites within reasonable proximity to the Site (up to 1/2 mile) to establish the common hydrogeologic properties and geology that define different depths of domestic drinking water aquifers within a reasonable proximity to the Site. These wells can be seen in the original supplemental maps section in the attachments. * Originally LGS reviewed the data available and it appeared that an undocumented aquifer existed to the northeast of the Site. It appears that this location may be in fact be the Qva but the hydraulic conductivity is low so potentially this is hydraulically connected but of a finer soil matrix. There may be minor confined aquifer identified in a Toxics cleanup Site resource protection wells located to the northeast of the Site. The wells identified a low permeability, lower hydraulic conductivity than wells 15 and 15A, of 2.8 Ft/D equivalent to empirically a fine sand matrix on average (Heath 1983). The common regional confined aquifer is A3 (USGS) also known as Qva, advance outwash, which is comprehensively identified the USGS hydrogeology report, Hydrogeologic Framework, Groundwater Movement, and Water Budget in the Puyallup River Watershed and Vicinity, Pierce and King Counties, Washington. LGS reviewed wells within approximately ½ mile to the Site. It appeared that A3 was the most common, with a few deeper wells for the District. See Figure 3, Geological Cross Section A-A’ to see select identified wells adjacent to the Site used for conceptual presentation and assessment for this Site. These well logs are compared to the report by USGS for hydrogeologic sequences by lithologic properties, Aquifer vs Confining Materials. See Appendix, Supporting Documents – Hydrogeologic Framework, Groundwater Movement, and Water Budget in the Puyallup River Watershed and Vicinity, Pierce and King Counties, Washington. Table 1 (hydro stratigraphic units) The four main wells used to create the Cross section are described as follows; Well “Gordon”; Surface to 4’ gray sandy topsoil, 4’ to 21’ brown silty sand and gravel, from 21’ to 60’ gray till large rock, from 60’ to 66’ clay gravel and water, from 66’ to 100’ gray sand gravel water 30+GPM. The well construction was 6” diameter steel open ended well casing to 100’. Static was at 22’ below top of well under artesian conditions. Well 15; surface to 2’ Topsoil, from 2’ to 36’ hardpan, from 36’ to 53’ rock and gravel with seepage, from 53 to 66’ coarse sand and gravel, water, from 66’ to 110’ heaving sand and gravel, 110’ to 118’ heaving fine and coarse sand, from 118 to 132 heaving sand and gravel, from 132 to 134 fine heaving sand, from LOMBARDINI GEOLOGICAL SERVICES LLC PO BOX 4301 • Spanaway, WA 98387 Phone: 253.334.4782 • Email: shawn@lgs-geo.com -6- 134 to 146 heaving fine and coarse sand, from 146’ to 172’ heaving fine sand, from 172’ to 242’ blue clay with fine sand. The well was 8” casing was completed to 242, with mills knife perforations from 50-140’ which seem to target the gravels. Well 15A; Surface to 23’ hardpan, gravel with sand and silt, from 23 -36’ gray brown sand and gravel – tight, from 36’ to 145’ essentially medium to coarse sand and some gravel lenses. The well was cased from surface to 90’ with 16” steel case. From 58’ to 87’, the well was sleeved with 12” riser and traction sand pack, at 87’ the adapter changed to 10” ID Johnson screens, traction sand packed and screened from 88’ to 140’ with the upper 5’ being .025” (25 slot), and the lower 47’ of screen being .050” (50 slot). Well “Corliss”; Surface to 20’ Brown sand and gravel, 20’ to 59’ Brown silty sand some gravels, from 59’ to 80’ Brown sand and gravel, from 80’ to 152’ grey sand some gravel, and 152’ to 180’ grey clay. The well was screened from 142-147 with the 0.12” and from 147-152 with 0.10” slot screens This well construction and final depth are consistent with the wells reviewed in the area. See Google Earth Image with reviewed wells in Appendix. See Appendix, for Site Photographs, referenced well logs, geological, hydrogeological maps. This table below correlates the well log interpretation with published sources such as Hydrogeologic Framework, Groundwater Movement, and Water Budget in the Puyallup River Watershed and Vicinity, Pierce and King Counties, Washington. Table 1 Interval (ft) Elevation AMSL (well 15 and 15A) Unit USGS Geological – USGS Hydrogeological Description – “Well 15”, Well 15A”, “Gordon”, and “Corliss” 0-50 225’-175’ Qvt-A2 Glacial Till- Gray gravel with sand and silt (Aquitard) 50-175 175’-50’ Qva-A3 Advanced outwash of sand and gravels (Aquifer) 175- 242 75’ to -17’ Qvaf/Qvlc-B Qvaf-Fine grained/ Kitsap formation-Lawton Clay It was determined after a thorough review of local well logs that the geology will be like that of Well 15 & 15A, Gordon, and Corliss wells at approximately 225’ AMSL to 250’ AMSL respectively. It is estimated that the theoretical hydraulic conductivity of the glacial till ranges from 10^-6 (.000001 ft/Day) to 1 ft/day (Heath 1983) USGS estimates that the hydraulic conductivity median average is 49 ft/day for the A2 aquitard, however this is bias high based on only being 5 wells surveyed throughout the region, so the median average has low reliability of actual hydraulic conductivity. LGS’s experience with glacial till in the area and has seen entire aquifers saturating only the top 6” of the till and the dense nature below that lacks any saturation, often dry. LOMBARDINI GEOLOGICAL SERVICES LLC PO BOX 4301 • Spanaway, WA 98387 Phone: 253.334.4782 • Email: shawn@lgs-geo.com -7- At a neighboring Toxics cleanup site to the northeast, upgradient of the Site , sandy layer/groundwater existed at approximately 200’ AMSL based on the groundwater monitoring elevation contours provided in the attachments.). This hydraulic conductivity was measured to be approximately 2.8 ft/Day. The measured gradient by Robinson Noble of this upper sand aquifer is 0.002 ft/ft to the southwest. This is slightly different in hydraulic conductivity and gradient than the other wells reviewed, but is likely hydraulically connected to the A3 (Qva) aquifer. Since this cleanup site and reviewed wells are adjacent to the Site, it is inferred that the same geology with similar hydraulic conductivity properties exists continuously shown in Figure 3, Geologic Cross Section A- A’ beneath the Site. This upper sand aquifer appears to potentially daylight in the contributing Hylebos river channel separating the eroded Till on S 351st Street. This observation would potentially create another degree of separation from affecting the Lakehaven Well 15 as well as the till above and below this elevation which as an aquitard provide considerable protection from potential hazardous materials from entering the capture zone by Well 15 or other wells screened in the Qva-A3 aquifer. The gradient of the Qva-A3 aquifer in Figure 21 is calculated to be approximately 0.0189 ft/ft to the southwest. Hydrogeologic Framework, Groundwater Movement, and Water Budget in the Puyallup River Watershed and Vicinity, Pierce and King Counties, Washington. LGS is using the Department of Health 6-month, 1 year, 5 year, and 10 year Time of Travel capture zones, See Appendix for modeled zones in this revised report and the Addendum A included. 6.0 GROUNDWATER RECHARGE- Groundwater recharge of primary regional aquifers is produced from infiltrating rainwater recharge from the regional lakes and depressions such as the Hylebos wetland west of the Site and the Lakes to the east on the ridge of the area east of I-5 at a much greater elevation. The lower Puget Sound is generally covered by till and recharge of the A3 aquifer is recharged through the recharge of A2. The A3 (Qva) aquifer is continuous throughout the Puget Sound and discharges into the Puget Sound from the exposed local bluffs and sometimes at sea level. 7.0 WELLHEAD P ROTECTION AREA- The Site is located within the 6-month, 1 year, 5-year, and 10-year Time of Travel (TOT), for main Group A, Lakehaven Water and Sewer District, Well # 15 and #15A, wellhead protection area. See Appendix. 8.0 CONCEPTUAL SITE MODEL - The conceptual Site model shows A2 (Qvt) Glacial Till aquitard at the surface to 50-60’ below the surface, then A3 (Qva) coarse sand-gravelly primary confined aquifer below the Site for approximately 100-120’ thickness, until B (Qvaf/Qvlc) a fine-grained clay aquitard to the maximum depth explored of 242’ below the surface. 9.0 F EDERAL WAY REVISED C ODE FWRC 19.145.490 (2)(C) -DEVELOPMENT WITHIN CRITICAL AQUIFER RECHARGE AREAS . LOMBARDINI GEOLOGICAL SERVICES LLC PO BOX 4301 • Spanaway, WA 98387 Phone: 253.334.4782 • Email: shawn@lgs-geo.com -8- 9.1 (I ) INFORMATION REGARDING GEOLOGIC AND HYDROGEOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SITE, INCLUDING THE SURFACE LOCATION OF THE CAPTURE ZONE IN WHICH IT IS LOCATED AND THE TYPE OF INFILTRATION OF THE SITE . LGS has reviewed the available geologic and hydrogeological components pertinent to the Site. The Site is on top of Glacial till A2 (Qvt) for approximately 50-60’ depth, then the confined, artesian aquifer A3 (Qva) where the local wells are screened. LGS identified and used the USGS median average hydraulic conductivity of 176 FT/D, aquifer thickness of approximately 100’, equating to a transmissivity of 17,600 FTSQ/D. The Site sits within the 6-month, 1-year, 5-year, and 10-year time of travel wellhead protection zone or capture zone per the DOH SWAP database search. The infiltration will be very slow because the glacial till at the Site. A large infiltration vault is proposed to capture the surface runoff and infiltrate onsite. An emergency outlet on the vault is planned to be plumbed into the City stormwater system in the event of an overfilling event. 9.2 (II) GROUNDWATER DEPTH, FLOW DIRECTION , AND GRADIENT The piezometric surface is approximately 8-10’ below the surface since the A3 (Qva) aquifer is under artesian pressure. The contact between the aquifer and base of the overlying glacial till is approximately 50-60’ below the surface. The groundwater is flowing to the southwest at approximately 0.0189 FT/FT. See Figure 2, Geologic Cross Section A-A’ for profile concept. 9.3 (III) LOCATION OF OTHER CRITICAL AREAS , INCLUDING SURFACE WATERS , WITHIN 200 FEET OF THE SITE . During the site visit, no critical areas exist, or surface waters were observed within 200’. The closest potential receptor is the Hylebos Creek and associated wetland to the west of the Site. Institutional controls on and off-site intercept surface water runoff. Best Management Practices such as engineered containment for potential contaminants would also contribute to reducing the risk of exposure to the Hylebos Wetland/Drainage receptor, albeit Well 15 and 15A due to its location. 9.4 (IV) BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PROPOSED TO BE USED , INCLUDING : (A) PREDICTIVE EVALUATION OF GROUNDWATER WITHDRAWAL EFFECTS ON NEARBY WELLS AND SURFACE WATER FEATURES ; LGS used Cooper Jacob 1964 solution in AQTESOLV modeling software, at 50GPM, with the median value for hydraulic conductivity of 176 FT/D, an aquifer depth of approximately 100’, to model a Transmissivity of approximately 17,600 FTSQ/D. This resulted in approximately 0.5’ of drawdown, 1,000 ft away, which represents the location of well 15 and 15A. In the opinion of LGS, this will not affect the performance of well 15, and 15A since the proposed well and pump will be set at similar elevations at significantly lesser GPM, and does not run 24/7. (B) PREDICTIVE EVALUATION OF CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT BASED ON POTENTIAL RELEASES TO GROUNDWATER ; AND LOMBARDINI GEOLOGICAL SERVICES LLC PO BOX 4301 • Spanaway, WA 98387 Phone: 253.334.4782 • Email: shawn@lgs-geo.com -9- LGS has evaluated the potential list of chemicals involved with Batch Plant operation. LGS assumes fuels for machinery and chemicals in the production of concrete are the primary constituents of concern for potential releases. LGS identifies that these constituents of concern are typically water soluble and behave in dissolved phase distribution once they reach a water body, such as a surface water or aquifer. Since there is glacial till at the surface, and surface water will be on the asphalt or concrete surface, and drain into the stormwater retention infrastructure, leading to the stormwater treatment system stated above, infiltrated onsite, or if overcome, discharged to the City storm system. This limits the potential receptors since surface water is managed. By institutional controls of the storage of chemicals, containment for potential spills, storm drainage systems with oil water separators (all Best Management Practices), and the geological aquitard directly present at the surface beneath the Site, till below Hylebos creek preventing a direct impact to the aquifer, and the Site being cross gradient from well 15, there is a very low risk, if any, in the opinion of LGS to impact the well 15 in question. Glacial till is essentially impervious and any contamination will likely remain on the surface or in surface waters. LGS assumes that ongoing testing is required and LGS assumes Corliss will follow Department of Ecology’s protocol for surface water testing they have performed on the adjacent Site. If groundwater monitoring wells are installed then these can monitor any unknown pathways that exist to the aquifer that have not been identified to date, for specifically identified constituents of concern, likely called out in a Sampling and Analysis plan approved by DOE or City jurisdiction’s conditions to permit. (C) PREDICTIVE EVALUATION OF CHANGES IN THE INFILTRATION /RECHARGE RATE . The infiltration and recharge rate change will be de-minimus based on the compacted nature of the geology, current and future asphaltic coverings that exist or will exist at the Site. The proposed infiltration vault will infiltrate slowly and is of large dimension due to this low permeability condition. 10.0 C ONCLUSIONS LGS concludes that, using institutional/engineered controls of the storage of chemicals, containment for potential spills, storm drainage systems with structures such as oil water separators (all Best Management Practices), impervious asphaltic pavement throughout the Site, lack of a perched layer of groundwater, the low permeability of the glacial till aquitard directly present at the surface beneath the Site, till beneath Hylebos creek wetland area, preventing a direct impact to the Qva-A3 aquifer, and the Site being cross gradient from well 15 and 15A, there is a very low risk, if any, in the opinion of LGS to impact the well 15 and 15A in question. 11 .0 SUMMARY - Based on a review of 15, 15A, “Gordon”, and “Corliss” well logs, proximal well logs, regional geological maps, and Hydrogeologic Framework, Groundwater Movement, and Water Budget in the Puyallup River Watershed and Vicinity, Pierce and King Counties, Washington., Federal Way Revised Code, FWRC 19.145.490(2)(c), and general principals of hydrogeologic theory, LGS has determined, in our opinion, - that the proposed Site redevelopment, has a low risk of contamination infiltration to A3 (Qva), which is protective of human health and the environment. LOMBARDINI GEOLOGICAL SERVICES LLC PO BOX 4301 • Spanaway, WA 98387 Phone: 253.334.4782 • Email: shawn@lgs-geo.com -10- 12 .0 LIMITATIONS - LGS has prepared this report for the use of Logan Davidson and his authorized agents. LGS’s interpretations regarding subsurface conditions rely on information gathered from well logs which have limitations. One of the limitations is the actual location, the other is the accuracy of the descriptions which LGS has interpreted based on experience. The interpretations are not to be a warranty of subsurface conditions. No subsurface explorations were completed for this project. Within the limitations of the scope and budget, LGS’s services have been completed in accordance with generally accepted practices of hydrogeology when this report was prepared. No other conditions, expressed or implied, should be understood. 13 .0 REFERENCES - Text Resources; Lidar-Revised Geologic Map of the Poverty Bay 7.5’ Quadrangle, King and Pierce Counties, Washington, By Tabor and others 2014 Hydrogeologic Framework- Groundwater Movement, and Water Budget in the Puyallup River Watershed and Vicinity, Pierce and King Counties, Washington 2015 Federal Way Revised Code-FWRC 19.145.490 (2)(c) Development within critical aquifer recharge areas Freeze, R. Allan, and John A. Cherry. 1979. Groundwater. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. Harvard (18th ed.) Website Resources; Accessed 11.23.21 through 11.28.21 https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/mapview/ https://fortress.wa.gov/doh/swap/index.html https://www.usgs.gov/products/maps/geologic-maps https://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/App/WebSoilSurvey.aspx https://www.codepublishing.com/WA/FederalWay/html/FederalWay19/FederalWay19145.html#19.145 https://www.dnr.wa.gov/lidar https://www.doh.wa.gov/portals/1/Documents/Pubs/331-018.pdf LOMBARDINI GEOLOGICAL SERVICES LLC PO BOX 4301 • Spanaway, WA 98387 Phone: 253.334.4782 • Email: shawn@lgs-geo.com -11- LGS appreciates the opportunity to assist you with this project. Please contact LGS if you have any questions regarding this report. Regards, Shawn Lombardini LHG, RG Principal Hydrogeologist Revised 03.17.2023 FIGURES PO BOX 4301 • Spanaway, WA 98387 Phone: 253.334.4782 • Email: shawn@lgs-geo.com FIGURE 1SITE MAP FIGURE 2EXTENDED SITE MAP©& WELL 15 A FIGURE 3*REVISED 031623GEOLOGIC CROSS SECTION A-A'AA'Qvt-A2Qva-A3Qvaf/Qvlc-BHYLEBOSHYLEBOS APPENDIX PO BOX 4301 • Spanaway, WA 98387 Phone: 253.334.4782 • Email: shawn@lgs-geo.com PO BOX 4301 • Spanaway, WA 98387 Phone: 253.334.4782 • Email: shawn@lgs-geo.com PACIFIC HWAY S.S. 351ST ST. S. 348TH ST.18 99ENCHANTED PARKWAY S.S. 352ND ST. SITE INTERSTATE 520' BUILDING SETBACK LINE50' BUILDING SETBACK LINE15' BUILDING SETBACK LINE 15' BUILDING SETBACK LINE 10' PERIMETER LANDSCAPE BUFFER 10' PERIMETER LANDSCAPE BUFFER10' PERIMETER LANDSCAPE BUFFERPROP O S E D N E W 60' E N T R A N C EPROPOSED NEW60' ENTRANCE10' PERIMETER LANDSCAPE BUFFER6' CONCRETE SIDEWALK 172'43'60'30'40'12'150'50' 30'52'21' 32'60'10'15'281' TO DRIVEWAY CENTERLINE280'30' 110'60'60'40'19'38'23'20'25'12'EXISTING DRIVEWAY TO BE REMOVED60'15' 6'x4.5' UTILITY EASEMENT UNDER REC. NO. 20160108000113 40' INGRESS, EGRESS & UTILITIES EASEMENT PER SHORT PLAT REC. NO. 8011050835 40' ROADWAY EASEMENT UNDER REC. NO. 4447709 40' GAS EASEMENT UNDER REC. NO. 7112140378 ROW DEDICATION UNDER REC. NO. 20160108000115 ROW DEDICATION UNDER REC. NO. 20160108000112 ROW VACATION UNDER REC. NOS. 8307070635 & 8307070636 40'15' 15' WATER EASEMENT UNDER REC. NO. 6104747 5'5' POWER EASEMENT UNDER REC. NO. 7403120485 20' 20' POWER EASEMENT UNDER REC. NO. 8108200646 40' SANITARY SEWER EASEMENT UNDER REC. NO. 8509201161 40' SANITARY SEWER EASEMENT UNDER REC. NO. 8601130471 40' SANITARY SEWER EASEMENT UNDER REC. NO. 8601130472 10'10' SANITARY SEWER EASEMENT UNDER REC. NO. 8802100900 5' POWER EASEMENT UNDER REC. NO. 20160425000549 20' POWER EASEMENT UNDER REC. NO. 20160425000549 40' S. 351STSTREETPACIFICHIGHWAYSOUTH OHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHEOHTOHTOHTOHTOHTOHTOHTOHTOHTOHTOHTOHTOHTOHTOHTOHTOHTOHTOHTOHTOHTOHTOHTOHTOHT<<JJPPPPCJCJ V TOPTOP TOPG G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSD SD SD SD SD SD SD SDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SDSD SDSDSDSDSSSSSSSS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS S S SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS SS SS SS SS SS WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW8"8"8"8"6" 6" 6" 6" 6" 8"8"8"8"8"EX. 3,750 SF. BUILDING TO BE REMOVED EX. 750 SF. BUILDINGTO BE REMOVED ADJACENT DRIVEWAY EX. DRIVEWAY TO BE REMOVED TRACT "X" 4-9'X18' PARKING SPACES NOTE : THERE IS A MEDIAN IN PACIFIC HIGHWAY SOUTH ALONG SITE FRONTAGE EX. 96 SF. SHED TO BE REMOVED EX. 558 SF. SHED TO BE REMOVEDEX. DRIVEWAY TO BE RELOCATED SHOP & STORAGE OFFICE 12' X 12' DRIVE OVER HOPPER GRATES 36" X 80' REVERSING CONVEYOR 36" X 80' REVERSING CONVEYOR SCALEOFFICE PARKING (4) 40'ø X 40' HIGH SILOS CONCRETE SLAB SPECIAL MATERIAL HOPPER STAGINGAREASPECIAL MATERIAL CEMENT UNLOADER EXIT RECLAIM TUNNEL & CONVEYOR REDI-MIX PLANTTRUCK WASH RACK CONVEYORCONVE Y O R CEMENT SILOS DRIVE THROUGH AND OVERHEAD CEMENT SILO POSSIBLE CENTRAL MIX AND DRIVE THROUGH 30'X30' COVERED DECANT BINS 14'X35' WASHOUT PONDS14'X35' WASHOUT PONDSGARBAGE/RECYCLE AREA 12.5'X10'STAIRCASESTORMWATER TREATMENTWELL PUMP HOUSESTATEO F W ASHIN GTONREGI S T E R ED47015PR OFESSIONAL E NGINEE RKIM BE RL Y A NN SAV AGENORTHAPEXTACOMA, WANORTHAPEXTACOMA, WA1 inch =ft. ( IN FEET ) GRAPHIC SCALE 020 20 40 20 10 PRELIMINARYSCALE : 1"= 1000' CEMENT SILOS TWIN SHAFT MIXER REDI-MIX PLANT SPECIAL MATERIALS HOPPER SPECIAL MATERIAL ENTRANCES DRIVE OVER HOPPER GRATE WASH OUT PONDS PERIMETER LANDSCAPE PAVED AREA OFFICE, SHOP AND STORAGE 40'ø X 40' HIGH SILOS (4) SCALE STORMWATER TREATMENT TRUCK WASH RACK COVERED DECENT BINS WELL PUMP HOUSE GARBAGE/RECYCLE AREA 20' POWER EASEMENT VICINITY MAP LEGEND CLIENTTITLESIGNATURE:FILE NO DATEPROJECT MANAGER:REV NODATE SEALED SHEET OFDATEBYREVISION DESCRIPTIONDESIGNDRAWNCHECKEDSECDISC NOSCALETR(253) 473-4494FAX: (253) 473-0599Tacoma, Washington 98409-74792601 South 35th, Suite 200©APEX ENGINEERING LLC 2022I:\35072\Planning\Exhibits and Sketches\02-01-22\35072-SITE PLAN-02-01-22.dwg02-01-221"= 20'35072 2 4DISC-NOCOLLEEN HARRISKRSKRS2021 N04 EPLANT 2 RELOCATIONSITE PLAN35000 PACIFIC HWY. SOUTH LLC.P.O. BOX 94176SEATTLE, WA. 98124-6476ATTN: SLOAN CLACK(253)826-5020PLANT 2 RELOCATION SITE PLAN A PORTION OF THE SE 1/4 OF THE SE 1/4 OF SECTION 20, TOWNSHIP 21 NORTH, RANGE 04 EAST, W.M. FEDERAL WAY, KING COUNTY, WASHINGTON PO BOX 4301 • Spanaway, WA 98387 Phone: 253.334.4782 • Email: shawn@lgs-geo.com SITE PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORD 35000 & 35050 Pacific Highway S Federal Way, WA LGS Project #21-143 November 29, 2021 Photo #1: Well 15 looking Southwest, wellhouse grade on right side of picture in the distance. Photo #2: Site relief, Hylebos wetland creek discussed in report, incising till down to upper sandy aquifer that may potentially daylight at the bottom. Photo #3: 35000 property, chiefly asphaltic pavement. Looking south. Photo #4: Looking east from Pacific Ave S onto 35000 entrance. Photo #5: Ingress/Egress to 35050 Pacific Ave S property, looking North with institutional control catch basins on right and in Pacific Ave. S. Photo #6: Looking onto 35050 Pacific Ave S property, mostly either compacted engineered top coarse or asphaltic pavement. Looking northeast. 15 242' & 15A 144' 10, 236' 21, 147' 19, 114' 18, 182' 17, 190' 23, 215'20, 230' 7, 228' WELL 15 & 15A X SITE WELL 15 X SITE Soil Map—King County Area, Washington (Corliss USDA ) Natural Resources Conservation Service Web Soil Survey National Cooperative Soil Survey 11/24/2021 Page 1 of 35237000523710052372005237300523740052375005237600523770052370005237100523720052373005237400523750052376005237700551000551100551200551300551400551500551600551700551800551900552000 551000 551100 551200 551300 551400 551500 551600 551700 551800 551900 552000 552100 47° 17' 27'' N 122° 19' 35'' W47° 17' 27'' N122° 18' 39'' W47° 17' 3'' N 122° 19' 35'' W47° 17' 3'' N 122° 18' 39'' WN Map projection: Web Mercator Corner coordinates: WGS84 Edge tics: UTM Zone 10N WGS84 0 250 500 1000 1500 Feet 0 50 100 200 300 Meters Map Scale: 1:5,340 if printed on A landscape (11" x 8.5") sheet. Soil Map may not be valid at this scale. MAP LEGEND MAP INFORMATION Area of Interest (AOI) Area of Interest (AOI) Soils Soil Map Unit Polygons Soil Map Unit Lines Soil Map Unit Points Special Point Features Blowout Borrow Pit Clay Spot Closed Depression Gravel Pit Gravelly Spot Landfill Lava Flow Marsh or swamp Mine or Quarry Miscellaneous Water Perennial Water Rock Outcrop Saline Spot Sandy Spot Severely Eroded Spot Sinkhole Slide or Slip Sodic Spot Spoil Area Stony Spot Very Stony Spot Wet Spot Other Special Line Features Water Features Streams and Canals Transportation Rails Interstate Highways US Routes Major Roads Local Roads Background Aerial Photography The soil surveys that comprise your AOI were mapped at 1:24,000. Warning: Soil Map may not be valid at this scale. Enlargement of maps beyond the scale of mapping can cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping and accuracy of soil line placement. The maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could have been shown at a more detailed scale. Please rely on the bar scale on each map sheet for map measurements. Source of Map: Natural Resources Conservation Service Web Soil Survey URL: Coordinate System: Web Mercator (EPSG:3857) Maps from the Web Soil Survey are based on the Web Mercator projection, which preserves direction and shape but distorts distance and area. A projection that preserves area, such as the Albers equal-area conic projection, should be used if more accurate calculations of distance or area are required. This product is generated from the USDA-NRCS certified data as of the version date(s) listed below. Soil Survey Area: King County Area, Washington Survey Area Data: Version 17, Aug 23, 2021 Soil map units are labeled (as space allows) for map scales 1:50,000 or larger. Date(s) aerial images were photographed: Jul 6, 2020—Jul 20, 2020 The orthophoto or other base map on which the soil lines were compiled and digitized probably differs from the background imagery displayed on these maps. As a result, some minor shifting of map unit boundaries may be evident. Soil Map—King County Area, Washington (Corliss USDA ) Natural Resources Conservation Service Web Soil Survey National Cooperative Soil Survey 11/24/2021 Page 2 of 3 Map Unit Legend Map Unit Symbol Map Unit Name Acres in AOI Percent of AOI EvC Everett very gravelly sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes 0.1 0.0% EwC Everett-Alderwood gravelly sandy loams, 6 to 15 percent slopes 81.2 63.1% KpB Kitsap silt loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes 2.9 2.3% No Norma sandy loam 1.2 0.9% Sk Seattle muck 10.9 8.5% Ur Urban land 32.3 25.1% Totals for Area of Interest 128.6 100.0% Soil Map—King County Area, Washington Corliss USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Web Soil Survey National Cooperative Soil Survey 11/24/2021 Page 3 of 3 King County Area, Washington EwC—Everett-Alderwood gravelly sandy loams, 6 to 15 percent slopes Map Unit Setting National map unit symbol: 1hmt5 Elevation: 0 to 800 feet Mean annual precipitation: 25 to 60 inches Mean annual air temperature: 48 to 52 degrees F Frost-free period: 180 to 220 days Farmland classification: Prime farmland if irrigated Map Unit Composition Everett and similar soils:50 percent Alderwood and similar soils:45 percent Minor components:5 percent Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit. Description of Everett Setting Landform:Terraces Parent material:Glacial outwash with a component of volcanic ash in the upper part Typical profile H1 - 0 to 17 inches: gravelly ashy sandy loam H2 - 17 to 32 inches: very gravelly sandy loam H3 - 32 to 60 inches: very gravelly coarse sand Properties and qualities Slope:6 to 15 percent Depth to restrictive feature:More than 80 inches Drainage class:Somewhat excessively drained Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):High (1.98 to 5.95 in/hr) Depth to water table:More than 80 inches Frequency of flooding:None Frequency of ponding:None Available water supply, 0 to 60 inches: Low (about 5.0 inches) Interpretive groups Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 3e Hydrologic Soil Group: A Ecological site: F002XA004WA - Puget Lowlands Forest Forage suitability group: Droughty Soils (G002XN402WA) Other vegetative classification: Droughty Soils (G002XN402WA) Hydric soil rating: No Map Unit Description: Everett-Alderwood gravelly sandy loams, 6 to 15 percent slopes---King County Area, Washington Corliss USDA Everett/Alderwood Natural Resources Conservation Service Web Soil Survey National Cooperative Soil Survey 11/24/2021 Page 1 of 3 Description of Alderwood Setting Landform:Moraines, till plains Parent material:Basal till with some volcanic ash Typical profile H1 - 0 to 12 inches: gravelly ashy sandy loam H2 - 12 to 27 inches: very gravelly sandy loam H3 - 27 to 60 inches: very gravelly sandy loam Properties and qualities Slope:6 to 15 percent Depth to restrictive feature:24 to 40 inches to densic material Drainage class:Moderately well drained Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):Very low to moderately low (0.00 to 0.06 in/hr) Depth to water table:About 18 to 37 inches Frequency of flooding:None Frequency of ponding:None Available water supply, 0 to 60 inches: Very low (about 2.5 inches) Interpretive groups Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 4s Hydrologic Soil Group: B Ecological site: F002XA004WA - Puget Lowlands Forest Forage suitability group: Limited Depth Soils (G002XN302WA) Other vegetative classification: Limited Depth Soils (G002XN302WA) Hydric soil rating: No Minor Components Norma Percent of map unit:2 percent Landform:Depressions Other vegetative classification:Wet Soils (G002XN102WA) Hydric soil rating: Yes Seattle Percent of map unit:2 percent Landform:Depressions Other vegetative classification:Wet Soils (G002XN102WA) Hydric soil rating: Yes Tukwila Percent of map unit:1 percent Landform:Depressions Other vegetative classification:Wet Soils (G002XN102WA) Map Unit Description: Everett-Alderwood gravelly sandy loams, 6 to 15 percent slopes---King County Area, Washington Corliss USDA Everett/Alderwood Natural Resources Conservation Service Web Soil Survey National Cooperative Soil Survey 11/24/2021 Page 2 of 3 Hydric soil rating: Yes Data Source Information Soil Survey Area: King County Area, Washington Survey Area Data: Version 17, Aug 23, 2021 Map Unit Description: Everett-Alderwood gravelly sandy loams, 6 to 15 percent slopes---King County Area, Washington Corliss USDA Everett/Alderwood Natural Resources Conservation Service Web Soil Survey National Cooperative Soil Survey 11/24/2021 Page 3 of 3 King County Area, Washington Ur—Urban land Map Unit Composition Urban land:100 percent Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit. Description of Urban Land Interpretive groups Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 8 Hydric soil rating: No Data Source Information Soil Survey Area: King County Area, Washington Survey Area Data: Version 17, Aug 23, 2021 Map Unit Description: Urban land---King County Area, Washington Corliss USDA Urban Land Natural Resources Conservation Service Web Soil Survey National Cooperative Soil Survey 11/24/2021 Page 1 of 1 AL1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 C C C C C D D D D E E F F F F G G G AL1 A1 A2 C D A1 A1 D BR BR AL1 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 MFL MFL MFL MFL MFL MFL MFL MFL MFL MFL MFL MFL MFL MFL MFL MFL AL1 AL1 AL1 AL1 AL1 AL1 AL1 AL1 AL1 AL1 AL1 AL1 AL1 AL1 AL1 AL1 AL1 AL1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A3 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 B B C B C A3 C C C C C B A3 D D BR BR BR BR BRBR BR BR BR BR BR BR BR BR BR BR BR BR BR BR BR BR BR BR A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 C A3 A3 A3 A3 CC BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB MFL BR MFL T.21N. T.22N. T.17N. T.20N. T.19N. T.18N. T.23N. T.21N. T.22N. T.17N. T.16N. T.20N. T.19N. T.18N. T.23N. R.4E.R.11E.R.10E.R.9E.R.8E.R.7E.R.6E.R.5E.R.3E.R.2E. R.4E.R.11E.R.10E.R.9E.R.8E.R.7E.R.6E.R.5E.R.3E.R.2E. Lake Tapps Lake Youngs Lake K a p o wsi n Howard A HansonReservoir Lake Sawyer SpanawayLake Clear Lake TanwaxLake LakeMeridian Angle Lake G reen River Whi t e Rive r Puy a l l u p R i v e r C a r bon RiverV oig ht C reek M u c k Cree k Clover C ree k Boise Creek West Fork White RiverR ex R iv e r S o u th C reekBig Soos C r e e kGre e n w ater Rive r G ale C reek Tan w ax CreekO h o p Creek Wilkeson Creek Clearwater RiverNewaukum C r e e k S m a y C r e e k South Prairie C r e e kSwan CreekHuckleberry CreekEvans CreekCoal Creek Sil v e r C r e e kLily CreekKapows i n Cr e e k So uth Fork Snoqualmie River Ca n yon C re e k R ock CreekM o w i c h River Red CreekJenkins CreekFox CreekFr a me Cr e e k Fennel Creek Lost CreekScatter CreekSunrise CreekLyle CreekD eep CreekT w e n t y f i v e M i l e C r e e k Lacamas Creek Eleanor CreekC h e n u is C r e e k Tolmie Creek Wapato Creek Milky C reekClear Cr eek Buck CreekKings CreekWolf CreekMill C r e e k George CreekNorth Fork Green River Camp CreekCovingto n C reek Ta y l or Creek Spanaway CreekT we n t y e i g h t Mil e Cr e ekCharley CreekPoch CreekBoulder CreekChampion CreekM urray Creek C l a r k s Cr e e k Bear Cr e e k C o plar Creek F r i d ay CreekJudd Creek Rocky Run Old Pond Cr Le s t e r Cr eekGoat CreekIpsut Cree k C r i sp CreekLodi Creek McCain CreekN e w Pond CreekLindsay CreekWebster CreekM ule Creek Dry CreekC r anmar Creek P i n e Cr e e k Wrong CreekLittle Soos CreekByron Creek P ig e o n C reekMeadow CreekLe Dout Creek P i n o c h le CreekHyl e b o s C re e k Cl ay Cr e ek S a l mo n Cr e e k F is h Creek Cayada CreekFiske C r e e kK e l l o g C reek M i n e r a l Creek Flett Creek East Fork South Prairie Creek A d a CreekJune CreekSlippery CreekFalls CreekB eaver Creek West Fork Smay CreekSlide CreekLeach CreekBurn s C r e e k Waterhole Creek Page C re e k Whistle CreekF in dle y C r e e k West Fork Gale CreekN o r th F ork Ohop CreekCataract CreekSteele C reekSpray C r e ekCyclone CreekWi lliams CreekS o u th F ork Cedar River Minnehaha Creek Simons Cr Skookum CreekN o r t h F o r k C e d a r R iv e r Crater CreekSawmill CreekN o r th F o rk T aylor C reekSouth Fork South Prairie C r e ekE a s t T w i n C r e e k Tinkham C re e k D i c k C r e ek Viola CreekCrystal C ree k McGuire Creek Lee Cree k M iddle F ork Taylor C re e k Van Horn CreekDoe CreekProspector Cre e k L i g htning Cre e k Mor ain e Cr e e kJos e p h i n e Creek H ank Creek S e ven teen CreekW alsh L a ke D iv e r s i o n D i t ch Boundary CreekPilin g Cr Granite Creek South F ork T a y l o r Cr e e kCold Cree k Harrison C re e k P y r a m id C reekD es M oines CrMcClellan C r e e k N o rth Mowich River North Fork Clover Cree k Marmot Cr e e k South Fork Kings Creek Massey Cre e k Thirst y Creek Canyonfalls Creek Joe Creek Winthrop CreekR o a r i ng Creek More y C r e e k Nose d i v e C r e e k S Mowi c h RHo n e y C r Falls Creek Deep CreekViola C r e e k Bear Creek Oh o p CreekRoc k C reek Lily CreekGoat Creek Lost CreekRock CreekB e a r C r e ekMill CreekMill C reek Gale CreekRock Cr eek Range r C r e e kS a wmill CreekR a v e n s d ale Creek H o te l C r e e k Co on Cr Cedar R i ver C hester Morse Lake Franklin Creek S yl v e s t er CreekCristy Cr Squally CrBurns CreekTest Creek Hazzard Creek F o s s Cr eekJim CreekK e n n e d y C r e e k Ranger Creek Hayden CreekCOMMENCEMENTBAY OhopLake PUGET SOUND PUGET SOUND QuartermasterHarbor COLVOS PASSAGECedar R i verBi g S o o s Creek M c S o rley C r e e k Green R iv er Joes CreekL a k o t a C r eek Green RiverWest Hylebos CreekH ylebos Creek White RiverGreen River White River Carbon River Puyallup River S o u t h Prairie CreekVoi ght CreekPuyallup River 5 5 5 90 90 512 512 507 704 167 161 163 16 167 181 181 167 18 18 99 99509 509 516 516 516 515 515 169 169 410 410 410 162 162 165 165 162 161 161 702 7 7 7 509 509 7 164 164 KITTITASYAKIMA PIERCE THURSTON KING KING Kent Tacoma Auburn Spanaway Enumclaw Puyallup FederalWay E F G H A' B' C' D' A B C D E F' G' H' 05D01 33Q01 28P01 28K0128E02 21R04 28C01 22B02 20L01 19G05 19C01 14F01 13D01 12J02 07F03 33J0132R02 28P01 28G03 24G01 21M02 21H01 17Q04 14L01 14F01 12H0109A05 06J01 04L01 33B02 32E02 29N03 28M03 28A03 23H0122K04 16H01 35D06 34A01 33P06 33H01 32J02 26N04 26C03 25A01 24E02 19A0118N01 18B03 12D04 08M02 08F03 05R02 04E01 04B05 35L01 34J02 32M01 31B01 30K01 25Q0425N01 25J01 19B02 18C03 17D01 12Q01 11D0210A01 08F02 07R04 07Q05 07J03 05Q02 04J01 31M01 26N01 13R01 12J01 12A03 33R02 32M04 30K05 23C01 19L03 18R01 17D01 15B0215B01 14E01 09J03 09H04 08P01 05R01 04M03 38K01 36Q0435N0334R04 31C01 30R01 30H01 26P02 26A01 25B02 23P02 23M03 22A0218R01 15L05 15D01 09A02 05R01 05J02 04F0404F02 49A01 36H0336D01 35M02 35H04 24G01 19F03 17H0217G01 16C01 11P01 10M02 09Q01 09A02 05P01 04F01 03E02 03E01 03C01 36P01 36F01 30N01 30L08 25C02 15F01 04H03 26D02 16F0316E02 08R02 06Q01 35Q06 34H01 34A04 34A03 32C01 28N03 28M02 28H04 27P01 22N03 21H01 21G01 21C01 17A01 15N01 15E01 10N01 09A0608H01 06A02 03M01 03H01 27A02 22D02 17Q02 16E03 08K02 29R02 27L01 27A01 23C01 08N04 08H02 03F02 03B02 01G02 01A01 07C01 06A03 02H03 02H02 36M01 29J05 21J01 21A03 13E04 13B06 03B02 07E01 12R01 29E02P1 19B01P1 36F03D1 18Q01D2 08F02D1 35P01D1 07F01D1 03R01D2 03A01D1 07P03D1 07F08D1 15R02D1 03H03D1 Vashon Island 14E01 Surficial hydrogeologic unit AL1 - alluvial aquifer MFL - confining unit A1 - aquifer A2 - confining unit A3 - aquifer B - confining unit C - aquifer D - confining unit E - aquifer F - confining unit G - undifferentiated deposits BR - bedrock Water Study area boundary G G'Line of section Well on section Well used in framework construction EXPLANATION Surficial Hydrogeology, Cross Section Traces, and Locations of Selected Wells in the Puyallup River Watershed and Vicinity, Pierce and King Counties, Washington 121°30'121°40'121°50'122°0'122°10'122°20'122°30' 121°30'121°40'121°50'122°0'122°10'122°20'122°30' 47°20' 47° 10' 47° 47°20' 47° 10' 47° 0 1 2 3 4 5 MILES 0 1 2 3 4 5 KILOMETERS U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY By Wendy Welch 2015 SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS REPORT 2015–5068 Surficial hydrogeology, cross section traces, and locations of selected wells—PLATE 2 Welch, W.B., Johnson, K.H., Savoca, M.E., Lane, R.C., Fasser, E.T., Gendaszek, A.S., Marshall, C., Clothier, B.G., and Knoedler, E.N., 2015, Hydrogeologic framework, groundwater movement, and water budget in the Puyallup River Watershed and vicinity, Pierce and King Counties, Washington Prepared in cooperation with the CITIES 0F AUBURN, MILTON, PUYALLUP, SUMNER, and TACOMA; PIERCE CONSERVATION DISTRICT; WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH; CASCADE WATER ALLIANCE; LAKEHAVEN UTILITY DISTRICT; SUMMIT WATER & SUPPLY COMPANY; MT. VIEW-EDGEWOOD WATER COMPANY; and THE RUSSELL FAMILY FOUNDATION Base map modified from U.S. Geological Survey and other digital data, various scales. Coordinate Reference System: State Plane Washington South. Horizontal datum is North American Datum of 1983. ISSN 2328-0328 (online) http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155068 WASHINGTON Study area X SITE 20N/03E-30L0820N/03E-30N0121N/04E-08F0220N/03E-04H0321N/04E-07J0321N/03E-26N0120N/03E-15F0122N/04E-14F0122N/05E-07F0322N/05E-05D0122N/04E-28P0121N/04E-05Q0222N/04E-12H0122N/04E-28G0322N/04E-32R0222N/04E-21H0121N/04E-18C0321N/04E-07Q0521N/03E-13R0121N/05E-18N0119N/03E-08N0420N/04E-17G0120N/04E-09A0219N/03E-03B0221N/05E-08M0219N/03E-08H0222N/05E-33Q0120N/04E-03E0122N/05E-28E0219N/03E-03F0222N/05E-21R0421N/04E-35L0120N/03E-36F0120N/03E-25C0221N/05E-18B0320N/04E-18Q01D221N/05E-04B0521N/05E-04E0122N/05E-28C0122N/05E-22B0222N/05E-13D0121N/05E-08F0321N/04E-25N0122N/05E-14F0121N/05E-05R0220N/04E-19F0320N/04E-17H0221N/04E-34J0220N/04E-09Q0122N/05E-12J0222N/05E-28P0121N/04E-25J0121N/04E-25Q0420N/04E-03C0120N/04E-03E0220N/04E-16C0119N/04E-17Q0219N/03E-27L0119N/04E-03A01D119N/04E-03R01D219N/03E-23C0119N/03E-27A0121N/05E-24E0219N/04E-16E0320N/05E-05J0221N/05E-35D0621N/05E-26N0420N/05E-18R0121N/05E-33P0620N/05E-04F0420N/04E-35M0221N/05E-34A0121N/06E-16H0121N/05E-33H0120N/04E-35H0420N/05E-30H0119N/03E-29R0220N/04E-36H0320N/05E-31C0121N/05E-26C0320N/05E-05R0120N/04E-36D0119N/05E-03M0119N/05E-21H0120N/05E-25B0219N/05E-10N0119N/05E-15N0119N/05E-03H0118N/04E-21J0119N/05E-28H0418N/04E-21A0318N/05E-07C0119N/05E-32C0119N/05E-28N0319N/05E-28M0219N/05E-15E0118N/04E-15R02D118N/05E-06A0320N/06E-19L0318N/05E-07F08D121N/06E-22K0418N/05E-07P03D121N/06E-23H0120N/05E-35N0320N/05E-34R0420N/05E-26P0218N/04E-13B0619N/05E-09A0620N/06E-18R0120N/06E-17D0118N/04E-29J0521N/06E-28A0318N/04E-13E0420N/06E-04M0320N/06E-08P0120N/06E-05R0121N/03E-31M0119N/04E-27A0220N/03E-15F0119N/03E-01G0220N/03E-36P0119N/04E-08K0219N/04E-16E0320N/03E-36F0118N/04E-03B0217N/04E-12R0119N/03E-01A0120N/03E-25C0218N/04E-36M0117N/05E-07E0119N/04E-07F01D119N/04E-22D0218N/04E-03H03D118N/04E-13E0421N/04E-31B0121N/03E-12A0320N/04E-09A0221N/04E-07Q0520N/04E-11P0120N/04E-24G0120N/04E-05P0119N/05E-35Q0621N/03E-12J0121N/04E-07R0419N/05E-35P01D120N/04E-10M0219N/05E-21G0119N/05E-21C0120N/04E-04F0120N/05E-30R0119N/05E-22N0319N/05E-08H0119N/05E-17A0121N/04E-19B0221N/04E-17D0121N/04E-30K0120N/04E-49A0120N/05E-30H0120N/05E-38K0118N/05E-02H0218N/05E-02H0319N/05E-34H0119N/05E-06A0219N/05E-27P0119N/05E-34A0419N/05E-34A0322N/04E-17Q0421N/04E-10A0121N/04E-12Q0121N/04E-04J0121N/05E-19B01P121N/05E-29E02P119N/06E-16E0220N/05E-15D0120N/05E-04F0421N/05E-32J0222N/04E-33J0121N/05E-19A0119N/06E-08F02D122N/04E-28G0320N/05E-36Q0420N/05E-09A0220N/05E-04F0219N/06E-06Q0122N/04E-06J0120N/05E-22A0220N/05E-23P0220N/05E-26A0119N/06E-08R0220N/05E-23M0322N/04E-21M0219N/06E-26D0220N/05E-36F03D120N/05E-15L0521N/06E-33B0221N/06E-28M0321N/04E-32M0121N/05E-18N0121N/04E-11D0219N/06E-16F0322N/04E-14F0122N/05E-19C0122N/05E-28E0222N/04E-24G0120N/07E-33R0221N/06E-32E0222N/05E-20L0120N/06E-09J0322N/05E-19G0522N/04E-04L0121N/05E-24E0222N/04E-14L0122N/04E-09A0520N/06E-09H0421N/05E-12D0420N/06E-15B0120N/07E-32M0421N/06E-29N0320N/07E-30K0520N/06E-04M0320N/06E-23C0120N/06E-14E0121N/05E-25A0122N/05E-28K0120N/06E-15B02G BR BR F F C G E D F E C D A3 C BB AL1AL2 A2 AL1 AL2 A2 A3 B E F A3 D B C G A3 A2 A2 A2 MFL A2 A1 A1 A1 MFL A1A1A1A1A1A1 G G F D E C C E D AL2 A2A2 A2 B C B A3 AL1 B D G F BR E AL1 A2 A3 A3A1 A3 MFL MFL A2 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1A2 G G BR BR E F D D C F C D E C A3 B BA2 CB A2 A3 A2 BB A3 A3 MFL A2 A3A1 AL1 A1 A2 MFL MFL MFL A1 A1 A1A2 AL1 A1 AL2 AL1 A1 AL2 A1 AL1 A1A1 A1 BR G G G D F F C D E E C A2 B E A3 A3 A2 B G B C F A3 AL2 B A2 A2 MFL A3 MFL A1 AL1 MFL MFL MFL A1A1 AL1 AL1 AL1 A1 A2 F C DE B A3 A2 A1 A2 G BR BR F D E A1 B C F D E B CA3 F D E C A2 A2 A3 B A1 A3A1 A1 MFL A1 A1 AL1 MFL G BR G F E D C B B B D F E D C B B C E F BR G A2 AL1 A3 A1 A2 A3 A1 A2 A1 AL2 MFL A2 A1 A1 A3 A3 A2 AL1 AL2 AL2 AL2 AL1 MFL BR G BR F D F D CB A2 B E C E E G BR BRBR BR A3 A3 C D A3 AL1 AL2 BA2 A1 A3 A2 A2 A1 A1 AL1 A2 A2 A1 MFL A1 A1 B CD F A1 G F G F D C E F A2 B C F E D C C A1AL1 AL2 C C C DB E AL1 A3 D A3 A2 C G A3 A1 A2 A2 E A2 A3 A2 AL1 AL2 A3 A1 A1 A1 B B MFL B A1 A2 MFL A2 A1A1 MFL MFL MFL MFL MFL A1 BR BR D C A3 MFL MFLMFLMFLMFL A2 A3 MFL A1 A1 A1 A1 A3 A1 MFL MFL A2 A1 A1 A1 AL1 A2 AL1 A1 A1 A1 MFLMFL A3 CA1 A1 A2 A2SECTIONE–E'SECTIONF–F'SECTIONG–G'SECTIONH–H'SECTIONE–E'SECTIONE–E'SECTIONF–F'SECTIONG–G'SECTIONH–H'SECTIONE–E'SECTIONF–F'SECTIONG–G'SECTIONH–H'SECTIONE–E'SECTIONF–F'SECTIONG–G'SECTIONH–H'SECTIONA–A'SECTIONB–B'SECTIONB–B'SECTIONC–C'SECTIONA–A'SECTIONC–C'SECTIONB–B'SECTIOND–D'SECTIONA–A'SECTIONC–C'SECTIONB–B'SECTIOND–D'SECTIONA–A'SECTIONC–C'SECTIONB–B'SECTIOND–D'SECTIOND–D'Puyallup RiverGreen RiverPuyallup RiverGreen RiverBig Soos CreekLittle Soos CreekLittle Wapato LakeLakota CreekSwan CreekClover CreekSpanaway CreekMorey CreekWapato CreekSimons CreekWapato CreekSpanaway CreekClover CreekPuyallup RiverSalmon CreekLake TappsWhite RiverGreen RiverCrisp CreekRock CreekLake TappsPuyallup RiverCarbon RiverFennel CreekWhite RiverNewaukum CreekGreen RiverPuget SoundSwan CreekClear CreekLake KapowsinOhop CreekTwenty-fiveMile CreekPuget SoundWest Hylebos CreekHylebos CreekSurprise LakeWhite RiverFennel CreekSouth Prairie CreekCarbon RiverVoight CreekWaterhole CreekVoight CreekFrameCreekPuget SoundDes Moines CreekMassey CreekMcSorley CreekMill CreekWhite RiverLake TappsLake TappsLake TappsLake TappsLake TappsLake TappsSouth Prairie CreekDes Moines CreekGreen RiverMill CreekBig Soos CreekCovington CreekBurns CreekGreen RiverNewaukum CreekNewaukum CreekBoise CreekRed CreekWhite RiverU.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS REPORT 2015–5068 Hydrogeologic sections—PLATE 3 By Wendy Welch 2015 Hydrogeologic Sections, Puyallup River Watershed and Vicinity, Pierce and King Counties, Washington Welch, W.B., Johnson, K.H., Savoca, M.E., Lane, R.C., Fasser, E.T., Gendaszek, A.S., Marshall, C., Clothier, B.G., and Knoedler, E.N., 2015, Hydrogeologic framework, groundwater movement, and water budget in the Puyallup River Watershed and vicinity, Pierce and King Counties, Washington Prepared in cooperation with the CITIES 0F AUBURN, MILTON, PUYALLUP, SUMNER, and TACOMA; PIERCE CONSERVATION DISTRICT; WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH; CASCADE WATER ALLIANCE; LAKEHAVEN UTILITY DISTRICT; SUMMIT WATER & SUPPLY COMPANY; MT. VIEW-EDGEWOOD WATER COMPANY; and THE RUSSELL FAMILY FOUNDATION ISSN 2328-0328 (online) http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155068 Hydrogeologic Unit AL1 - upper alluvial aquifer AL2 - lower alluvial aquifer MFL - confining unit A1 - aquifer A2 - confining unit A3 - aquifer B - confining unit C - aquifer D - confining unit E - aquifer F - confining unit G - undifferentiated deposits BR - bedrock Water Well located on section 22N/05E-22B02 AL1 AL2 MFL A1 A2 A3 B C D E F G BR VERTICAL EXAGGERATION X 10 DATUM IS NORTH AMERICAN VERTICAL DATUM OF 1988 (NAVD88) Contact, approximately located dashed where uncertain EXPLANATION -2,000 -2,000 -1,800 -1,800 -1,600 -1,600 -1,400 -1,400 -1,200 -1,200 -1,000 -1,000 -800 -800 -600 -600 -400 -400 -200 -200 NAVD88 200 200 400 400 600 600 800 800 1,000 1,000 -2,000 -2,000 -1,800 -1,800 -1,600 -1,600 -1,400 -1,400 -1,200 -1,200 -1,000 -1,000 -800 -800 -600 -600 -400 -400 -200 -200 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,000 1,200 1,200 -2,000 -2,000 -1,800 -1,800 -1,600 -1,600 -1,400 -1,400 -1,200 -1,200 -1,000 -1,000 -800 -800 -600 -600 -400 -400 -200 -200 NAVD88 NAVD88 200 200 400 400 600 600 800 800 1,000 1,000 1,200 1,200 -2,000 -2,000 -1,800 -1,800 -1,600 -1,600 -1,400 -1,400 -1,200 -1,200 -1,000 -1,000 -800 -800 -600 -600 -400 -400 -200 -200 NAVD88 NAVD88 200 200 400 400 600 600 800 800 1,000 1,000 1,200 1,200 1,400 1,400 -2,000 -2,000 -1,800 -1,800 -1,600 -1,600 -1,400 -1,400 -1,200 -1,200 -1,000 -1,000 -800 -800 -600 -600 -400 -400 -200 -200 NAVD88 NAVD88 200 200 400 400 600 600 800 800 1,000 1,000 1,200 1,200 1,400 1,400 1,600 1,600 -2,000 -2,000 -1,800 -1,800 -1,600 -1,600 -1,400 -1,400 -1,200 -1,200 -1,000 -1,000 -800 -800 -600 -600 -400 -400 -200 -200 200 200 400 400 600 600 800 800 1,000 1,000 1,200 1,200 1,400 1,400 1,600 1,600 1,800 1,800 2,000 2,000 -2,000 -2,000 -1,800 -1,800 -1,600 -1,600 -1,400 -1,400 -1,200 -1,200 -1,000 -1,000 -800 -800 -600 -600 -400 -400 -200 -200 NAVD88 200 200 400 400 600 600 800 800 1,000 1,000 1,200 1,200 1,400 1,400 1,600 1,600 1,800 1,800 2,000 2,000 -2,000 -2,000 -1,800 -1,800 -1,600 -1,600 -1,400 -1,400 -1,200 -1,200 -1,000 -1,000 -800 -800 -600 -600 -400 -400 -200 -200 NAVD88 200 200 400 400 600 600 800 800 1,000 1,000 1,200 1,200 1,400 1,400 1,600 1,600 1,800 1,800 2,000 2,000 NAVD88 NAVD88 NAVD88 200 400 600 800 NAVD88 NAVD88 NAVD88 NAVD88 2,200 2,200 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000 50,000 55,000 60,000 65,000 70,000 75,000 80,000 85,000 90,000 95,000 100,000 105,000 110,000 115,000 120,000 125,000 130,000 135,000 140,000 145,000 150,000 155,000 160,000 165,000 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000 50,000 55,000 60,000 65,000 70,000 75,000 80,000 85,000 90,000 95,000 100,000 105,000 110,000 115,000 120,000 125,000 130,000 135,000 140,000 145,000 150,000 155,000 160,000 165,000 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000 50,000 55,000 60,000 65,000 70,000 75,000 80,000 85,000 90,000 95,000 100,000 105,000 110,000 115,000 120,000 125,000 130,000 135,000 140,000 145,000 150,000 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000 50,000 55,000 60,000 65,000 70,000 75,000 80,000 85,000 90,000 95,000 100,000 105,000 110,000 115,000 120,000 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000 50,000 55,000 60,000 65,000 70,000 75,000 80,000 85,000 90,000 95,000 100,000 105,000 110,000 115,000 120,000 125,000 130,000 135,000 140,000 145,000 150,000 155,000 160,000 165,000 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000 50,000 55,000 60,000 65,000 70,000 75,000 80,000 85,000 90,000 95,000 100,000 105,000 110,000 115,000 120,000 125,000 130,000 135,000 140,000 145,000 150,000 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000 50,000 55,000 60,000 65,000 70,000 75,000 80,000 85,000 90,000 95,000 100,000 105,000 110,000 115,000 120,000 125,000 130,000 135,000 140,000 145,000 150,000 155,000 160,000 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000 50,000 55,000 60,000 65,000 70,000 75,000 80,000 85,000 90,000 95,000 100,000 105,000 110,000 115,000 120,000 125,000 130,000 135,000 140,000 145,000 150,000 155,000 160,000 FEET ASOUTHWEST FEET BSOUTHWEST FEET CSOUTHWEST FEET DSOUTHWEST FEET HNORTHWEST FEET GNORTHWEST FEET ENORTHWEST FEET FNORTHWEST FEET A'NORTHEAST FEET B'NORTHEAST FEET C'NORTHEAST FEET D'NORTHEAST FEET H'SOUTHEAST FEET G'SOUTHEAST FEET E'SOUTHEAST FEET F'SOUTHEAST Distance, in feet Distance, in feet Distance, in feet Distance, in feet Distance, in feet Distance, in feet Distance, in feet Distance, in feet X SITE X SITE X SITE 32 Hydrogeologic Framework in the Puyallup River Watershed, Pierce and King Counties, Washington tac14-0949_fig 20 T.21N. T.22 N. T.17 N. T.16 N. T.20N. T.19 N. T. 18N. T. 23N. R.4E.R.8E.R.7E.R.6E.R.5E.R.3E.R.2E. Puget Sound Co m m e n c e m e n t Bay 900500 7009005001,100500500 700500 9009005007001,1001,100900 1,100700700700 742 689 641 925 743 502 671 1,112 542 482 670 655 646 675 1,013 962 664 758 497 586 405 699 679 1,031 771 748 1,096 Puyallup Tacoma FederalWay Auburn Enumclaw EXPLANATION Bedrock outcrop Water-level altitude, in feet above North American Vertical Datum of 1988 —dashed where probable A1 not present Study area boundary Water level in A1, in feet Generalized direction of groundwater flow 758 500 Base map modified from U.S. Geological Survey and other digital data, various scales. Coordinate Reference System: State Plane Washington South. Horizontal datum is North American Datum of 1983. 0 5 10 MILES 0 5 10 KILOMETERS 122°122°20' 47° 20' 47° Figure 20. Water-level altitudes and direction of groundwater flow in A1 aquifer, Puyallup River Watershed and vicinity, Washington, March 2011–March 2013. X SITE Groundwater Movement 33 tac14-0949_fig 21 T.21N. T.22 N. T.17 N. T.16 N. T.20N. T.19 N. T. 18N. T. 23N. R.4E.R.8E.R.7E.R.6E.R.5E.R.3E.R.2E. Puget Sound Co m m e n c e m e n t Bay Puyallup Tacoma FederalWay Auburn Enumclaw 448 729 773 531 755 336 333 749 537 812 247 296 655 708 707 207 372 227 541 645296 342 629 528 607 445 557 788 552 359 383 302 99 487 439 292 688 417 481 462 494 620 508 489 493 386 459 474 609 394 258 621 657 529540 498 309 461 698 734 526 758 466 483 525 484 432 671 534503 484 451 500 268 285 1,135 437 321 232 238 361 500500500500 100100 25 0 25 0 200200 6006003003005 5 0 5 5 0 500500 600600400400 4004004 0 0 4 0 0 300300 25 0 25 0 800800700700700700600600500500600600500 80080065065060060080 0 80 0 EXPLANATION Bedrock outcrop 200 Water-level altitude, in feet above North American Vertical Datum of 1988 A3 not present Study area boundary Water level in A3, in feet Generalized direction of groundwater flow 773 Base map modified from U.S. Geological Survey and other digital data, various scales. Coordinate Reference System: State Plane Washington South. Horizontal datum is North American Datum of 1983. 0 5 10 MILES 0 5 10 KILOMETERS 122°122°20' 47° 20' 47° Figure 21. Water-level altitudes and direction of groundwater flow in A3 aquifer, Puyallup River Watershed and vicinity, Washington, March 2011–March 2013. X SITE 107'/ 1 mile, .02 FT/FT SW GRAD. 14 Hydrogeologic Framework in the Puyallup River Watershed, Pierce and King Counties, Washington tac14-0949_fig 06 Cle a r water RiverCle a r water RiverPuyallup Tacoma FederalWay Auburn Enumclaw Puget Sound LakeWashington LakeSammamish Co m m e n c e m e n t Ba y Bear Cr Howard A HansonReservoir LakeSawyer SpanawayLake LakeTapps Green River Tanwax C reekLakeKapowsin AlderLake Green River White River C edar RiverNisqually River Ca r b on River Ca r b on RiverVoight Cr e e k Mashel River Muck Creek D e s c h utes R i ver Clov er Cr Boise CrSouth Pra i r ie Cr Ohanapecosh Riv e r South Fork Snoqu almie River Wilkeson Cree kNewaukum CrG r e e n water River Mow ic h R iver Mid d l e F ork Snoqualmie R ive r Nisqually RiverSwan CreekC oal CrBi g Soos Cr e e k Little Soos CrChester MorseLakeCe d a r Ri v e r D uwami sh Wa t e r w ay D u w a m is h Ri verSnoqualmie River Wapato CrPuyallup R Puyallup RClear CrWhite R iver MountRainier EXPLANATION Study area boundary Unit not present 5 to 31 32 to 80 81 to 154 155 to 267 Greater than 267 Bedrock outcrop Well—Used to determine extent and thickness of unit Extent and thickness of A1 aquifer, in feet Base map modified from U.S. Geological Survey and other digital data, various scales. Coordinate Reference System: State Plane Washington South. Horizontal datum is North American Datum of 1983. 0 5 10 15 MILES 0 5 10 15 KILOMETERS 121°40'122°122°20' 47°20' 47° R.4E. T.16N. T.15N. R.11E.R.10E.R.9E.R.8E. T.21N. T.22N. T.17N. T.20N. T.19N. T.18N. T.23N. T.24N. R.7E.R.6E.R.5E.R.3E. Figure 6. Extent and thickness of A1 aquifer in Puyallup River Watershed and vicinity, Washington. SITE Hydrogeologic Framework 15 tac14-0949_fig 07 Cle a r water RiverCle a r water RiverPuyallup Tacoma FederalWay Puget Sound LakeWashington LakeSammamish Co m m e n c e m e n t Ba y Bear Cr Howard A HansonReservoir LakeSawyer SpanawayLake LakeTapps Green River Tanwax C reekLakeKapowsin AlderLake Green River White River C edar RiverNisqually River Ca r b on River Ca r b on RiverVoight Cr e e k Mashel River Muck Creek D e s c h utes R i ver Clov er Cr Boise CrSouth Pra i r ie Cr Ohanapecosh Riv e r South Fork Snoqu almie River Wilkeson Cree kNewaukum CrG r e e n water River Mow ic h R iver Mid d l e F ork Snoqualmie R ive r Nisqually RiverSwan CreekC oal CrBi g Soos Cr e e k Little Soos CrChester MorseLakeCe d a r Ri v e r Snoqualmie River Wapato CrPuyallup R Puyallup RClear CrWhite R iver D uwami sh Wa t e r w ay D u w a m is h Ri verAuburn Enumclaw MountRainier EXPLANATION Study area boundary Unit not present 5 to 45 46 to 87 88 to 132 133 to 205 Greater than 205 Bedrock outcrop Well—Used to determine extent and thickness of unit Extent and thickness of A2 confining unit, in feet Base map modified from U.S. Geological Survey and other digital data, various scales. Coordinate Reference System: State Plane Washington South. Horizontal datum is North American Datum of 1983. 0 5 10 15 MILES 0 5 10 15 KILOMETERS 121°40'122°122°20' 47°20' 47° R.4E. T.16N. T.15N. R.11E.R.10E.R.9E.R.8E. T.21N. T.22N. T.17N. T.20N. T.19N. T.18N. T.23N. T.24N. R.7E.R.6E.R.5E.R.3E. Figure 7. Extent and thickness of A2 confining unit in Puyallup River Watershed and vicinity, Washington. SITE 16 Hydrogeologic Framework in the Puyallup River Watershed, Pierce and King Counties, Washington tac14-0949_fig 08 Cle a r water RiverCle a r water RiverPuyallup Tacoma FederalWay Puget Sound LakeWashington LakeSammamish Co m m e n c e m e n t Ba y Bear Cr Howard A HansonReservoir LakeSawyer SpanawayLake LakeTapps Green River Tanwax C reekLakeKapowsin AlderLake Green River White River C edar RiverNisqually River Ca r b on River Ca r b on RiverVoight Cr e e k Mashel River Muck Creek D e s c h utes R i ver Clov er Cr Boise CrSouth Pra i r ie Cr Ohanapecosh Riv e r South Fork Snoqu almie River Wilkeson Cree kNewaukum CrG r e e n water River Mow ic h R iver Mid d l e F ork Snoqualmie R ive r Nisqually RiverSwan CreekC oal CrBi g Soos Cr e e k Little Soos CrChester MorseLakeCe d a r Ri v e r D uwami sh Wa t e r w ay D u w a m is h Ri verSnoqualmie River Wapato CrPuyallup R Puyallup RClear CrWhite R iver Auburn Enumclaw MountRainier EXPLANATION Study area boundary Unit not present 5 to 39 40 to 76 77 to 121 122 to 186 Greater than 186 Bedrock outcrop Well—Used to determine extent and thickness of unit Extent and thickness of A3 aquifer, in feet Base map modified from U.S. Geological Survey and other digital data, various scales. Coordinate Reference System: State Plane Washington South. Horizontal datum is North American Datum of 1983. 0 5 10 15 MILES 0 5 10 15 KILOMETERS 121°40'122°122°20' 47°20' 47° R.4E. T.16N. T.15N. R.11E.R.10E.R.9E.R.8E. T.21N. T.22N. T.17N. T.20N. T.19N. T.18N. T.23N. T.24N. R.7E.R.6E.R.5E.R.3E. Figure 8. Extent and thickness of A3 aquifer in Puyallup River Watershed and vicinity, Washington. Methods of Investigation 5 investigations by Brown and Caldwell (1985), Dragovich and others (1994), Woodward and others (1995), and Robinson & Noble, Inc., and others (2003). The surficial hydrogeologic map for the study area (pl. 2; scale 1:85,000) was produced by merging 1:100,000 scale surficial geologic maps (Schasse, 1987; Walsh, 1987; Tabor and others, 2000) with multiple 1:24,000 surficial geologic maps (Booth and others, 2004; Booth and Waldron, 2004;K.G. Troost, U.S. Geological Survey, written commun., 2008). More than 80 geologic units delineated on these source maps were grouped into 13 hydrogeologic units based on similarities in lithology (grain size and sorting), hydrologic characteristics, and relative stratigraphic position (table 1). Table 1. Hydrogeologic units defined in this study and correlation with geologic and hydrostratigraphic units from previous investigations.PeriodEpochHydrogeologic units defined in this study Geologic units (from K.G. Troost, U.S. Geological Survey, written commun., 2008) Geologic units in Schasse (1987) and Walsh (1987) Hydrostratigraphic units in Robinson & Noble, Inc., and others (2003) Stratigraphic units Quaternary Holocene, PleistoceneAL1 upper alluvial aquifer Qal, af, Qp Qa, Aquifer A: includes Steilacoom gravel, Vashon Till, Vashon advance outwash, Esperance Sand Recent Holocene alluvium MFL confining unit Qvl(o), Qvl(e) Volcanic mudflow-lahar deposits AL2 lower alluvial aquifer Older Holocene alluvium and ancient deltaic deposits beneath MFL within major river valleys (Dragovich and others, 1994) A1 aquifer Qal, Qv, Qvr, Qvry, Qvs, Qw Qa, Qgd, Qgo, Qgog, Qgos, Qp Vashon Drift (Steilacoom gravel, recessional outwash A2 confining unit Qvt, Qvi, Qvrl Qgm, Qgt, Qgl Vashon Drift (till, moraine, recessional ice-contact, and lacustrine deposits) A3 aquifer Qva, Qpfc Qga Vashon Drift (advance outwash) B confining unit m, af, Qal, Qb, Qf, Qls, Qns, Qob, Qpdc, Qpf, Qpoc, Qpon, Qtf, Qvlc, Qwbc Qc(k)Layer B Olympia Beds (Kitsap Formation), Lawton Clay C aquifer Qpog, Qpogc Qgp Aquifer C Salmon Springs Drift, Penultimate Drift, Hayden Creek Drift, Wingate Hill Drift D confining unit Layer D Puyallup Formation E aquifer Aquifer E Stuck Drift F confining unit Layer F Alderton Formation G undifferentiated deposits Aquifer G Orting Drift and older deposits Tertiary Miocene to EoceneBedrock unit Qap, Qap(h), Qapt(h), Qap(wh), Qapt(wh), and all pre-Quaternary deposits Basement confining unit and some alpine glacial deposits Hydrogeologic Framework 25 Estimates of horizontal hydraulic conductivities were compiled for wells with available specific-capacity data, and statistical summaries were prepared by hydrogeologic unit (table 3). Median values of hydraulic conductivity for the aquifers (AL1, 350 ft/d; AL2, 297 ft/d; A1, 236 ft/d; A3, 176 ft/d; C, 118 ft/d; E, 51 ft/d; and G, 34 ft/d) are similar in magnitude to values compiled by Vaccaro and others (1998) and Savoca and others (2010) for the Puget Sound lowlands and within the range of typical hydraulic conductivity values reported by Freeze and Cherry (1979) for similar materials. Median values of estimated hydraulic conductivities for the confining units (MFL, 2,255 ft/d; A2, 49 ft/d; B, 419 ft/d; D, 57 ft/d; and F, 9 ft/d) and the bedrock unit (3 ft/d ) are higher than is typical for most of the material in these units because data for confining units are usually from wells that are preferentially open to lenses of coarse water-bearing material, or in the case of bedrock, where water-bearing fractures are present. As a result, the data are biased toward the more productive zones in these units and are not representative of the entire unit. Estimates of horizontal hydraulic conductivity also were compiled from aquifer tests conducted by environmental consulting firms, and statistical summaries of these data were prepared by hydrogeologic unit (table 3). Aquifer tests data were only available for public-supply wells and are biased toward the major water-producing aquifers in the study area. Aquifer tests data were not available for the A1 aquifer, the MFL, A2, D, and F confining units, or bedrock unit. Median values of horizontal hydraulic conductivity for aquifer units A3, C, E, and G are within an order of magnitude of estimates for these units derived from specific capacity data (table 3) and values reported by Savoca and others (2010). Median values of horizontal hydraulic conductivity for aquifer units AL1 and AL2 (7,221 and 2,010 ft/d, respectively) are significantly higher (greater than an order of magnitude) than estimates for these units derived from specific capacity data (table 3) and values reported for the AL unit by Savoca and others (2010). However, median values for the AL1 and AL2 units are within an order of magnitude of the maximum values derived from specific capacity data (table 3) and the maximum value for the AL unit by Savoca and others (2010). Possible factors that may contribute to observed differences in conductivity derived from specific capacity data and aquifer tests may include differences in sample size (fewer wells with available aquifer tests) and the increased probability of encountering highly conductive zones during aquifer testing, as larger contributing volumes of aquifer material are captured as a result of higher pumping rates and longer pumping times. Table 3. Summary of hydraulic conductivity values estimated from specific-capacity data and aquifers tests, by hydrogeologic unit, Puyallup River Watershed and vicinity, Washington. Hydrogeologic unit Number of wells Hydraulic conductivity (feet per day) Minimum Median Maximum Estimated from specific-capacity data AL1 alluvial aquifer 11 <1 350 1,588 MFL confining unit 2 266 12,255 4,244 AL2 alluvial aquifer 16 54 297 4,534 A1 aquifer 7 92 236 2,817 A2 confining unit 5 <1 49 909 A3 aquifer 58 <1 176 7,110 B confining unit 5 28 419 2,451 C aquifer 75 <1 118 7,676 D confining unit 4 10 57 281 E aquifer 30 <1 51 1,016 F confining unit 1 –29 – G undifferentiated deposits 14 9 34 347 Bedrock unit 3 3 3 5 Estimated from aquifer tests AL1 alluvial aquifer 1 –27,221 – AL2 alluvial aquifer 6 268 2,010 10,273 A3 aquifer 4 31 112 2,680 B confining unit 1 –224 – C aquifer 3 19 130 268 E aquifer 4 109 328 836 G undifferentiated deposits 1 –219 – 1Hydraulic conductivity estimate computed as average value and reported as median value. 2Hydraulic conductivity estimate for single value reported as median value.