23-105468-Archaeological Assessment-11-9-23
ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
AFRASIABI PROPERTY,
FEDERAL WAY, WA
Submitted by Principal Investigator
Scott S. Williams, MA (RPA 11880), and
Russell Holter, MAH
Cultural Reconnaissance
PO Box 722
Tacoma, WA 98401-0722
Submitted For
John E. Stevenson on behalf of
Dr. Kambiz Afrasiabi
3620 SW Dash Point Rd,
Federal Way, WA, 98023.
May 1, 2023
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Contents
Figures .......................................................................................................................................................... 2
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 3
Project Area Description, Date of Survey, and Personnel ............................................................................ 3
Regulatory Compliance ................................................................................................................................. 4
Area of Potential Impact ............................................................................................................................... 5
Historical and Archaeological Background ................................................................................................... 5
History of Federal Way ............................................................................................................................. 7
Historic Properties ........................................................................................................................................ 8
Previous Archaeology ................................................................................................................................... 9
Cultural Resource Surveys ............................................................................................................................ 9
Cemeteries .................................................................................................................................................. 10
Traditional Cultural Properties .................................................................................................................... 11
Tribal Groups ............................................................................................................................................... 11
Survey Method ............................................................................................................................................ 11
Results ......................................................................................................................................................... 11
Conclusion and Recommendations ............................................................................................................ 12
Attestation ................................................................................................................................................... 12
References Cited ........................................................................................................................................ 13
Figures ........................................................................................................................................................ 16
Figures
Figure 1. Project Area, USGS Tacoma North Quad Map (2020). .............................................................. 16
Figure 2. Aerial view of Afrasiabi property showing location of the slide in yellow, and shovel probes
indicated in red. ........................................................................................................................................... 17
Figure 3. View to north of head of erosion gully and slide area. Note concrete deck hanging in space. ... 18
Figure 4. View to southwest of erosion and slide area, looking upslope. ................................................... 19
Figure 5. Overview of terraced backyard; hedge to left is 8-ft vertical cut bank. View to West. ............... 20
Appendix: Lab Results for Arsenic Contamination 21
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Introduction
An archaeological assessment was conducted on the Afrasiabi property at 3620 SW Dash Point
Rd, Federal Way, WA, 98023 (Figures 1 and 2) on April 21, 2023, by Cultural Reconnaissance at the
request of the owner's representative. The purpose of the survey was to examine and evaluate the property
for an emergency slope stabilization to mitigate damages from winter erosion after a domestic water
supply line burst as a result of freezing temperatures. An archaeological survey was conducted. No
evaluations of the historical significance of the structures were completed since there will be no impacts
to the structures due to the nature of the slope stabilization project. The archaeological survey was
requested by the City of Federal Way for permitting. See Regulatory Compliance section.
Project Area Description, Date of Survey, and Personnel
The project area is located at 3620 SW Dash Point Rd, Federal Way, WA, 98023 (Figures 1 and
2). The property is located in T21R03E, Section 11 of the Willamette Meridian. King County identifies
the property with parcel #661350-0030. The 1982-built single-family residence is not tagged in
WISAARD with a property identification number. The parcel is irregular rectangular shape with the
southern boundary fronting Dash Point Road. The northern portion of the property concludes at the water
line of Puget Sound. The property has approximately 130’ of beachfront. However, access to the beach is
limited by the presence of a near-vertical bluff. The single-family residence sits at the top of this bluff
approximately 70-feet above the ordinary high-water mark (Figure 2). The eastern and western
boundaries of the property run approximately 300’ from Dash Point Road. However, half of that distance
is in the tidal zone. The 1982 home has been extensively remodeled recently. As noted in the
Introduction, the project proponent looks to stabilize the slope below the house, therefore no Historic
Property Inventory forms were warranted for this project.
The property is located in a residential area of Federal Way. Afrasiabi’s property faces northward
out to Dumas Bay on Puget Sound. The excavations necessary to prevent further movement of the house
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on the bluff above the sound will take place north of the house immediately below the full-length deck.
Soil type on the property is mapped primarily as Kitsap series, which occurs on terraces formed of
lacustrine deposits with a minor amount of volcanic ash. The typical profile is ashy silt loam to
approximately 0.6 m that changes to stratified silt to silty clay loam to depth. Soil deposits observed in
shovel tests and the eroded gully at the property was predominantly ashy loam with some small gravels
(0-10%).
The archaeological survey was conducted on April 21, 2023. The weather was temperate with full
overcast, 50(f)/10(c). The survey team consisted of Scott Williams, Principal Investigator, who was
responsible for directing the survey and authoring this report; Russell Holter, Historian, was responsible
for assisting the principal investigator, handling client relations, photography, administration, and
secondary source research; and Patrick Williams, field technician screened excavated soils and collected
soil samples for analysis.
Regulatory Compliance
The Afrasiabi’s were compelled to file for an emergency permit for slope stabilization after an
undetected water leak saturated the soil below their single-family residence (Figures 3 and 4). As the
property owners are currently residing in California, they contacted a general contractor, John Stevenson,
to make all the necessary arrangements with the City of Federal Way planning office. As the home is
located within 200’ of the shoreline, City planners suggested that an archaeological survey would be
appropriate at this location, despite lack of shoreline access from the property. Wishing to be proactive to
foreshorten timelines, the contractor authorized Cultural Reconnaissance to move forward with the
assessment. To date, neither the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, nor the Tribes,
have requested a survey. The Afrasiabi property is located approximately one mile from two perennial
sources of freshwater, and within a “very high” probability zone for inadvertent discovery due to its
location on the shoreline.
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Area of Potential Impact
The Afrasiabi property is an irregular rectangle-shaped parcel identified in King County Parcel
layers as #661350-0030. The Area of Potential Impact is defined as the parcel (Figure 2). The 45,000
square foot parcel measures roughly 300-feet long from Dash Point Road to the northern boundary which
concludes just off-shore. The southern boundary is roughly 130-feet wide. (Assessor-Treasurer, 2023).
The yard is landscaped grass with ornamental plantings (Figures 2-5). The emergency retaining wall will
be located to the north of the house and supporting the deck (Figure 3-5). The project depth of excavation
is approximately one meter for the retaining wall, and pin piles are also being driven to provide additional
slope stability (Stevenson, 2022).
Historical and Archaeological Background
DAHP’s WISAARD was consulted for secondary source information pertaining to the subject
property. Archaeological sites and Cultural Resource studies conducted within one mile of the proposed
activity were reviewed. Other secondary source materials helped to provide the context for the natural and
built-environment portions of the report.
The prehistory and history of Federal Way has been extensively documented by others, including
several detailed cultural resource surveys of the beach east of Dumas Bay (Shong, 2006). It is beyond the
scope of this level of effort to repeat that detailed cultural and environmental history for the small project
on the Afrasiabi property. A brief summary is provided below; for more detailed information, the reader
should consult Shong, et al. (2006).
In summary, the project area is in the traditional territory of Lushootseed-speaking Coast Salish
peoples. Lushootseed (lǝ'shōōtsēd) is further divided into Northern and Southern; the Project falls within
the Southern Lushootseed language area (Suttles and Lane 1990:486). Descendants of several Southern
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Lushootseed speaking groups are now part of the tribes on the Puyallup Reservation. Current research
indicates that people hunted game and lived in small highly mobile egalitarian groups as foragers for
much of the early Holocene period, with increasing numbers of archaeological sites (likely reflecting
increasing populations) through the Middle and Late Holocene. Marine resources become more heavily
used and groups appear in increasingly larger settlements for longer and longer periods of time. By the
late-Holocene status differentiation and complex social hierarchies are developed in the region (Ames and
Maschner, 1999). Increased reliance on stored foods and controlled access to resources also develops
during the later Holocene. During the latest Holocene, the general ethnographic pattern of resource
intensification (e.g., mass capture and storage of salmon), collector-like settlement patterns with winter
village occupation, and complex social organization appears to have developed (Ames and Maschner,
1999).
Historical Context
Lt. Peter Puget extensively researched and charted the southern reaches of the Sound that now
bears his name. Puget embarked upon his expedition in the predawn darkness of May 20, 1792. Ironically,
his first contact with natives took place several hours later at a location very near Dash Point. According
to Puget’s log, he observed women foraging on the beach for foodstuffs. Upon being discovered, the
women immediately retreated to the safety of the wood line and a band of men soon appeared. Goods
were exchanged and the groups parted peaceably (Morgan, 10).
Tribal groups who also resided in the area included the Puyallup. A relatively peaceful existence
between the settlers and the Native peoples was disrupted shortly after Governor Isaac Stevens compelled
Native peoples to absolve themselves of land claims, through treaties. The tribal groups occupying the
White and Green River valleys were expected to gather themselves onto reservations and remain there,
freeing their usual and accustomed lands for non-Native settlers to claim. Some tribes acquiesced to the
treaty-driven development pressure. Others, wishing to stand their ground, decided to fight the relocation
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process. In 1855, animosity between the groups broke out into full confrontation and skirmishes known as
the Treaty Wars of the Cascades (Stein, 1999).
History of Federal Way
Although settlers began pouring into the Puget Sound region in the 1850s, this portion of Federal
Way was not immediately settled. The community of Federal Way was largely unsettled until the so-
called Indian Wars of 1855-56. The need to quickly move troops and their supplies necessitated the
construction of a road between Fort Steilacoom and the hastily constructed blockhouses that ringed Elliot
Bay. The construction of Military Road opened larger portions of the Greater Puget Sound Basin to then
untapped extractive resources and for long-term settlement.
According to Government Land Office maps, our subject property was first settled by Alexander
Barrett who first laid claim to the property in 1872 (BLM). The first permanent settler to Federal Way
was Samuel Stone who established a land claim (approximately one mile east of the subject property) on
Poverty Bay just one year earlier (Stein, 1999). The neighborhood where the client’s property is located is
known as Palisade Heights (King County, 2023). According to Denfeld, cultural resources manager for
Joint Base Lewis McChord, no blockhouses were constructed in Federal Way during this period (Denfeld,
2012).
From the 1860s to the 1950s, the lands remained relatively unchanged, with commercial logging
followed by rural farming (Scott, 2008). During the Good Roads initiative, a works project was
undertaken in 1915 to create a road from the Canadian Border to California. This road, more commonly
known as Highway 99, was also referred as ‘the federal way.’ The “Federal Way” was improved and
paved during the Great Depression. The post-war expansionism and corresponding baby boom
necessitated an influx of available single-family residences in the area (Boyle, 2017). A survey of historic
aerial photographs and topographic maps indicates that this area was sparsely settled until 1964. A
Catholic retreat center was established to the east, while single-family residences slowly began popping
up to the west. However, it was not until 1977 that growth was seen in the immediate vicinity of the
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subject property. In 1982, the home sited on the Afrasiabi property was erected. Multiple attempts were
made to incorporate Federal Way, the first attempt being made in 1971. After three unsuccessful attempts,
Federal Way was finally incorporated as a city-run government by a vote of its citizens in 1990.
Chain of Ownership
Kambiz Afrasiabi purchased the property in 2022 from Omar Abdul-Hadi. Abdul-Hadi had
acquired the property from the Horan Family Trust. Members of the Horan family had held this parcel
since 2011 (Assessor-Treasurer, 2023). The home was likely remodeled during the ownership of Mr.
Abdul-Hadi.
Historic Properties
According to the WISAARD database there are twelve historic-era structures recorded within one
mile of the property; the National Register eligibility of three were considered ‘undetermined’ while the
other nine were considered ‘not eligible.’ There are no registered--or register eligible--properties within
one mile of the Afrasiabi property. GLO maps did not indicate the presence of any historic-era features.
There are two perennial streams less than a mile distant: Joe’s Creek immediately to the east and Dumas
Creek approximately a quarter of mile beyond.
Aerial photos of the area taken between 1936 and 1980 showed no significant development
activity taking place on the Afrasiabi property. Residential properties begin appearing in the vicinity in
1964. Prior to the land being cleared, the Afrasiabi property was heavily forested. The aerial photos do
not indicate any logging activity took place at this location (NETRO, 2023).
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Previous Archaeology
There are two archaeological sites in close proximity to the Afrasiabi Property: KI00058; and
KI00732. KI00058 is described as a midden of shellfish in dark soil near the mouth of Lakota Creek;
KI00732 is a highly disturbed midden of shell containing bone fragments and fire modified rock. The site
is 6.5 meters long and is found on two parcels of private property on Poverty Bay. Both sites are on
relatively level bank as the land meets the shore, and not on a steep bluff like the Afrasiabi parcel.
Cultural Resource Surveys
Fourteen cultural resource surveys have been conducted in close proximity to the Afrasiabi
property over the years. Due to the large number of reports, the data obtained from these secondary
source materials have been tabulated. See Table 1.
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Cemeteries
The nearest cemetery is more than two miles distant. No graves were present on the data layers in
close proximity to the project parcel.
NADB Specialist Title
Date
(YMD)Study Area Materials Found Conclusions Recommendations
1339814 Nelson, Margaret A.
Heritage Resource Investigations at
the Proposed Ventana Development,
Federal Way, WA 1998-12-01 <10 acres
Historic-era
debitage
Unlikely to find
cultural materials
Inadvertent Discovery
Plan for future work
1346116 Dampf, Steven K.
Subsurface Archaeological Survey,
Lakehaven Utility District, Lakota
Beach Pressure System, King
County, WA 2005-04-15 <1 acre
No evidence of
cultural material
found
Further testing
warranted for
scope of project
Inadvertent Discovery
Plan for future work
1346888 Shong, Michael & Chris J. Miss
Shell Midden Discovery During a
Proposed Bulkhead Installation in the
Lakota Community of Federal Way,
King County, WA 2006-02-09 <1 acre
Shell midden 6.5m
in length
(45KI00732) Potentially eligible Avoidance
1347361 Dougherty, Richard D.
An Archaeological Survey of the
Property on the Shore of Dumas
Bay, King County, WA 2006-05-19 <1 acre
No evidence of
cultural material
found
No further
investigation
warranted
Proponent should
proceed
1349511 Luttrell, Charles T.
Cultural Resources Investigations for
the Washington State Parks and
Recreation Commission Dash Point
State Park Sanitary Sewer
Improvements Project, King County,
Washington 2007-02-00 1 acre
No evidence of
cultural material
found
No further
investigation
warranted
Proponent should
proceed
1352176 Berger, Margaret
Cultural Resources Assessment for
the Lakota Wastewater Treatment
Plant Outfall Realignment Project,
Federal Way, King County, WA 2008-09-30 <1 acre
No previously
unrecorded cultural
material found
No further
investigation
warranted
Inadvertent Discovery
Plan for future work
1681844 Shong, Michael & Chris J. Miss
Results of Archaeological Monitoring
at the Bessler Property 2854 SW
300th Place, Federal Way, King
County, Washington 2011-11-30 <1 acre
Shell midden 6.5m
in length
(45KI00732) Potentially eligible Avoidance
1682117 Shong, Michael & Chris J. Miss
Report of Damage Assessment for
Site 45KI732 at 2854 SW 300th
Place, Federal Way, King
County, Washington, Emergency
Archaeological Excavation Permit
No. 2012-08. 2012-03-29 <1 acre
Shell midden 6.5m
in length
(45KI00732)
moderate to heavy
disturbance to
45KI00732
Mitigation and data
recovery
1683112 Hartmann, Glenn D.
the Archbishop Brunett Retreat
Center Bulkhead and Beach Access 2012-06-01 <1 acre
1683638 Flenniken, J. Jeffrey & Pam Trautman
Proposed Montgomery/Featherstone
Bulkhead Project, 2820 SW 300th
Place, Parcel 416660-0140, Federal
Way, King County, WA 2012-08-20 <1 acre
Minimal potential for
cultural resources
No Historic
Properties
Affected
Proponent should
proceed
1686740 Trost, Teresa & Jana Boersema
Archaeological Survey for
Residential Construction on Tax
Parcel 4166600210, Federal Way,
King County, Washington 2012-03-08 <1 acre
No previously
unrecorded cultural
material found
No further
investigation
warranted
Inadvertent Discovery
Plan for future work
1686761 Shong, Michael & Chris J. Miss
Results of Monitoring Geotextile
Fabric Installation and Patio
Excavation at 45KI732; Bessler
Property, Federal Way, King County,
Washington. 2012-08-23 <1 acre
Shell midden 6.5m
in length
(45KI00732)
Some disturbance
to 45KI00732
Inadvertent Discovery
Plan for future work
1691815 Shong, Michael & Loralee Hudson
Results of Cultural Resources
Survey at 3030 SW 300th Place,
Federal Way, King County,
WA. 2015-09-14 <1 acre
No significant
cultural materials
found
Unlikely to find
cultural materials
Inadvertent Discovery
Plan for future work
1691832 Flenniken, J. Jeffrey & Pam Trautman
Proposed Adkisson Bulkhead
Project, 2816 SW 300th Place,
Parcel 416660-0130, Federal Way,
King County, Washington 2015-05-00 >1 acre
Minimal potential for
cultural resources
No Historic
Properties
Affected
Proponent should
proceed
Table 1--Cultural Resource Surveys within one mile of the study area
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Traditional Cultural Properties
There are no recorded Traditional Cultural Properties within one mile of the project parcel.
Tribal Groups
The site is located near lands historically occupied by the Puyallup Indian Tribe. According to
data found in WISAARD, other Tribal governments which have expressed an interest in activities taking
place at the project site include (in alphabetical order) the Muckleshoot Tribe, the Snoqualmie Tribe, the
Squaxin Island Tribe, the Suquamish Tribe, and the Tulalip Tribe.
Survey Method
The principal investigator and team arrived on the site to evaluate the property’s potential for
archaeological deposits through pedestrian surface survey and subsurface investigation. On arriving at the
property, the owner’s representative showed the team the area of the large erosion channel and landslip in
the backyard of the property (Figure 2-5). Although this slip exposed the soil horizon, this area was
covered by thick plastic sheeting to prevent further erosion (Figure 4). Given the steepness of the bluff it
was unsafe to investigate this area in person. A soil exposure under the house was visually inspected from
a safe distance confirming that the house is constructed on a mechanically cut terrace of thick Kitsap
series soil. The area was too unstable to provide the team with an opportunity to conduct subsurface tests
at that location. See Results below.
Results
Only roughly 2,600 square feet of the 45,000 square-foot parcel is at the top of the bluff and is
not covered by the house or concrete; this area includes the landscaped front, back, and side lawns (Figure
2). The lawns are grass-covered, and the back and side yards are cut-and-leveled terraces where the
12 | Stevenson Archaeological Assessment
original Holocene soil deposits were removed when the home was constructed. The front yard has a slight
slope but has also been modified, and no evidence for the original Holocene deposit was seen in the test
probes.
Six small shovel tests were excavated to determine the presence/absence of Holocene deposits
and potential for cultural materials (Figure 2). All six probes exhibited imported topsoil/sod 10-20 cm
thick overlying Kitsap series loam, with no cultural materials or charcoal present. All the mole hills in the
yard were examined, and not cultural materials or charcoal was noted. The extensive modifications to the
property cut and leveled terraces for house construction and landscaping has removed any portion of the
original Holocene soils, with the possible exception of the southwest edge of the property (along SW
Dash Point Rd)(See Figure 2). No ground disturbance will happen in this portion of the property.
Conclusion and Recommendations
No cultural materials were noted on the parcel and given the extensive modifications to the
landform done to construct the house, the potential for undiscovered cultural resources on the property is
effectively zero. No further cultural resources survey or monitoring is recommended, and the slope
stabilization project should proceed.
Attestation
Scott S. Williams and Russell Holter are Cultural Resource Specialists meeting all applicable
state and federal professional standards. This report meets the King County report guidelines. To the best
of our knowledge the report is accurate at the time of its authorship.
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References Cited
Assessor-Treasurer Information Portal
2023. Seattle, WA: King County.
https://blue.kingcounty.com/Assessor/eRealProperty/Dashboard.aspx?ParcelNbr=6613500030 .
Bagley, Clarence B.
1929. History of King County, Vol. 1. Chicago: S. J. Clarke Publishing Co. 712-727.
Berger, Margaret.
2008. Cultural Resources Assessment for the Lakota Wastewater Treatment Plant Outfall
Realignment Project, Federal Way, King County, WA. Bainbridge Island, WA: CRC Inc. NADB:
1352176.
Boyle, Susan, and Rhoda Lawrence
2017. Mid-Century King County: A Context Statement on Post-War Residential Development.
Seattle, WA: BOLA-Architecture.
Dampf, Steven K.
2005. Subsurface Archaeological Survey, Lakehaven Utility District, Lakota Beach Pressure
System, King County, WA. Seattle, WA: Historical Research Associates. NADB: 1346116.
Denfeld, Duane C. (Ph.D.)
2012. Forts of Washington Territory, Indian War Era 1855-1856. Seattle, WA: HistoryLink.org.
https://www.historylink.org/File/10087.
Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation
2023. Washington Information for Architectural and Archaeological Resource Data
(WISAARD). Last accessed, April 23, 2023. www.dahp.wa.gov.
Dougherty, Richard D.
2006. An Archaeological Survey of the Property on the Shore of Dumas Bay, King County, WA.
Lacey, WA: Dougherty PhD. NADB: 1347361.
Flenniken, J. Jeffrey & Pam Trautman
2012. Proposed Montgomery/Featherstone Bulkhead Project, 2820 SW 300th Place, Parcel
416660-0140, Federal Way, King County, WA. Royal, AR: Lithic Analysts. NADB: 1683638.
2015. Proposed Adkisson Bulkhead Project, 2816 SW 300th Place, Parcel 416660-0130, Federal
Way, King County, WA. Royal, AR: Lithic Analysts. NADB: 1691832.
Hartmann, Glenn D.
2012. Cultural Resources Assessment for the Archbishop Brunett Retreat Center Bulkhead and
Beach Access Improvements Project, Federal Way, King County, WA. Bainbridge Island, WA:
CRC Inc. NADB: 1683112.
Kozloff, Eugene N.
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1976. Plants and Animals of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.
Kruckeberg, Arthur
1991. The Natural History of Puget Sound Country. Seattle, WA: University of Washington
Press.
Luttrell, Charles T.
2007. Cultural Resources Investigations for the Washington State Parks and Recreation
Commission Dash Point State Park Sanitary Sewer Improvements Project, King County,
Washington. Olympia, WA: Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission. NADB:
1349511.
Morgan, Murray
1979. Puget’s Sound: A Narrative of Early Tacoma and the Southern Sound. Seattle, WA:
University of Washington Press.
Nelson, Margaret A.
1998. Heritage Resource Investigations at the Proposed Ventana Development, Federal Way,
WA. Seattle, WA: Northwest Archaeological Associates Inc. NADB: 1339814.
NETROnline
2023. Historic Aerials Viewer. Available: https://www.historicaerials.com/viewer. Accessed:
April 22, 2023.
Pojar, Jim & MacKinnon, Andy
1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Vancouver, BC: Lone Pine Publishing.
Shong, Michael & Chris J. Miss
2006. Shell Midden Discovery During a Proposed Bulkhead Installation in the Lakota
Community of Federal Way, King County, WA. Seattle, WA: Northwest Archaeological
Associates Inc. NADB: 1346888.
2011. Results of Archaeological Monitoring at the Bessler Property 2854 SW 300th Place,
Federal Way, King County, Washington. Seattle, WA: Northwest Archaeological Associates Inc.
NADB: 1681844.
2012. Results of Monitoring Geotextile Fabric Installation and Patio Excavation at 45KI732;
Bessler Property, Federal Way, King County, WA. Seattle, WA: Northwest Archaeological
Associates Inc. NADB: 1686761.
Shong, Michael & Loralee Hudson
2015. Results of Cultural Resources Survey at 3030 SW 300th Place, Federal Way, King County,
WA. Seattle, WA: Northwest Archaeological Associates Inc. NADB: 1691815.
Stein, Alan.
1999. Thumbnail History of Federal Way. Seattle, WA: HistoryLink.org. Federal Way --
Thumbnail History - HistoryLink.org.
15 | Stevenson Archaeological Assessment
Stevenson, John E.
2023. Personal communications with the authors.
Trost, Teresa & Jana Boersema
2012. Archaeological Survey for Residential Construction on Tax Parcel 4166600210, Federal
Way, King County, WA. Seattle, WA: Cascadia Archaeology, LLC. NADB: 1686740.
Washington: A Guide to the Evergreen State.
1941. Portland, OR: Binford and Mort Publishers.
Waterman, Thomas T.
1922. Geographical Names Used by Indians of the Pacific Coast. Geographical Review 12,
(no.2): 175-194.
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Figures
Figure 1. Project Area, USGS Tacoma North Quad Map (2020).
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Figure 2. Aerial view of Afrasiabi property showing location of the slide in yellow, and shovel probes
indicated in red.
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Figure 3. View to north of head of erosion gully and slide area. Note concrete deck hanging in space.
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Figure 4. View to southwest of erosion and slide area, looking upslope.
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Figure 5. Overview of terraced backyard; hedge to left is 8-ft vertical cut bank. View to West.
21 | Stevenson Archaeological Assessment