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Planning Comm PKT 02-14-2007 February 14,2007 7:00 p.m. City of Federal Way PLANNING COMMISSION City Hall Council Chambers AGENDA 1. CALL TO ORDER 2. ROLL CALL 3. APPROVAL OF MINUTES 4. AUDIENCE COMMENT 5. ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT 6. COMMISSION BUSINESS . STUDY SESSION Proposed Amendments to the City's Shoreline Master Program 7. ADDITIONAL BUSINESS 8. AUDIENCE COMMENT 9. ADJOURN Commissioners Hope Elder, Chair Dave Osaki Merle Pfeifer Wayne Carlson Kevin King (Alternate #2) Dini Duclos, Vice-Chair William Drake Lawson Bronson Richard Agnew (Alternate #1) Caleb Allen (Alternate #3) City Staff Kathy McClung, CDS Director Margaret Clark, Senior Planner E. Tina Piety, Administrative Assistant 253-835-2601 11'1''''. ci Ivoffedera/wllv. COlli K:\Planning Conunissionl2007\Agenda 02-14-07.doc CITY OF FEDERAL WAY PLANNING COMMISSION December 20,2006 7:00 p.m. City Hall Council Chambers MEETING MINUTES Commissioners present: Hope Elder, Dave Osaki, Dini Duclos, Merle Pfeifer, Lawson Bronson, and Wayne Carlson. Commissioners absent: Bill Drake (unexcused). Alternate Commissioners present: Kevin King and Caleb Allen. Alternate Commissioners absent: Richard Agnew (excused). Staff present: Senior Planner Lori Michaelson, Assistant City Attorney Amy Jo Pearsall, and Administrative Assistant E. Tina Piety. Chairperson Elder called the meeting to order at 7:00 p.m. ApPROV AL OF MINUTES Commissioner Duclos moved and it was seconded to adopt the November 8, 2006, minutes with the change that Commissioner Osaki was not present at the November 8, 2006, meeting. The motion was carried. AUDIENCE COMMENT None ADMINISTRATIVE REpORT None COMMISSION BUSINESS STUDY SESSION - Proposed Amendments to Business Park (BP) and Community Business (BC) Zoning Districts Ms. Michaelson delivered the staff report. She stated that research still needs to be done. Staff hopes to have the public hearing on this project in February. The proposal would rename the BP zone to Commercial Enterprise (CE). The new CE zone would also incorporate BC zoned property located south of South 339th Street (if extended); except the property located south of South 336th Street and west of SR-99 and the property located at . the northwest comer of SW Campus Drive and 151 A venue South (Kitts Comer and Winco property). Commissioner Pfeifer expressed concern over auto body repair shops. Auto body repair shops are different from automotive mechanical repair. Will they be allowed? Ms. Michaelson responded that automotive mechanical repair is currently allowed as a principal use in the BC zone, but body repair and painting must be accessory. Staff is proposing both mechanical and body repair be allowed as a principal use in both the BC and new CE zones. It is proposed to eliminate senior housing from the CE zone, or require it to be part of a mixed-use development. Currently, senior housing is allowed in the BP zone (which will become the CE zone). Subject to further research, the only senior housing that staff is aware of that would be affected by this change is Mitchell Place. Commissioner Duclos expressed concern that making Mitchell Place nonconforming by eliminating it as a use in the CE zone could affect the funding for Mitchell Place. She asked what other useslbusinesses would be made nonconforming by this change. Ms. Michaelson replied that information would be included in the public hearing staff report, but use nonconformances are expected to be minimal. Ms. Michaelson stated that staff is still researching the numbers for the proposed height increase for hotels/motels and mixed use housing. Other text amendments they are researching include (among other things) whether multifamily density caps are needed and decreasing the amount of open space required for multifamily and including private space (i.e. decks) as part ofthe open space. K\Planning Conunission12006\Meeting Summary 12-20-06.doc Planning Conunission Minutes Page 2 December 20, 2006 Commissioner Duclos asked what the zoning will be for the Kitts Comer property. Ms. Michaelson responded that the zoning for this property is governed by a development agreement and the proposed amendments do not affect this property. Commissioner Duclos stated that the city should not make any current uses nonconforming because it restricts what the owner can do with the use. Commissioner Hope agreed with her. The Commission discussed rezoning the Mitchell Place property and Commissioner Bronson suggested that the property be rezoned as part of these amendments. Ms. Michaelson and Ms. Pearsall explained that rezoning Mitchell Place would be a site-specific rezone (which would be part ofthe comprehensive plan update) and a separate request would have to be made to the city and that request would be part of the next comprehensive plan update. The process could take a year or more. Commissioners expressed dismay that the city is contemplating a change that would make Mitchell Place nonconforming and that the process to bring it into conformance could take a year or more. Commissioner Pfeifer stated that while the proposed amendments may by good for a majority of property owners in this area, it is not true for all of them. Who came up with this geographic line? Why is the Kitts Comer property not included? Ms. Michaelson replied that Kitts Comer, Christian Faith Center, and a few smaller properties were not included because their zoning is governed by concomitant agreements, and/or the current use is not incompatible with industrial uses. Originally, the City Council considered one zoning district for BP and Be. Staff suggested it would be better to have two zoning districts, with some changes, and the Council agreed with this approach. Commissioner Carlson stated that the nonconforming issue aside, he likes the proposed separation of heaver industrial uses. For light industry/manufacturing, he would like more of an idea of how they will work. He images they would be manufacturing to sell on site (i.e. making jewelry in the back room to sell in the shop), but would it include manufacturing of items to be sold elsewhere? The CE zone seems more appropriate for such manufacturing, even if it is a small business. Ms. Michaelson said the definition will be crafted to ensure very limited manufacturing and a principal retail use. . Commissioner Osaki asked for a map of the entire city showing the entire BC zoning. If senior housing is allowed in the BP zone, why not the CE? He likes the amendment, but is concerned with traffic in regards to industrial uses. He wants a traffic analysis preformed. Ms. Michaelson replied that the SEP A process will address traffic. Commissioner Bronson commented that the proposed amendments make the city less attractive for industrial uses. There has been a downturn the last 20 years for manufacturing (and thereby of business looking for property for industrial uses), but that ,does not mean the downturn will continue. He has seen some resurgence of heavy industry and is concerned that Federal Way could lose potential businesses because of the proposed amendments. Ms. Michaelson noted that heavy industry would continue to be allowed in the CE zone and there will be more total land available in the proposed CE zone than currently available for such uses in the exiting BC zone. ADDITIONAL BUSINESS None AUDIENCE COMMENT None ADJOURN The meeting was adjourned at 8:01 p.m. K:\Planning Conunission12006\Meeting Summary 12-20-06.doc CITY OF FEDERAL WAY PLANNING COMMISSION MEMO DATE: February 14,2007 TO: Planning Commission FROM: Isaac Conlen, Acting Senior Planne~L_ - SUBJECT: Shoreline Master Program Update Beginning in early 2006 staff, with the help ofthe consulting firm ESA-Adolfson, has been working to update the City's Shoreline Master Program (SMP). As required by the Department of Ecology we have prepared the following draft work items: Public Participation Plan Shoreline Inventory, Characterization and Map Folio Environmental Designation Map Amended Goals and Policies Restoration Plan Amended Shoreline Regulations Cumulative Impact Analysis All of the above items are included in your packet. Please see the attached PowerPoint slides for an overview. It's a lot of information. If you'd like, please focus your review on the Environment Designations Map, Draft Goals and Policies, Shoreline Regulations and Restoration Plan. These are the items we will focus our presentation on. Including the February 14,2007 meeting, we have a total of three Planning Commission meetings scheduled for this topic. We have tentatively scheduled the public hearing for March 7, 2007 (although this can be rescheduled to the following meeting if necessary). An additional meeting is scheduled for March 28, 2007 (Special Meeting - if needed). Attachments: (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) (I) PowerPoint Slides Draft Public Participation Plan . 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'A. 11, a ~ ~ ~ = I.i;l!l ~~ ~a ~(Wm~Q~~ ~a ~~~ ~a ~~ ~a [:ljj~_~ @a _~rmJMml~~ ';-.............. \. t ,......::.~:z.... -' C.:::i IiiI ~\\~~ LJ 0-~'~'" ~__~__l 17 ~ CITY OF .,. '7 Federal Way Shoreline Master Program Update - Public Participation Plan City of Federal Way, Washington Q:iI <;L Q~~ II ~ \l '. '-, \ \' \ t ~l Q ~ ~ , . o "'" ~ <iIiI '" ~, an, Cl ''''\.' ~ \ , , , 0', \ f.l " " lSo II... ~ \1 '\, ~ :?l,' "'~o \, a~ ~'_Q .~1"<. o'!. ,;" ~, a a " '0 c" . ;;~~~~:~." - ~ """ ~ , a .", 00 q Prepared by: EnviroVision Corporation and Adolfson Associates, Inc. March 15, 2006 EXHIBIT 13 P~GE OF City of Federal Way's SMP Update -Public Participation Plan ' Introduction Washington State's Shoreline Management Act (SMA) requires jurisdictions that contain "shorelines of the state" within their boundaries to periodically update their Shoreline , Master Programs (SMP's). The City of Federal Way is beginning the process of updating their SMP and must complete the update by July 2007. Federal Way's updated SMP will be used as a planning document that will set policy and regulation for the City's shoreline areas, including adjacent upland areas in the shoreline jurisdiction within 200 feet of designated shorelines. The three primary areas of focus of SMP updates are to; accommodate reasonable and protective uses of the shoreline, protect shoreline environmental resources, and protect the public's right to access and use the shorelines (RCW 90.58.020). These protections are designed to meet the overarching policy of the Shoreline Management Act which is to ensure that "the public's opportunity to enjoy the physical and aesthetic qualities of natural shorelines of the state shall be preserved to the greatest extent feasible consistent with the overall best interest of the state and the people generally." Since public use and enjoyment of the shorelines is a principal factor in developing the planning document, it is imperative that the public has opportunities to participate in the process. The following details the Public Participation Plan for this project. Goals of the Public Participation Plan RCW 90.58.130 and WAC 173-26-090 and 100, require that local governments inform the people of the state about the planning process and invite and encourage participation by all who have any interest or responsibility related to shorelines, The goal of the Public Participation Plan is to provide a guide to proactively encourage public participation throughout the SMP update process. The City of Federal Way is committed to encouraging coordinated and effective public involvement. Overview of City and Shorelines The City of Federal Way is located in the southwest corner of King County, 25 miles south of Seattle and 8 miles north of Tacoma. With over 85,800 residents occupying a land area of 22.5 square miles, it is the eighth largest city in the state of Washington. The SMP update will also cover the city's Potential Annexation Area (PM) east of Interstate-5 (the SMP will not be effective in the PM, however, until the area annexes into the city). The PM is approximately 4,400 acres and is home to approximately 20,000 people. Federal Way and its PM are located between Puget Sound and the Green River Valley. Because of its geographic setting, it has some exceptional water resources including eight miles of Puget Sound shoreline, five major stream systems, seven lakes (within the city limits) and several unique wetlands. Additionally five major lakes are' located within the PM. The shorel,i~es alo~tl;'~~~~~~~a~er systems are where ", f, o t '~ ~i 1'" .. .~, p .; " Enviro Vision Corp. 1 March 15, 2006 City of Federal Way's SMP Update -Public Participation Plan community members live, work, and play and therefore are of great value to the residents of Federal Way. Roles and Responsibilities The City of Federal Way is responsible for all aspects of the SMP update. The City will be the primary regulator, with Washington State Department of Ecology (Ecology) acting in a support and review capacity. 'Ecology is also required to approve some permits and must approve new or amended shoreline master programs. The primary contact for Federal Way's SMP update is: Isaac Conlen City of Federal Way P.O. Box 9718 Federal Way, WA 980.63-9718 (253) 835-2643 isaac.conlen~citvoffederalway. com Key Parties Local governments must consult with interested parties throughout the ,process of developing a SMP. Federal Way will involve representatives from the following: , ' o Residents of Federal Way o Puyallup Tribe o Muckleshoot Tribe o Friends of the Hylebos o Lake Associations , o Property/Business owners in the shoreline environment o Federal Way City Council o Federal Way Land Use and Transportation Comrriission (LUTC) o Federal Way Planning Commission ' o City of Des Moines o City of pacific o City of Milton o City of Fife o City of Algona o City of Kent o City of Edgewood o City of Tacoma o King County o Pierce County o Department of Ecology o Department of Fish and Wildlife o Department of Natural Resources Enviro Vision Corp. 2 , March 15, 2006 City of Federal Way's SMP Update -Public Participation Plan o Department of Community, Trade and Economic Development o State Office of Archaeology and Historic PreserVation o NOAA Fisheries o US Fish and Wildlife Service o WRIA 9 o WRIA 10 Some of these parties will be involved on committees in a review capacity while others, will be informed and invited to participate throughout the process. ' Other stakeholders not included as key parties in the list above may also be notified directly during the public involvement process. These other stakeholders may include homeowner associations, environmental groups or others. Notification to these stakeholders may be accomplished via email or other means as the shoreline management planning process proceeds. ' Public Participation Strategy The City of Federal Way has developed a strategy to ensure there is effective public participation throughout the process. The primary methods to be employed are: ~ Formation of a technical advisory committee (T AC) consisting 9f appropriate technical representatives of affected Tribes, state and federal agencies and other affected agencies to provide input and revieW of work products. ~ Formation of a citizen advisory committee (CAC) consisting of local residents, businesses and , stakeholders to proVide input and review work products. ~ Development of a public outreach program to .inform community members. ' ~ Updating the City Council, Planning Commission, and LUTC periodically. . By utilizing all of these methods, the City shall exceed the mandates of Washington State to involve all interested parties in the update of the SMP. Further details regarding these primary methods are as follows: Enviro Vision Corp. 3 March 15, 2006 City of Federal Way's SMP Update -Public Participation Plan Technical Advisory Committee (TAC)1 The T AC will consist of technical representatives of affected Tribes and other agencies such as D~partment of Natural Resources, Ecology, Department of Fish and Wildlife, King County, neighboring jurisdictions, etc. These representatives will be asked t6 provide comments and suggestions on work products developed for each task. Citizen AdVisory Committee (CACl The CAC will consist of local residents and stakeholders and may include representatives from groups such as Homeowner Associations, the North lake Steering Committee, the Steel lake Advisory Committee, lake Geneva Property Owners Association, Chamber of Commerce, Friends of the Hylebos Wetlands, etc. It will be important that the CAC-represent a cross section of interest groups and public values. Meetings will provide a forum to review the technical work, discuss issues and suggest solutions. Three meetings are tentatively scheduled at this time. By establishing a committee of citizens, the City is encouraging direct input in 'the process. Based upon public interest to date, this component of the, public participation plan may need to be eliminated or delayed. The City will continue to solicit members for the CAC and also rely on other elements of its public outreach program to encourage citizen participation. Public Olitreach Program In addItion to providing the forum of the CAC as a way for community members to be involved, the City will also set-up a public outreach program to ensure that the broader population is also informed. Some key elements,of this program include: .Website3: Adding a page to the City's current website where community members can access draft documents and maps, view the schedule, check for meeting notices, obtain contact information and submit comments. This will create one central location where the latest information can be obtained. The City calendar could also contain key dates in the development of the SMP. · Open house: Hosting an open, house at a convenient location will allow for the broad dissemination of information (Le. maps, proposals, etc.) and opportunity for comment. In addition, project staff and City personnel will be on-hand to answer questions from community members and address any concerns. I Federal Way has already sent invitations to participate in this committee. 2 Federal Way has already sent invitatipns to partiCipate in this committee. In addition, the City has solicited for members through a press release and by posting a hotice on itswebsite. 3 The City has already developed a page on it's website for SMP'related material. EnviroVision Corp. 4 March 15, 2006 City of Federal Way's SMP Update -Public Participation Plan . Public meetinqs: Providing opportunity through the Planning Commission, LUTC and City Council that allow for public input and participation. . Public hearinq: Organizing a public hearing for the draft proposal will provide the community with the forum to include their comments into the public record. . Mailinq list: Maintaining a list of interested parties would provide the ' City with another avenue to keep. the public informed throughout the update process. Notices of comment periods; public hearings or open houses could be sent to parties on the mailing list. . Comments: Establishing multiple means for submitting comments wiil allow for interested people to choose their preferred way to provide input. Methods can include on..:line comment forms, written comment forms at the open house, public hearing testimony, and a direct email address for comments. The City will consider all comments received and will respond in aggregate or individually. . Public notices: Notice of the open house and public hearing will be placed on the City's website, public access channel, posted at City Hall and local library branches and published in at least one local newspaper (Le. Federal Way Mirror, Federal Way News, Tacoma News Tribune or Seattle Times). Updates to City Council, Planning Commission and LUTC In order to meet the overallo\;>jective of adopting an updated SMP by July 2007, it is important to keep interested parties at all levels adequately informed from the beginning of the process. Through periodic meetings with the planning commission and LUTC, concerns can be addressed as they surface. These meetings also provide another opportunity for other interested parties to obtain information on the process. For the final task of adopting the SMP, workshops have been scheduled to allow for thorough discussion of the SMP's details. Enviro Vision Corp. 5, March 15, 2006 City of Federa/Way's SMP Update -Public Participation Plan Timeline The City of Federal Way is aware that developing and maintaining a schedule will contribute to the successful adoption of the SMP. By laying out this tentative schedule at the start of the process, the public is aware of key dates where input is especially critical. The following timeline highlights key public involvement opportunities: February .9;'2006' March 9, 2006 March 15, 2006 March 27, 2006 April 26, 2006 May 31,2006 May 31 , 20.06 June 7, 2006 June 7,2006 September 13,'2006 October 25, 2006 October 25, 2006 November 1,2006 November 6, 2006 November 29, 2006 February 7,2007 February 21,2007 March 7 , 2001 March 19, 2007 April 2, 2007 April 17, 2007 May 1, 2007 June 29, 2007 'invlts.mOn'~ettt3r~to"(;AC " Introductory letter to TAC Public participation plan to Ecology T AC comments due on inventory T AC comments on intentory maps T AC comments due on conditions report CAC meeting on <;onditions report Informational update to,Planning Comm. Open HoLi~e , , CAC meetingbnSMPgoals and policies TAC comments due on draft SMP and restoration plan CAG ,m~~tin9 ,on draft SMP and 'r~stQr:atiorl,pl~1;l Planni~g Comrn.Meeting ,lUTG meeting T Ac comments(:fue on cumulative impact analysis Planning Comm. workshop , planning COffirn.,public hearing Planning Comm. meeting- recommendation lUTC workshop lUTCmeeting ~ recommendation City Council ordinance - first reading City Council ordinance - second reading SMP to Ecology If there are modifications to the timeline, the schedule on the City's website will be updated. This plan will meet the requirements for public involvement opportunities in the SMP update process. Modifications may be made if needed. Enviro Vision Corp. 6 March 15; 2006 EXHIBIT ,.., (./ PAGE OF WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOGY GRANT No.G06001 19 BUDGET BILL ESSB 6090 CITY OF FEDERAL WAY SHORELINE INVENTORY Be CHARACTERIZATION REPORT DRAFT PREPARED FOR: CITY OF FEDERAL WAY AUGUST 1, 2006 PREPARED By: Adolfson Associates, Inc. 5309 Shilshole Avenue NW, Ste 200 Seattle, Washington 98107 206.789.9658 [If" ~''lf. ; ~ ~- City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization CONTENTS I NTR 0 D U CTI 0 N ...............................:................................................................................ 1 Background and Purpose.. ..........;........................................................ .......................... 1 Report Organization.................................................................................... .................. 1 Regulatory Overview....................................,....:............................. .......... ....................2 Shoreline Planning Areas................................................................. ..'...........................4 M ETH 0 DS ...........,............................................................................................................ 5 Data Sources....................................................................:.............. ...............................5 Approach to Characterizing Ecosystem-Wide Processes and Shoreline Functions ..... 7 Approach to Inventory and Characterization of Regulated Shorelines at the Reach Scale.......... .......... ........ ................................. .......... ....... .......................... 7 3.0 ECOSYSTEM-WIDE PROCESSES & RELATIONSHIP TO SHORELINE FUNCTIONS 8 3.1 Watershed Context....................................................................................................... 8 3.2 Biological Resources............ ....................................................................................... 13 3.3 Major Land Uses and Shoreline Uses......................................................................... 14 3.4 Key Processes Related to Shoreline Functions ...................................................:...... 15 4.0 NEARSHORE/COASTAL pLANNING AREA INVENTORy...................................:...... 24 4.1 Physical Features........ .......... ................................................ ........................... ...........24 4.2 Biological Resources...... ........... .............. ......................................................... ...........32 4.3 Land Use Patterns..........:........................... .................................................................. 41 5.0 FRESHWATER LAKES PLANNING AREA INVENTORy............................................. 46 5.1 Physical Features........................................................................................................ 47 5.2 Biological Resources............................................. ...................... .................................53 5.3 Land Use Patterns..................... .......................................... .........................................60 6.0 RESTORATION AND OPPORTUNITY AREAS............................................................. 66 6.1 Coastal Areas / Nearshore Environment..................................................................... 67 6.2 Freshwater Shoreline Lakes........................................................................................ 70 7 .0 DATA GAPS .......... ................. ...... .......................... ........... ...... ........................................73 8.0 CON C L U S ION S .............................................................................................................. 73 8.1 Coastal Puget Sound................................................................................ ............ .......73 8.2 Freshwater Lakes........................................................ ............:...................................74 REF E R EN C ES ........................................................................................................................... 76 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3' LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix A - Map Folio LIST OF TABLES Table 1. City of Federal Way Shoreline Planning Area ............................................................................... 5 Table 2. 303(d) Water Quality Exceedances in Federal Way and its PAA..............................................., 13 Table 3. Shoretypes, Modifications and Landslides, and Toe Erosion...................................................... 25 Table 4. Net Shore-drift Direction, Sediment Size, Beach Width............................................................... 25 Table 5. Ecology Slope Stability Map Designations .................................................................................. 30 August 2006 .' f t:J:,~it.,f j,{' ~~i\ .,. y.'"'6~ . . "..,,l; . */1 ,?-.ol),.~ /; :fl>.{~"" '1,; .l jd;-\~{ .....,.....__~ ' 'Y _......"......._..__ ' . City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization Table 6. Shellfish Population Densities in Southern WRIA 9....................................................:................. 37 Table 7. Forage Fish Species .........................,.......,.................................................................................. 39 Table 8. Land Use, Zoning, and Shoreline Environments ......................................................................... 43 Table 9. Federal and State, Listed Threatened and Endangered Species in Federal Way. ...................... 55 Table 10. Existing Land Use ................................,......................................................:..............................61 Table 11. Land Use, Zoning, arid Shoreline Designations ........................................................................62 August 2006 pageii City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization 1 ~O INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background and Purpose The purpose of this study is to conduct ,a baseline inventory and characterization of conditions relevant to the shoreline resources ofthe City of Federal Way (City), Washington. According to Substitute Senate Bill (SSB)60l2, passed by the 2003 Washington State Legislature, cities and counties are required to amend their local shoreline master programs (SMPs) consistent with the Shoreline Management Act (SMA), Revised Code of Washington (RCW) 90.58 and its implementing guidelines, Washington Administrative Code (WAC) 173-26. The City is updating its SMP with the assistance ofa grant from the Washington Department of Ecology (Ecology) (Grant Agreement No. 00600119). A first step in the comprehensive update process is development of a shoreline inventory and characterization. The inventory and characterization documents current shoreline conditions and provides a basis for updating the City's SMP goals, policies, and regulations. This characterization will help the City identify existing conditions, evaluate existing functions and values of its shoreline resources, and explore opportunities for conservation and restoration of ecological functions. This study characterizes ecosystem-wide processes and how these processes relate to shoreline functions. Processes and functions are evaluated at two different scales: a watershed or landscape scale, and a shoreline reach scale. The purpose of the watershed or landscape scale characterization is to identify ecosystem processes that shape shoreline conditions and to determine which processes have been altered or impaired. The intent of the shoreline reach scale inventory and characterization is to: 1) identify how existing conditions in or near the shoreline have responded to process alterations; and 2) determine the effects of the alteration on shoreline ecological functions. These findings will help provide a framework for updates to the City's shoreline management policies and regulations, which will occur later this year. This shoreline inventory and characterization report was prepared by Adolfson Associates, Inc. with technical assistance from Enviro Vision Corporation, Coastal Geologic Services, and Shannon & Wilson, Inc. ' 1.2 Report Organization The information in this report is divided into seven main sections. The introduction discusses the purpose of this report and describes the regulatory context for shoreline planning. The second section describes the methods, approach, and primary'data sources ~sed for this inventory and characterization. The third section provides an overview of ecosystem-wide processes and how they affect shoreline ecological functions in the City of Federal Way. The fourth section discusses physical features and biological conditions in or immediately adjacent to the Puget Sound shoreline in Federal Way. The fifth section addresses these conditions for the freshwater lakes in the City and its Potential Annexation Area (P AA). The sixth section describes opportunities for conservation and restoration of shoreline areas in the City. The seventh section identifies data gaps and provides recommendations for addressing those gaps. Finally, the last section provides the overall conclusions of the shoreline inventory and characterization report. August-2006 page 1 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization Appendix A of this report is a map folio that includes several figures that identify the City's approximate shoreline planning area and document various biological, land use, and physical elements at a variety of scales. ' 1.3 Regulatory Overview '1.3.1 Shoreline Management Act and Shoreline Guidelines Washington's Shoreline Management Act (SMA) was passed by the State Legislature in 1971 and adopted by the public in a referendum. The SMA was created in response to a growing , , concern among residents of the state that serious and perman~nt damage was being done to shorelines by unplanned and uncoordinated development. The goal of the SMA was "to pr~vent the inherent harm in an uncoordinated and piecemeal development of the state's shorelines." While protecting shoreline resources by regulating development, the SMA is also intended to provide for appropriate shoreline use by encouraging land uses that enhance and conserve shoreline functions and values. The primary responsibility for administering the SMA is assigned to local governments through the mechanism oflocal SMPs. The Washington Department of Ecology is responsible for reviewing and approving local master programs, approving some permit decisions under the SMA, and developing guidelines for the development and amendment of local master programs. The state guidelines (WAC 173-26) establish an overarching framework of goals and policies thatare implemented through local master programs, which contain goals, policies, and use regulations for each city and county. Local SMPs are based on state guidelines but tailored to the specific conditions and needs of individual communities. Local SMPs are also meant to be a comprehensive vision of how the shoreline area will be managed over time. 1.3.2 Shoreline Jurisdiction Under the SMA, the shoreline jurisdiction includes areas that are 2.00 feet landward ofthe ordinary high watermark (OHWM) of Waters that have been designated as "shorelines of statewide significance" or "shorelines ofthe state." These designations were established in '1972 and are described in WAC 173-18. Generally, "shorelines of statewide significance" include portions oIPuget Sound and other marine waterbodies, rivers west of the Cascade Range that have a mean annual flow of 1,000 cubic feet per second (cfs) or greater, rivers east of the Cascade Range that have a mean annual flow of200 cfs or greater, and freshwater lakes with a surface area of 1,000 acres or more. "Shorelines ofthe state" are generally described as all marine shorelines and shorelines of all other streams or rivers having a mean annual flow of 20 cfs or greater and lakes with a surface area 2.0 acres or greater. Under the SMA, the shoreline area to be regulated under the City's SMP must include all shorelines of statewide significance, shorelines of the state, and their adjacent shore lands, defined as the upland area within 200 feet ofthe OHWM, as well as any associated wetlands (RCW 90.58.030). "Associated wetlands" means those wetlands that are in proximity to and either influence or are influenced by tidal waters or a lake or stream subject to the SMA (WAC 173-22-.030 (1)). These are typically identified as wetlands that physically extend into the shoreline jurisdiction, or wetlands that are functionally related to the shoreline jurisdiction August 2006 page 2 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization through surface water connection and/or other factors. The specific language from the RCW describes the limits of shoreline jurisdiction as follows: Those lands extending landward for two hundred feet in all directions as measured on a horizontal plane from the ordinary high water mark; jloodways and contiguous jloodplain areas landward two hundred feet from such jloodways; and all associated wetlands and river deltas (RCW 90.58.030(2)(f)). Local jurisdictions can choose to regulate development under their SMPs for all areas within the I OO-year floodplain ora smaller area as defined above (RCW 90.58.030(2)(f)(i)). 1.3.3 City of Federal Way Shoreline Master Program The City has two main types of water bodies that are regulated under the SMA and the City's SMP (Figure 1). The City is bound on the west by the lower Puget Sound marine coastal shoreline, which is designated a "shoreline of statewide significance." There are also several freshwater lakes under SMA regulation within the City limits. These include Steel Lake, the northwestern shore of Lake Killarney, and North Lake. The City of Federal Way in conjunction with the county and other local municipalities has identified an area largely to the east ofthe City and the Interstate 5 corridor for future annexation. This area is in the King County designated Urban Growth Area (UGA) and is referred to as the City's Potential Annexation Area (PAA). Lakes subject to SMA regulation located within the City's PAA include Star Lake, Lake Dolloff, Five Mile Lake, Lake Geneva, and the remaining portions ofLilke Killarney. The freshwater lakes are all designated as "shorelines of the state." Lakes or portions thereof in the PAA (as well as the eastern shore of North Lake) are currently regulated under the King County SMP. State Master Program Guidelines (WAC 173-26-150 and 176-26-160) give local jurisdictions the option to plan for shorelines in designated Urban Growth Areas and P AAs. The Ecology grant for the City of Federal Way requires that the City plan for shorelines of the state, which lie within the PAA. However, regulated shorelines in the PAA would continue to be regulated under the provisions of the King County SMP until the City annexes those areas. King County is required to update its SMP for shorelines throughout unincorporated portions of the County, including designated UGAs, by the end of2009. ' There are no rivers or streams in Federal Way regulated Ullder the SMA. However, the headwaters ofHylebos Creek lie within the City. Downstream portions of Hylebos Creek, where the East and West Forks converge, are regulated shorelines ofthe state within the Cities of Milton, Fife and Tacoma. At the time of incorporation in 1990, the City of Federal Way adopted the King County SMP. In 1998 and 1999, the City developed and adopted its own local SMP. Shoreline management goals and policies are contained in the land use element ofthe Federal Way Comprehensive Plan' (FWCP, Section 2.8.5). Shoreline development regulations and permitting procedures are codified in Chapter 18, Article III, ofthe Federal Way City Code (FWCC g18-161 through g18- 176). August 2006 page 3 City of Federal W(1Y Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization Local SMPs establish a system to classifY shoreline areas into specific "environme~t designations." The purpose of shoreline environment designations is to provide a uniform basis for applying policies and use regulations within distinctly different shoreline areas. In a regulatory context, shoreline environment designations function similarly to zoning overlay districts. That is, they do not change the underlying zoning or other applicable land use regulations, but provide an additional layer of policy and regulations that apply to land within the SMP jurisdiction. Generally, environment designations should be based on biological and physical capabilities and limitations of the shoreline, existing and planned development patterns, and a community's vision or objectives for its future development. During development of its current SMP, the City evaluated the natural and built characteristics of its shoreline jurisdiction and developed four. shoreline environment designations: Natural, Conservancy Residential, Rural, and Urban. A variety of other regulatory programs, plans, and policies work in concert with the City's SMP to manage shoreline resources and regulate development near the shoreline. The City's Comprehensive Plan establishes the general land use pattern and vision of growth the City has adopted for areas both inside and outside the shoreline jurisdiction. Various sections of the City's municipal code are relevant to shoreline management, such as zoning and stormwater management. The City's development standards and use regulations for environmentally critical areas are particularly relevant to the City's SMP. Designated environmentally critical areas are found throughout the City's shoreline jurisdiction, including streams, wetlands, frequently flooded areas, aquifer recharge areas, geologic hazard areas, and fish and wildlife habitat conservation areas. . 1.4 Shoreline Planning Areas The approximate extent of shoreline jurisdiction within the City of Federal Way and in its P AA is shown on Figure 1, and referred to as the "shoreline planning area." In general, this extent represents: · 200 feet from the mapped waterline edge (to approximate OHWM) ofthe Puget Sound coastal shoreline; · 200 feet from the mapped waterline edge of seven freshwater lakes - Steel Lake, Lake Killarney, North Lake, Five Mile Lake, Star Lake, Lake Dolloff, and Lake Geneva; · All special flood hazard areas currently mapped by FEMA that are associated with Puget Sound, streams discharging to Puget Sound, and the freshwater lakes; and · All mapped wetlands that lie adjacent and contiguous to the areas above. This approximate extent of shoreline jurisdiction should be considered useful for planning purposes only since its resolution is based on relatively coarse mapping. Site-specific delineation of floodplains, wetlands, and/or OHWM could result in modifications to the actual regulatory extent of shoreline areas. ' For purposes ofthe shoreline inventory and characterization, the shoreline planning area was divided into reach units. The coastal Puget Sound shoreline was divided into three reaches while each lake is designated its own reach. The extent and general description of the individual August 2006 page 4 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization shoreline reaches that comprise the City's shoreline planning area are summarized in Table 1. The rationale for delineating reach breaks is described in Section 2, Methods. Table 1. City of Federal Way Shoreline Planning Area General DescriR!i()n Coastal Puget Sound lA - East Coastal Puget Sound lB - Dumas Bay CO,astal Puget Sound lC - West Steel Lake 2 Star Lake 3 Lake Dolloff 4 Lake Geneva 5 North Lake 6 7 Lake Killarney 8 Five Mile Lake Total 1.67 From the City limits boundary with Des Moines on Puget Sound, near 151 A venue South, extending west to Dumas Bay 1.43 Dumas Bay 1.74 From Dumas Bay extending west to the City limits along the King/Pierce County line, including Dash Point State Park 1.69 Inside the City limits, west ofI-5. 1.33 Inside the northeast portion of the City's PAA, near the bound with Ci of Kent 1.81 Inside the northeast portion of the City's PAA, near 1-5 and Milit Road. 1.12 In the southeast portion of the City's PAA, southeast ofSR 18. 2.16 Inside the City limits, between 1-5, SR 18, and Milit Road 2.12 Partially in the City limits, partially in the southeast portion of the City's PAA, east ofI-5 and SR 18. 1.87 In the southeast portion of the City's PAA, near Military Road. Approximately 4.84 miles ofPuget Sound shoreline 16.93 and approximately 12.09 miles oflake shoreline. 2.0 METHODS The following data sources and methodologies were used to complete this inventory and characterization report. 2.1 Data Sources A number of City of Federal Way, King County, state agency, and federal agency data sources and technical reports were reviewed to compile this inventory and characterization, including but not limited to the following: · City of Federal Way Comprehensive Plan (2002); · City of Federal Way Surface Water Facilities Plan (1994); · City of Federal Way Potential Annexation Area Inventory (2002); August 2006 page 5 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization · Washington State ShoreZone Inventory (2001); · Coastal Zone Atlas of Washington, King County (1979); · The Catalog of Washington Streams and Salmon Utilization, Volume 1, Puget Sound Region (1975); · Washington State Department ofFish and Wildlife Priority Habitats and Species, Washington Lakes and Rivers Information System Database and Marine Resource Species information (2006); · Marine Shoreline Inventory Report - WRIA 9. Prepared for Seattle Public Utilities and' WRIA 9. (Anchor Environmental, 2004); and · Inventory and Assessment of Current and Historic Beach Feeding SourceslErosion and Accretion Areas for the Marine Shorelines of Water Resource Inventory Areas 8 & 9., Prepared by Coastal Geologic Services for King County Department of Natural ,Resources and Parks (Johannessen et at., 2005). · Final Report, Prioritization of Marine Shorelines ofWRIA 9 for Juvenile Salmonid Habitat Protection and Restoration. Prepared for WRIA 9 Technical Group. (Anchor Environmental, 2006). . A number of sources were also reviewed to characterize overall watershed and Puget Sound nearshore conditions and to assess the ecological function of the Federal Way shorelines in an ecosystem-wide context. Watershed- and Puget Sound-level condition sources reviewed for this report include: · Reconnaissance Assessment of the State of the Nearshore Report: Including Vashon and . Maury Islands (WRIAs 8 and 9) (2001); · Occurrence and Quality of Ground Water in Southwestern King County, Washington (1995); · Geology and Ground-Water Resources of Southwestern King County, Washington (1969); · Soil Survey of King County Area, Washington (1979); · Washington Trout Water Type Survey Results, South King County (2004); · Habitat Limiting Factors and Rec'onnaissance Assessment Report., Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watersheds (WRIA 9 and Vashon Island) (2000); and · Coastal Bluffs and Sea Cliffs on Puget Sound, Washington (2004). Historic and current mapping and aerial photographs of the study area were consulted, and staff biologists, geologists, and planners conducted a reconnaissance field survey of the City's shoreline jurisdiction at existing public access locations. Sources of information on cultural and historic resources included the Federal Way Historical Society website and consultation with the King County Historic Preservation Program and the Washington Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation. ' August 2006 page 6 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization 2.2 Approach to Characterizing Ecosystem-Wide Processes and Shoreline Functions ' SMA guidelines require local governments to evaluate ecosystem-wide processes during SMP updates. Ecosystem-wide processes that create, maintain, or affect the City's shoreline resources were characterized using an adapted version of the five-step approach to understanding and analyzing watershed processes described in Protecting Aquatic Ecosystems: A Guide for Puget Sound Planners to Understand Watershed Processes (Stanley et aI., 2005). This approach defines watershed processes as the delivery, movement, and loss of water, sediment, nutrients; toxins, pathogens, and large woody debris. The processes are qualitatively described using available reports and spatial information related to topography, geology, soils, land cover, and other themes. This approach is most appropriate at the watershed scale. However, conditions arid processes at the watershed scale inform local planning by providing a broader understanding of processes that influence shoreline conditions and functions. . Natural processes, and alterations to those processes, are described at a variety of geographic scales based on existing reports and readily available mapping information. No new quantitative analyses were performed to develop' the summaries and characterization included in this document. For marine shorelines, processes are described in the context of coastal processes in Puget Sound generally, and how those processes are affected by conditions in the Federal Way shoreline. For upland areas, processes'and conditions in areas outside of the shoreline jurisdiction; but which may influence shoreline conditions and functions, are described. Surface water drainage basins delineated by King County Surface Water Management were used to delineate areas that contribute flow to regulated waterbodies (i.e., Puget Sounrland freshwater lakes) in the City and its P AA. 2.3 Approach to Inventory and Characterization of Regulated Shorelines at the Reach Scale The inventory of Puget Sound and lakes at the shoreline reach scale is intended to characterize conditions in and adjacent to the. regulated waterbody. The shoreline planning area roughly approximates the regulatory limits of the City's SMP, and lakeswithin the City's PAA, as described in section 1.4. GIS data were used to quantify certain conditions in this area (e.g., spatial extent of zoning or l~md uses). Aerial photography, review of existing reports, and brief field reconnaissance were used to qualitatively describe conditions in the shoreline~ Reach boundaries are shown on Figure 1. Puget Sound was inventoried in three reaches, described above. Reaches were delineated based on significant changes in the physical and biological resource composition of the Puget Sound shoreline in the City. Reach lA, Puget Sound East, is characterized by variable topography (i.e., bluffs transitioning into lower gradient topography) and variable densities of development. Reach lB, Dumas Bay, is distinct as a marine bay and estuarine delta with several freshwater stream inputs. Reach 1 C, Puget Sound West, is characterized by variable topography, low-density development, and significant recreational open space at Dash Point State Park. Each freshwater lake was inventoried as one reach, due to the size and relatively consistent level of development of the lakes. August 2006 page 7 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization 3.0 ECOSYSTEM-WIDE PROCESSES & RELATIONSHIP TO SHORELINE FUNCTIONS The ecosystem-wide processes that form and maintain Federal Way's coastal/nearshore shorelines and freshwater lakes are focused on hydrology (i.e., the quantity and timing of surface flow and groundwater flow characteristics). These processes occur at a landscape or watershed scale and serve to form, maintain, or influence shoreline ecological functions. Examples of shoreline functions include habitat structure, nutrient filtering, and vegetation (which provides temperature control and organic inputs). Changes in land use patterns and development across the landscape, not solely at the water's edge, may change these processes and alter shoreline functions. Geographic areas that are important in maintaining these processes are discussed at the watershed scale generally, and more specifically in the vicinity of Federal Way and itsPAA. This section discusses the watershed context of Federal Way and its PAA and the key processes affecting shoreline functions for both the coastal Puget Sound and the freshwater lake shorelines. 3.1 Watershed Context Water flow drives many ecological processes; therefore a useful characterization study area is the watershed. Surface and groundwater flow in the watershed is controlled by climate, topography, vegetation, soils, and geologic conditions. In Washington State, watersheds at a large scale are organized into Water Resource Inventory Areas (WRIAs). The City of Federal Way is located within the Duwamish-Green River WRlA 9 and the Puyallup-White River WRIA 10 (Figure 2). An Inventory of Federal Way's marine or coastal shoreline was conducted in January of2004 as part ofa report prepared for Seattle Public Utilities and WRIA 9 (Johannessen et aI., 2005). This 2004/2005 inventory describes the coastal process in action along Puget Sound within the City. The freshwater shoreline lakes in the City are located at the headwaters of several drainage basins flowing to the two main watersheds. The Duwamish-Green River (WRIA 9) watershed encompasses lands within the City and P AA that drain to coastal areas, Mill Creek and the lower Green River, including Mullen Slough. The Mill Creek Sub-basin drains the PAA area to the east of the City, including the area around Lake Dolloff (Reach 2). The sub-basin stretches east and north of the City, eventually entering the Duwamish-Green Basin to the north of Auburn. The Lower Green River Basin drains the northwest corner of the City and the PAA to the northwest of the City, including the area around Star Lake (Reach 7). Water flow from this area of the City and PAA enters into Mullen Slough prior to draining to the Green River. The Lower Puget Sound Basin and its nearshore areas are included into the WRIA 9 area. The White River Basin (WRIA 10) drains the southwest areas of the City and the PAA, including the area around Five Mile Lake (Reach 1). The White River Basin joins with the Puyallup River Basin before entering Puget Sound at Commencement Bay. A large portion of the City and PAA lies within the Hylebos Creek Basin, including North Lake (Reach 5) and Lake Killarney (Reach 4) to the east. Hylebos Creek flows to the south beyond the City limits of Federal Way until the creek enters the Hylebos Waterway, a working seaport waterway in the City of Tacoma at Commencement Bay. August 2006 page 8 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization' 3.1.1 Climate Federal Way is located in the greaterPuget Lowlands of western Washington. This area, surrounding Puget Sound, has a maritime climate with cool winters, dry summers, and a distinct rainy season through fall and spring. The Federal Way area has recorded average January low temperatures of approximately 350 F and average July high temperatures of approximately 76 of. Precipit~tion in the Puget Lowlands varies considerably because of the effects of mountains. The Federal Way area receives between 35 and 40 inches of rain per year on average, with approximately 75 percent ofthe precipitation falling between October and March (Woodward et ai., 1995). Winds are generally from the southwest during the rainy season and from the northwest during the dry summer months. 3.1.2 Topography The Federal Way area watershed is located on a broad northerly-trending upland area (the Des Moines Plain) located between the Duwamish Valley and Puget Sound. The upland plateau largely lies between 200 to 400 feet above sea level. The area is bounded to the west by steep coastal bluffs and to the south and east by steep valley walls that lead down to the relatively flat, broad valley floors of the Puyallup and Duwamish Rivers (Figure 3). Topography on the surface of the plateau is characterized by elongate, north-trending hills with relatively low relief in the range of 40 to 100 feet. The surface has local closed depressions occupied by lakes and poorly drained areas occupied by wetlands and peat bogs. Streams draining the watershed are relatively short arid flow directly to Puget Sound or to the adjacent river valleys. Some of these streams have incised deep ravines into the coastal bluffs and valley walls. 3.1.3 Geology and Soils. The geology ofthe Federal Way vicinity is summarized by Waldron (1961) and Booth and others (2004 and in review). The geology along the marine shoreline is also documented in the Coastal Zone Atlas of King County (Washington State Department of Ecology [Ecology], 1979). Surficial geologic units are shown in Figure 4; soils classes are shown in Figure 5. The upland plain at Federal Way is underlain by a sequence of glacial and nonglacial deposits that overlie Tertiary bedrock. The depth to bedrock in the vicinity of the Federal Way is approximately 1,000 to 1,500 feet (Jones, 1996). The area has been glaciated six or more times in the past 2 million years. Each glacial advance likely left a sequence of deposits that consisted , of fine-grained lacustrine (lake) deposits, outwash sand and gravel, and till. Many ofthese deposits have been partially to completely eroded by subsequent glaciations or erosion during interglacial periods. The many lakes in the Federal Way area are formed within these glacially derived deposits. The most recent incursion of glacial ice into the central portion of the Lowland is called the Vashon Stade ofthe Fraser glaciation, which receded from the area about 13,500 years ago. That glaciation is responsible for the majority of deposits that make up the s~rface ofthe upland plain. North-trending elongate hills, or drumlins, that form the surface ofthe upland plain were shaped by the moving ice sheet. August 2006 page 9 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization The steep-walled troughs that define the Duwamish and Puyallup Valley to the east and south of Federal Way were probably constructed as glacial ice or subglacial streams cut into deposits of previous glacial advances (Mullineaux, 1974; Booth, 1994). FofIowing recession ofthe ice sheet, the troughs existed as historic embayments ofPuget Sound. The troughs were filled principally by estuarine deposits, lahars and lahar derived sediment from Mount Rainier, and alluvium ofthe White and Green Rivers (Dragovich and others, 1994). Glacial and non-glacial deposits that predate the Vashon Stade are exposed in the steep walls of the troughs. Steep coastal bluffs that define the western City limits of Federal Way were probably formed by coastal erosion following retreat ofthe ice sheet and regional drop in relative sea level (Shipman, 2004). Wave erosion at the base of the coastal bluffs, along with landsliding and mass wasting, have caused episodic but continual retreat ofthe shoreline. Landslide and mass-wasting deposits are exposed along these cliffs, along with older glacial and non-glacial sediments. Most soils, exposed at the ground surface within the study area are glacial deposits left during the most recent ice-sheet advance (Waldron, 1961; Booth and others, 2004). Lodgment till mantles much of the upland area in the vicinity of Federal Way (Figure 4). The till is a poorly sorted mixture of gravel, sand, silt, and clay deposited at the base of a glacier. Till is typically very dense due to compaction by the overriding ice. Such deposits have very low permeability and often act as aquitards, restricting the downward flow of groundwater. . Recessional outwash and recessional lacustrine deposits overlie the till in places on the upland plain. These sediments were deposited in topographic lows in the till surface where meltwater streams drained from the receding glacier, such as along the headwater areas of Mill Creek (Figure 4). The recessional outwash deposits typically consist of well-sorted sand and gravel. Recessional lacustrine deposits generally comprise silt and clay. Peat deposits are found on the surface of the plain on top of poorly drained lacustrine deposits or on top of outwash deposits that are underlain by till at shallow depths. The peat deposits are commonly associated with larger wetland areas within the watershed (Figures 4 and 5). Underlying the till are thick deposits of sand and gravel separated by finer grained layers of clay and silt or tight, well-graded soils, such as till from previous glaciations. These layers comprise several aquifers and aquitards within the subsurface and control subsurface water movement to the shorelines and adjacent valleys. 3.1.4 Surface and Groundwater There are five major stream systems in Federal Way, including West Hylebos Creek, Cold Creek, Joe's Creek, Lakota Creek and Redondo Creek (Figure 6). The City's surface water bodies also include several lakes, only two of which (Steel and North Lakes) are considered shorelines of the state; these are: Steel, Panther, Easter, Mirror, Lorene, Jeanne, and North. In addition, many unique, rare and useful wetlands and bogs are spread throughout the city, including West Hylebos Wetlands State Park and Fisher's bog. The Federal Way watershed lies within the South King County Groundwater Management Area. Information concerning groundwater recharge, monitoring, contamination, and management specific to the Federal Way area is readily available on the King County Groundwater August 2006 . page 10 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization Management website (http://dnr.metrokc.gov/wlr/wq/groundwater-data.htm). Groundwater and hydrology of the watershed is described by Luzier (1969) and Woodward et al. (1995). Additional analysis and groundwater protection planning are being conducted under King County's Groundwater Management Program. The upland surface has several small lakes and numerous streams that flow short distances from the upland area to the shoreline and adjacent valleys (Figure 6). Precipitation falling within the watershed is conveyed directly to lakes and streams by surface runoff or travels in the subsurface as groundwater flow. Water from precipitation generally soaks into the ground, but during heavy rainfall the ground quickly becomes saturated, inhibiting further infiltration. Water that is unable to infiltrate travels down slope across the ground surface as stormwater runoff. Surface runoff may erode soil, which is conveyed to streams and eventually to the shoreline ofPuget Sound. Impermeable surfaces such as pavement, rooftops, or compacted ground increase stormwater runoff. Conversely, vegetation promotes infiltration by intercepting rainfall, effectively spreading precipitation events over longer periods oftime and reducing peak flows and associated sediment transport. Vegetation also reduces erosion by holding soil in place and reducing splash erosion. Poorly drained areas of the upland plateau are the sites of former or existing wetlands. Wetlands regulate the flow of water within a watershed by storing water during precipitation events, slowing the conveyance of water from the upland to the shoreline, and increasing infiltration. Development has reduced the number and area ofwetIands in the upland plateau, causing higher volumes and peak rates of storm water runoff. Water that infiltrates into the grouQd generally flows downward until impeded by less permeable soils and then flows laterally to a body of water or to a slope face where it may emerge as springs , or seeps on the hillside. A portion of the groundwater, however, will percolate downward through lower-permeability soils to underlying more permeable soils or aquifers. Because of the complex stratigraphy of soils in the Puget Lowland, several aquifers exist within the subsurface. For the uppermost aquifer beneath the till, groundwater flow is radially outward from a groundwater high that lies beneath Star Lake (Woodward et aI., 1995). Several deeper aquifers 'exist within outwash deposits in older glacial drift. Groundwater highs for the uppermost of these aquifers are situated to the south of Star Lake and just south of DumaS Bay. 3.1.5 General Coastal Processes The shores of Federal Way encompass 4.8 linear miles from the intersection of Redondo Beach Drive South and 1st A venue in Des Moines southwest to the King-Pierce County line (DNR 2001). The major factors influencing the beaches of Federal Way include the local geology, fluvial systems, and variable degrees of wave exposure and development. The beaches of Federal Way are generally of two different characters, eroding bluffs or estuarine shores, with varying degrees of development and related shore modifications (Figure 7). The coastal zone is a dynamic environment, and human actions can easily alter the natural system. Therefore, it is important for communities to understand potential impacts of land use. General coastal processes are well summarized in the Coast of Puget Sound by Downing (1983) August 2006 page 11 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization and by Shipman (2004). Steep, gradually receding bluffs back much of the shoreline in Federal Way. Over time, the bluffs erode and recede landward, providing sediment to the shore. Prior to construction of bulkheads and other structures that were intended to protect property from wave and tidal action, intermittent landslides occurred along bluff shores, although natural bluff recession rates were generally quite slow in most ofPuget Sound. Sediment that accumulates at the base of the bluff helps to protect the bluff from further erosion and reduces the recession rate. Sediment from eroded bluffs may enter the intertidal zone within the nearshore, where it is subject to transport by waves and water currents (Figure 7). Prevailing winds and waves cause littoral drift, which is the movement of loose sediment along the shore, primarily within the intertidal zone. Sediment that is sufficiently small, typically sand, is suspended for short durations by wave action and is transported along the shore parallel to the beach. Gravel is tran~ported by rolling (saltation) as a result of storm waves, and plays an important role in beach stability. The direction of drift transport is generally in the direction of prevailing winds, which may differ in the summer and winter. The predominant, or net-shore drift direction is the most important consideration for coastal processes (Figure 7). Where natural net-shore drift is blocked, beach processes are altered. Transported sand and gravel accumulates on the updrift side of shore obstructions (the side opposite the net-shore drift direction) and is depleted on the downdrift side of obstructions by blocking the transport of drift material. Such obstructions include human-built structures such as bulkheads, breakwaters, groins, docks, and boat ramps. In areas where the beach is depleted, erosion accelerates. Shoreline armoring using bulkheads and other hardened structures eliminates the transport of sediment to the beach from natural upland sources. The elimination of sediment supplied to the shore also results in an increase in erosion processes along the beach. Owners of property adjacent to the shore commonly construct rock or concrete bulkheads to protect the bank or bluff from erosion. Such measures can increase beach depletion as wave energy is reflected rather than absorbed. The shoreline processes and conditions along the Federal Way coastline ~re summarized in the Net-shore Drift of King County (Chrzastowski, 1982), whiCh updated the coastal drift section of the Coastal Zone Atlas of King County (Ecology, 1979). These processes and conditions have been re-evaluated by Johannessen and others (personal communications) in work completed in 2005 for WRIA 9. 3.1.6 Water Quality The Washington Department of Ecology maintains a 303(d) list of water bodies where tested pollutants exceed thresholds established by the state surface water quality standards (WAC 173- 201A). Section 303(d) of the Federal Clean Water Act requires Washington State to periodically prepare a list of all surface waters in the State for which beneficial uses of the water, such as drinking, recreation, aquatic habitat, and industrial use, are impaired by pollutants. Lakes and streams that do not appear on the 303(d) list may fall short of that pollutant threshold, but may not be free of pollutants. In addition, not all streams, or all stream reaches are tested as part of this process. Therefore, absence from the 303(d) list does not necessarily indicate that the waterbody is not impaired. The 1998 303(d) list was the last one submitted to and approved by the federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). A preliminary draft of Washington State's 2004 303(d) list is currently available for public review. Although not yet approved by EPA, the listings are included below. August 2006 page 12 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization Table 2 shows the waterbodies within the City and its P AA that were listed in both the 1998 , approved 303(d) list and the proposed 2004 list, as well as the water quality parameters that exceeded standards for the class of water tested. Several ofthe freshwater lakes and the Hylebos Creek are included on Washington State's 1998 303(d) list and 2004 proposed list. Table 2. 303(d) Water Quality Exceedances in Federal Way and its PAA W'ith:ill :::~. . CitylPAA " " Puget Sound Dioxins ./ Water Central Furans ./ Water Total PCBs ./ Water Steel Lake Fecal Coliform ./ Water Star Lake Fecal Coliform ./' Water Lake Dolloff Fecal Coliform ./ Water Lake Geneva Fecal Coliform ./ Water Lake Killarne Fecal Coliform ./ Water Five Mile Lake Fecal Coliform ./ Water Joe's Creek Fecal Coliform ./ ./ Water H Jebos Creek Fecal Coliform ./ Water Source: Washington State Department of Ecology. 2005 ./ ./ ./ ./ ./ ./ ./ ./ ./ ./ ./ The City ofPederal Way monitors the quality of streams within the city limits. Surface Water Management maintains and operates water quality instruments throughout the city that continuously detect and record pollutant levels of concern. In addition, biological monitoring is performed annually in selected streams to help us gauge the condition ofthe aquatic habitat, water quality, and overall ecosystem productivity. 3.2 Biological Resources Biological components ofthe watershed are important factors in maintaining ecosystem-wide processes along with hydrologic and geologic components. The presence of vegetation serves to intercept rainfall and increase infiltration of surface water runoff. Trees and native plants provide habitat for fish and wildlife and contribute large woody debris as habitat components in the shoreline. Wetlands also provide functions in a watershed context to protect the ecosystem- wide processes that protect shoreline functions. 3.2.1 Vegetation Historically, vegetation within the watershed was coniferous forest, deciduous riparian forest and wetland or other native habitat types. Vegetation existing today within the watershed is largely a function of the type and degree of residential and commercial development within the Federal Way area. Little natural vegetation remains within the urbanized City as it has developed in commercial, industrial, and low- to high-density residential land uses. Native vegetation is restricted to undeveloped areas, and includes land along existing wetlands and streams. In , addition, the areas preserving the greatest amount of native vegetation are the steeper slopes between the upland and lowland areas, and open s'pace areas, such as parks. August 2006 page 13 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization Native vegetation in undeveloped or less developed areas ofthe City comprises trees, such as Douglas fir, western red cedar, western hemlock, big-leaf maple, and red alder. Western red cedar, once dominant in wetter areas, is less common. Common upland understory plants include salal, ferns, Indian plum, Oregon grape, elderberry, oceanspray, salmonberry, and snowberry. Non-native plant species, such as Himalayan blackberry, cut-leaf blackberry, Scot's , broom and reed canarygrass, are also present within the forested habitats. Vegetation present in developed areas may include native plant species, but ornamentals or landscaping varieties are more prevalent. A reduction in native vegetation and primarily forested cover occurs as land is developed in urban uses. This conversion to impervious surfaces results in an overall increase in surface water runoff velocity, higher peak flows during storm events, lower stream baseflows, and an increase in erosion, sediment transport and turbidity in natural surface waters. 3.2.2 Wetlands Wetlands are an important component of a healthy watershed, providing functions such as floodwater storage, stormwater detention, water quality improvement, shoreline protection and habitat for fish and wildlife. In Federal Way, a wetland inventory was completed in 1999 that identified a total of232 wetlands, 170 of which were within the City limits and 55 of which were in the 'unincorporated P AA (Figure 6). Of all wetlands surveyed, more than half were less than 1 acre in size and more than 80 percent were less than 5 acres in size. Wetlands were rated using the City's three-tiered rating system that incorporates wildlife and plant species identified, ecological functions and other wetland characteristics (FWMC 18-28, Sheldon and Associates, 1999). The higher value Category I wetlands make up large portions of the total wetland acreage both within the City (50 percent) and the PAA (75 percent). Wetland inventoried in the City and its P AA are largely associated with existing lakes and streams. Within the City, wetlands were identified most frequently in association with West Hylebos Creek, Lakota Creek, and Joe's Creek. Within the PAA, wetlands were identified most frequently in association with Mill Creek and East Hylebos Creek. Several important wetlands and bogs occur throughout the city, including West Hylebos Wetlands State Park and Fisher's bog. 3.3 Major Land Uses and Shoreline Uses Historically, land use within the Federal Way area was predominantly timber-oriented. The U.S. Geological Survey created a Land Classification map ofth6 Federal Way area in 1897. Within 0.5 to 1.5 miles of the marine shoreline, forests had been harvested for timber and restocked for subsequent harvest. Further inland from the marine shoreline, the majority of lands, including those surrounding the freshwater lake shoreline areas, were classified as "uncut merchantable forests." Throughout the City area the map shows small, interspersed areas of clearing and human development both along the marine shoreline and inland areas. (USGS, 1897) By 1940, the development pattern in Federal Way was predominantly single-family homes located around lakes and along major roads (Figure 8). Vegetation had grown in some areas near the Puget Sound shoreline that had been previously harvested for timber. More significant August 2006 page 14 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization development in the vicinity has occurred since 1940, with subdivision development throughout the City and commercial development along and between the SR 99 and Interstate-5 corridors (Figure 8). Today, single-family residential development is the dominant land use, occupying approximately 42 percent of the land area in the City of Federal Way. Multi-family development occupies 11 percent of the total land area. Commercial developments (including office, retail, and industrial) occupy approximately 12 perceht ofthe City's land area and are located primarily in the downtown area, and along major transportation corridors including Pacific Highway South and Interstate 5. One percent ofthe land area is made up of religious services. Parks and public beaches occupy 6 percent of the City's land area. Vacant lands occupy approximately 12 percent ofthe City (City of Federal Way, 2002). ' 3.4 Key Processes Related to Shoreline Functions Ecosystem-wide processes that create, maintain, or affect the City's shoreline resources were characterized using an adapted version ofthe five-step approach to understanding and analyzing watershed processes developed by Ecology (Stanley et aI., 2005). This approach defines watershed processes as the delivery, movement, and loss of water, sediment, nutrients, toxins, , pathogens, and large woody debris. The key processes affecting shorelines in Federal Way and the factors and mechanisms that control them are discussed in this section. 3.4.1 Processes Affecting Marine Coastal Shorelines Federal Way beaches represent a commonly occurring beach character found in Puget Sound, having two distinct foreshore components: a high-tide beach and a low-tide terrace (Johannessen 1993). The high-tide beach consists of a relatively steep beachface with coarse sediment and an abrupt break in slope at its waterward extent. Sand in a mixed sand and gravel beach is typically winnowed from the high-tide beach by waves (Chu 1985) and deposited on the low-tide terrace. Extending seaward from the break in slope, the low-tide terrace typically consists of a gently sloping accumulation of poorly sorted fine-grained sediment (Komar 1976, Keuler 1979, Johannessen 1993). Lag deposits derived from bluff recession are also found in the low-tide terrace. These deposits are typically comprised of larger materials, ranging from cobbles to boulders. 3.4.1.1 Beach Composition and Sediment Sources Puget Sound beach composition is dependent upon three main influences: 1) wave energy, 2) sediment sources, and 3) relative position of the beach within a littoral cell. Wave energy is controlled by fetch; the open water over which winds blow without any iilterference from land. Within the Federal Way study area fetch is limited to 28 miles from the north (Adelaide to Indianola on the Kitsap Peninsula), and 5.5 miles to the northwest (Dash Point State Park to inner shores of Quartermaster Harbor). Segment exposure was classified by DNR's Shorezone inventory as "semi-protected" (DNR 2001). Eastern Federal Way marine shores have greater fetch than western shores that are protected by Vashon and Maury Islands to the north. The August 2006 page 15 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization northern orientation ofthe shore precludes the region's predominant and prevailing southerly winds from exerting high wave energy on the shore. Wind-generated waves gradually erode beaches and the toe of coastal bluffs, usually leading to landslides (Hampton and others 2004). These coastal bluffs are the primary source of sediment for most Puget Sound beaches, including the Federal Way study area (Keuler 1988, Downing 1983). Currently, 37 percent of the Federal Way's marine shores are comprised of eroding coastal bluffs (feeder bluffs; Johannessen et aI., 2005). Bluff composition arid wave energy influence the composition of beach sediment. Waves sort coarse and fine sediment and large waves can transport cobbles that small waves cannot. This results in relatively fine~grained beaches where wave energy is lowest, as these waves cannot transport coarse gravel. Additionally beaches supplied by the erosion of coarse gravel bluffs will differ in composition from those fed by the erosion of sandy sediment. The exposed strata ofthe eroding bluffs in the northeastern 'portion ofthe study area are of a different character than those of the southwestern shores, resulting in spatial variability in beach materials. Northeastern beaches are typically made up of coarse material, typically comprised of coarse sands with moderate pebble, due to the poorly-sorted, coarse grained strata that makes up the bluffs (Qmw; W A DNR 2001) (Figure 4). The bluffs ofthe southwestern portion ofthe study area are. composed ofVashon advance outwash deposits, which are predominantly composed of medium to fine-grained sand. As a result, beach material in the southwestern portion of the study area is finer grained and considerably sandier than the northeastern beaches of Federal Way (DNR 2001). In addition to the previously mentioned influences (wave energy and sediment sources), tidal range also affects beaches over time. Rosen (1977) demonstrated that the coastal erosion rate increases with decreasing tidal range. This is due to the focusing of wave energy at a narrow vertical band with small tidal range in comparison to the dissipation of wave energy over a large vertical band with a greater tidal range. The mean tidal range in the study area is roughly 10.5 to 11.9 feet or meso-tidal (2 - to 4 m range). This tidal range is lower than southern Puget Sound, which means that erosion will be primarily focused withi~ the 10.5 to 11.9 feet ofthe beach' profile exposed to tidal waters (excluding storm conditions). However, the majority of coastal ero~ion in the region occurs when high wind events coincide with high tides and act directly on the backshore and bluffs (Downing 1983). The majority of coastallandsliding occurs during and following prolonged high precipitation periods in the winter (Tubbs 1974, Gerstel et al. 1997, Shipman 2004). 3.4.1.2 Net Shore-drift Wind-generated waves typically approach the shore at an angle, creating beach drift and longshore currents t4at result in sediment transport through a process called littoral drift. Net shore-drift refers to the long-term, net result of littoral drift. Net shore-drift cells represent a sediment transport sector from sediment source to sediment sink (deposition area) along a portion of coast. Each drift cell acts as a system consisting ofthree components: 1) a sediment source and origin of a drift cell (typically an eroding bluff area); 2) a transport zone where materials are moved alongshore by wave action with minimal sediment input; and 3) an area of deposition that acts as the drift cell terminus. Deposition of sediment occurs where wave energy August 2006 page 16 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization is no longer sufficient to transport the sediment in the drift cell. Drift cells in the Puget Sound region usually range in length from 5 or more miles to just hundreds of feet. The Federal Way study area contains one entire drift cell and two partial drift cells. The general patterns of net shore-drift will be briefly described with more detailed descriptions of sediment sources and depositional areas presented in the reach scale inventory. The northeastern portion of the study area falls within drift cell KI-9-2 (also referred to as KI-10-1), which exhibits southwestward drift. The drift cell originates approximately 2.4 miles northeast ofthe City boundary (approximately 1,050 feet north of Saltwater State Park)., The drift cell terminates at a convergence with cell KI-1O-2 in the southwest comer of Dumas Bay. Cell KI-lO-2 originates east of a divergent zone at the southwestern headland that marks the western entrance to Dumas Bay. Divergent zones are the areas between drift cells where the net shore-drift direction changes. Cell KI-IO-2measures only 864 feet and exhibits southward drift. The western shore of the City, west of the divergence zone located west of Dumas Bay, marks the origin of cell KI-10- 3 (also referred to as cell PI -1-1). This cell exhibits southwestward drift and terminates outside the study area, at the cuspate foreland at Dash Point. 3.4.1.3 Coastal Bluff Landslides Coastal landslides typically occur during periods of high precipitation on bluffs with a combination of characteristics making the bluff more vulnerable to slope failure (Tubbs 1974, Gerstel et al. 1997). These characteristics include the underlying geology of a bluff or bank, its level of exposure (fetch), and the local hydrology (groundwater and surface water). As a result the exposed high-gradient bluffs and banks ofthe eastern and western portion of Federal Way are more susceptible to coastal landslides, relative to the central study area shore. . Landslides are more likely to occur in areas where there is a history of landslides or where the lower bluff strata is comprised of a consolidated impermeable layer (such as dense silt or clay) that is overlain by an unconsolidated permeable layer (typically sands; Gerstel et al. 1997). As water seeps through the permeable layer and collects above the imperm~able layer, a zone of weakness or "slip-plane" is created. This stratigraphic sequence is a common setting for mass wasting (landslides) in central Puget Sound. Recent mapping (Johannessen et al. 2005) documented recent landslides across 18 percent of the Federal Way study area. Undercutting of the toe ofthe bluff is the long-term "driver" of bluff recession (Shipman 2004, Keuler 1988). Bluffs that are exposed to greater fetch are subject to higher wave energy during storms, resulting in greater toe erosion and bluff undercutting, thus more frequent landslides (Shipman 2004). Recent bluff toe erosion was documented along 28.1 percent of the Federal Way shores (Johannessen et aI., 2005). Bulkheads reduce wave attack to blufftoes but can accelerate erosion of the beach (see Shore Modifications section, below). Storms that coincide with elevated water levels, such as a storm surge or extraordinary high-high tide, often initiate landslides in the Puget Sound region (Johannessen and Chase 2003). The wave attack caused by a storm that occurs in conjunction with heightened water level can produce dramatic toe erosion, which then undermines and destabilizes a larger portion of the bluff that may not fail (slide) until subsequent wet-weather months. August 2006 page 17 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization Two springs were mapped along the eastern bluffs of Federal Way, between Adelaide and the northeastern limit of the study area.,It is common to observe groundwater seeping from the bluff face following prolonged heavy precipitation. Periods of high rainfall intensity and duration (especially during saturated soil conditions) are the most common trigger of coastal landslides (Tubbs 1974, Thorsen 1987), such as those observed at New Years 1996-97 (Gerstel et al. 1997, Shipman 2001). Surface water volumes often increase and become more concentrated as a result of development of housing and roads. This is due to decreased infiltration and interception of water. Concentrated surface water can locally erode bluff crests while also saturating soils, which exacerbates "natural" slope stability problems along coastal bluffs and can trigger landslides (Shipman 2004). Runoffflowing down a driveway and rapidly across a lawn (which can absorb little water when wet) as sheet flow to the bluff face is an example of this process. Failed tightlines (constructed out of inexpensive and low-strength corrugated pipe) on a bluff face have often contributed to initiating coastal landslides in King County. Removal of bluff vegetation that results in a loss of root density and strength typically increases the likelihood offuture landslides (Schmidtet al. 2001, Zeimer and Swanson 1977, Bishop and Stevens 1964). Bluffs with significant modifications to both the natural drainage regime and vegetation pattern are particularly susceptible to landsliding. Reestablishment and maintenance of native vegetation cover or installation of a fibrous-rooted vegetation cover along with some type, of drainage control can reduce the likelihood of the bank failures (Gray and Sotir 1996, Menashe 2001, Roering et al. 2003). The slope stability mapping in the Coastal Zone Atlas was recently digitized by the Washington State Department of Ecology (1979). The mapping was originally performed in the 1970s using aerial photograph analyses and field reconnaissance. Seven "recent landslides" were mapped in the Federal Way shoreline planning area, predominantly located in the western portion ofthe county. Five historic landslides were identified, three of which were located along the eastern shores. The remaining slides were located in the western portion of the study area. 3.4.1.4 Fluvial Influences on the Nearshore Fluvial sources contribute to nearshore character and can act as an agent of change on the marine landscape. The quantity of fluvial sediment delivered to the nearshore depends up the nature of the hinterland: its elevation, the types of rocks and soil found there, the density of vegetation, and the climate (Komar 1976). The greater the volume of sediment, the greater influence on nearshore processes. In a regional, ecosystem-wide context, , the fluviai influence on the Federal Way nearshore is negligible since none of the streams in Federal Way discharge significant volumes of sediment to Puget Sound. 3.4.1.5 Shore Modifications A substantial portion of the Federal Way shoreline has been modified from its original state. Shoreline modifications observed within the study area include: riprap and revetments, bulkheads, fill, boat ramps and their associated footings. Approximately 38.4 percent of the linear shoreline has undergone such modifications, excluding filling which is not easily observed or formally inventoried (Johannessen et al. 2005). Modified shoreline segments vary in the August 2006 page 18 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characierization degree that they are modified. Each form of shore modification alters nearshore ecosystem function or processes in some way. , Riprap, Revetments, and 13ulkheads - Shore armoring or modifications that include covering the beach and/or backshore with riprap, a rockery, revetment or a bulkhead directly impact the nearshore. The effects of shore armoring on physical and biological processes have been the subject of much concern in the Puget Sound region (for example, Rice 2006). Macdonald, ,et al. (1994) completed a series of studies documenting the impacts to the beach and nearshore system caused by shore armoring at a number of sites. Additional studies on impacts from shoreline armoring have shown that in front of a bulkhead the suspended sediment volume and littoral drift rate all increased substantially compared to an adjacent unarmored shore (Miles 2001). A bulkhead-constructed near the ordinary high water mark (OHWM) in a moderate energy environment increases the reflectivity of the upper beach to waves substantially, causing backwash (outgoing water after a wave strikes shore) to be more pronounced. Increased backwash velocity removes beach sediment from the intertidal beach, thereby lowering the beach profile (Macdonald et al. 1994). A bulkhead constructed lower on the beach causes more impact. Construction of a bulkhead at or below OHWM results in coarsening of beach sediment in front of the bulkhead (Macdonald et al. 1994, Kraus 1988). Relatively fine-grain size sediment is mobilized by increased turbulence caused by the bulkhead (Miles 2001), and is preferentially transported away, leaving only the coarse material on the beach. This process also leads to the removal of large woody debris (L WD) from the upper beachface. Both of these impacts lead to changes in habitat along the armored portion of shore. A number of local hydraulic impacts often occur in response to a bulkhead. These include the formation of a scour trough (a linear depression) directly in front ofthe wall, probably as a result of increased reflectivity ofthe wave energy from the wall to the upper beach. Another hydraulic response is the formation of end erosion ("end effects"). This occurs at unprotected shores adjacent to the end of a bulkhead and is caused by wave refraction at the end of the bulkhead , , (Tait and Griggs 1991). "During storm" impacts, where seabed fluidization and scour occur at enhanced levels, may be pronounced in front of a bulkhead, but this process is not well understood. The groundwater regime is often modified by the construction of a seawall along the base of a bluff (Macdonald et al. 1994). An impermeable bulkhead that extends vertically above OHWM raises the groundwater table. This can cause increased pore pressure in beach sediment, leading to mobilization of beach sediment under lower energy waves, relative to unbulkheaded conditions. This effect is most pronounced at locations with fine-grained beach sediment. Of all the impacts of shore armoring in the Puget Sound area, sediment impoundment is probably the most significant negative impact (PSAT 2003, Pilkey 1988). Structures such as bulkheads, if functioning correctly, "lock up" bluff material that would otherwise be supplied to the shore drift system. This results in a decrease in the quantity of drift sediment available for maintenance of down-drift beaches. The negative impact of sediment impoundment is most pronounced when armoring occurs along a feeder bluff with a high sediment yield such as the bluffs approximately one-half mile east of Adelaide and in the western portion of the study area, just east of Dash PointState Park (Johannessen et a12005, Macdonald et al. 1994). Additionally, the extent of August 2006 page 19 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization cumulative impacts from several long runs of bulkheads is a subject of great debate in the coastal research and management communities. A comparison of current and historical bluff conditions in King County documented that prior to modifications 49.5 percent of Federal Way shores were comprised of feeder bluffs (sediment sources). When compared with current conditions (37 percent), this represents a 25.2 percent loss ofthe total historic sediment sources in the Federal Way nearshore (Johannessen et aI., 2005). As the bluffs in the study area continue to gradually recede, there will likely be an increasing desire for homeowners to build bulkheads. This would lead to further sediment impoundment and, further reductions in the natural sediment supplied to drift cells and nearshore habitats, and would therefore constitute a significant negative impact. Without this sediment, the beaches would become "starved," resulting in a reduction of the beach width and habitat degradation (Macdonald et al. 1994, Rice 2006). Beaches would also become more coarse-grained (Macdonald et al. 1994) as sand was winnowed out leaving a higher percentage of gravel. This would likely negatively impact forage fish spawning and other habitat values of county beaches (Rice 2006). This could also lead to an increase in coastal flooding and wave-induced, erosion of existing low-shore armoring structures and homes. Filling -Fill areas along the shores of Federal Way are not always obvious today; however, they quickly become apparent when comparing current and historic maps. For this purpose the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Surveys' Topographic maps (T-sheets) were compared with USGS 7.5 ' minute topographic maps. It appears that filling has taken place at several locations in Federal Way. The most obvious are at the estuaries in Dumas Bay and Dash Point State Park. The marsh in western Dumas Bay was historically considerably larger, but appears to have been reduced in size for residential development. The estuary in Dash Point State Park also appears to have been filled and channelized, possibly to reduce flooding and facilitate parking and recreational areas. Backfilling ofbulkheaded shores appears to have occurred near Adelaide, where a historic accretion shoreform previously occurred, and at the base of bluffs east of Dash Point State Park. 3.4.2 Processes Affecting Freshwater lake Shorelines Ecosystem-wide,processes that affect lake shorelines include specific actions related to hydrologic processes, sediment delivery, water quality and large woody debris. However, unlike large river systems where water flow is affected by factors across a greater watershed, lakes in Federal Way are located in the headwaters of drainage baSIns and are influenced by a' limited ar~a draining to these waterbodies. Lake processes are more easily altered by nearby land use modifications since they are directly tied to conditions in a smaller basin area. 3.4.2.1 Hydrology Water naturally enters a watershed through rain, snow, or movement of groundwater. Water moves within a watershed by surface water flow in rivers and streams, infiltrates and becomes groundwater, or is stored in wetlands, lakes, and floodplains. In a natural system, the movement and storage of water is generally controlled by physical conditions such as climate, topography, August 2006 page 20 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization land cover, and the permeability or infiltration capacity of soils and the underlying surficial geology (Stanley, et aI., 2005). Lakes in Federal Way have formed in shallow depressions remaining from glaciation on an upland plateau. These areas are in the headwaters of the drainage basin and are not affected by , larger-scale ecosystem-wide processes occurring within the rivers in WRIA 9 and 10. The lakes in Federal Way are important for maintaining stream baseflow for down gradient streams and rivers. Important areas for hydrologic processes affecting freshwater lakes in Federal Way include: . Saturated areas or areas, which with low permeability provide overland or shallow subsurface flow; . Lakes, low-gradient floodplains, and depressional wetlands, which provide surface water storage; and . Topographic slope breaks or contact areas between geologic deposits of differing permeability, which provide gr,oundwater discharge (i.e., retUrn to surface flow) (Stanley, et aI., 2005). Hydrologic processes influence the following shoreline functions: . Quantity and timing of flow affects hydrologic functions such as channel incision and flood storage; , . Quantity and timing of flow affects in-stream habitat functions such as channel complexity and habitat availability; and . Groundwater flow affects hydrologic and hyporheic functions such as baseflow and temperature, as well as habitat and vegetation functions related to species diversity. Groundwater flow affects these functions in both riverine and wetland ecosystems. 3.4.2.2 Sediment Delivery Sediment is naturally delivered to streams and river systems through surface erosion, mass wasting, and in-channel erosion. The delivery, movement, and storage of sediment is largely driven by hydrologic factors and generally controlled by physical conditions such as topography (gradient), land cover (vegetation), soil characteristics (erodibility), and the transport capacity or velocity of moving water (Stanley, et aI., 2005). Lakes in Federal Way do not naturally deliver sediment to downstream waterbodies, but rather serve as "sinks" for sediment from urbanized areas. As such these areas are more sensitive to urban development and inputs of sediment in surface water runoff. Important areas for sediment delivery and movement in Federal Way include: . Lakes, depresssional wetlands, floodplains, and depositional channels, which provide sediment storage (Stanley, et aI., 2005). Sediment processes influence the following shoreline functions: August 2006 page 21 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization . Sediment storage can protect downstream habitats from delivery of too much sediment input, which can adversely affect habitat. . Increases in sediment delivery to lakes can surpass the lake's capacity to assimilate sediment and adversely affect habitat and water quality., 3.4.2.3 Water Quality There are many processes at work that maintain or affect water quality in a watershed. This report focuses on the movement of phosphorus, toxins, nitrogen, and pathogens. Key processes include biotic uptake and decomposition, adsorption, and denitrification. The movement of water and sediment largely drives these processes, and they are generally controlled by physical characteristics such as biotic cover and composition, soil characteristics, and bacterial activity (Stanley, et aI., 2005). Lakes in Federal Way are important areas for uptake and adsorption of nutrients to purify waters to outlet streams ,and rivers. Wetlands associated with the lakes or those that drain to the lakes in Federal Way serve to protect lake water quality th~ough several mechanisms. Important areas for water quality related processes in freshwater lakes include: '. Depressional wetlands with organic, mineral, or clay soils, which provide adsorption of phosphorus, toxins, and pathogens (fecal matter); . High-permeability geologic deposits, which allow subsurface transport of pathogens while low-permeability deposits allow movement of pathogens via recharge; . Depressional wetlands, which can both provide nitrogen (nitrification) and remove nitrogen (denitrification); . Riparian areas with a consistent supply of shallow groundwater, which provide denitrification; and . Headwater streams, which can provide biotic uptake and decomposition, and/or adsorption of nitrogen (Stanley, et aI., 2005). Water quality processes influence the following shoreline functions: . Delivery and storage of nitrogen, phosphorus and toxins, and pathogens affect, functions such as denitrification and nutrient cycling. Habitat functions such as' invertebrate abundance and diversity, and food sources for fish, are also affected; and . Delivery of nitrogen, phosphorus, and pathogens affects these functions in both riverine and wetland aquatic ecosystems. 3.4.2.4 Large Woody Debris Large woody debris (L WD) consists of logs or trees that have fallen into a river or stream. In a natural system, L WD provides organic material to aquatic ecosystems and is considered a principal factor in forming stream structure and fish habitat characteristics. Riparian vegetation is the key source ofL WD. Large woody debris is primarily delivered to rivers, streams, or wetlands by mass wasting, wind throw, or bank erosion (Stanley, et aI., 2005). August 2006 page 22 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization Lakes in Federal Way are largely developed in residential uses and will not likely provide delivery ofL WD as a key function. Lakes may deliver woody debris to stream outlets, but this is not an important function of the lakes in an urban setting. Delivery of L WD provides habitat function within the lakes themselves along the lakeshore supporting both inwater and riparian habitats. Important areas for LWD delivery and movement in the lake of Federal Way include: . Forested areas adjacent to aquatic resources, which can provide L WD via windthrow; and . Low-gradient channels, which provide storage ofLWD and organic material, subject to the transport capacity of water (Stanley, et aI., 2005). The presence, movement, storage, and decomposition ofLWD influence the following shoreline functions: . Delivery of wood and organics affects vegetation and habitat functions such as lakeshoie habitat structure and species diversity; and ' . Riparian vegetation, especially L WD, provides habitat in the form of nesting, perching, and roosting as well as thermal protection, nutrients, and sources of food terrestrial insects) to a variety of wildlife species. 3.4.2,5 Shoreline Modifications Lakes in Federal Way are most commonly influenced by surrounding development, which affects ecosystem processes. Some ofthe most common alterations that impact lakes include: . Removing native shoreline vegetation; . Removing mature trees in upland and nearshore areas; . Armoring the shoreline using bulkheads; . Increasing impervious surface area in the watershed; . Increasing stormwater runoff into the lake; . Increasing fertilizer/pesticide runoff; and . Increasing docks or other in-water structures. These alterations affect shoreline processes through: . Loss of habitat, shade, and insects which are important for fish; . Increased sediment delivery, disturbing fish habitat and carrying pollutants; . Increased wave action that can increase beach erosion rates; . Loss of large woody debris for aquatic habitat; . Decreased water quality from stormwater ruQoff; . Increased rates of weed growth and algae blooms from increased nutrients; and . Increased water temperature leading to more algae blooms. August 2006 page 23 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization 4.0 NEARSHORE/COASTAL PLANNING AREA INVENTORY The purpose of this section of the report is to inventory and characterize conditions within the approximate boundaries ofthe City's nearshore/coastal shoreline planning area in greater detail and in the context of the larger watershed, or landscape scale characterization of ecosystem wide processes. The intent is to identify how existing conditions in the shoreline planning area , influence or contribute to alterations of processes that maintain aquatic ecosystems. The study area is shown on Figure 1 and subsequent figures as the City's shoreline planning area. 4.1 Physical Features 4.1.1 Coastal/Nearshore Processes and Modifications The physical condition of the Federal Way coastal shores is the dynamic result of numerous influences including geology, shoreline orientation, bathymetry, fetch, and geomorphology. Each , segment of shore within the study area falls within a distinct littoral drift cell, which is composed of a sedIment source, transport zone and depositional area (Figure 7). Sediment sources in the study area are predominantly eroding bluffs, commonly referred to as "feeder bluffs". Landslides and toe erosion commonly occur along these shores, where sediment is delivered to the nearshore and transported along shore by littoral drift. Smaller quantities of sediment are delivered to the nearshore by fluvial sources, though due to the small size of the streams and relatively low-flow, fluvial sediment sources in the area have only local effects on the nearshore. Transport zones are shores that are neither eroding nor accreting. Depositional areas, also referred to as accretion shoreforms, are typically located near the drift cell's terminus (Jacobsen and Schwartz 1981) and are associated with valuable habitats such as salt marshes, spits and pocket estuaries. The width of the beach, and more specifically the backshore, influences bluff erosion rates. Wide beaches often typically have a storm berm in the uppermost beach, or backshoie, which functions to absorb wave energy and protect the base ofthe bluff from wave attack. Wave attack leads to toe erosion and bluff undercutting that destabilizes slopes. Where beaches are broad, due to littoral drift deposition, a recent influx of sediment, or proximity to a groin or other drift obstruction, bluff erosion and mass wasting may be locally reduced. Conversely, where beaches are narrow and sediment "starved" due to either natural or artificial circumstances, the erosion rate of associated bluffs may accelerate (Shipman 2004). ' Beach substrate is influenced by the geology of local sediment sources, wave energy and the position ofthe beach within the netshore-drift cell. Bluffs in the eastern study area are composed of larger sediment than bluffs located in the western area. As a result, beach material is finer at western beaches, relative to those in the eastern portion ofthe study area. Additionally, sediment size commonly becomes increasingly fine with increasing distance from the drift cell origin. Erosion control or shore protection structures are common in the study area. Residential or industrial bulkheading (also called seawalls) are typically designed to limit the erosion ofthe backshore area or bluff, but have numerous direct and indirect impacts on nearshore systems. Studies of the impacts of shoreline armoring have documented increased suspended sediment and littoral drift rates along armored shores, relative to unarmored shores (Miles et al. 2001). August 2006 page 24 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization Bulkheads constructed lower on the beach (below the OHWM) result in coarsening of beach sediment in front of the bulkhead (Macdonald et al. 1994). Relatively fine-grained sediment is mobilized by the increased turbulence caused by the bulkhead (Miles et at 2001), and is preferentially transported away, leaving the coarser material on the beach. Of all the impacts of shore armoring in the Puget Sound area, sediment impoundment is probably the lJlostsignificant negative impact (PSA T 2003). Bulkheads, and similar structures, essentially "lock up" bluff material that would otherwise be supplied to the net shore-drift system. This results in a decrease in the quantity of sediment available for maintenance of down-drift beaches. The negative impact of sediment impoundment is most pronounced when armoring occurs along actively eroding bluffs (Johannessen et al. 2005, Griggs 2005). Over the long term, the construction of bulkheads on an erosional coast leads to the loss of beach area and complexity. A recent study by Johannessen et al. (2005) mapped feeder bluffs, transport zones, accretion shoreforms and modifications along the reaches of the Federal Way study area. Landslides and toe erosion were also mapped throughout the study area. These data are summarized in Table 4. Mapping by Schwartz et al. (1991) mapped littoral drift direction throughout the study area. Table 5 displays net shore-drift direction, intertidal beach width, and sediment size. Table 3. Shoretypes, Modifications and Landslides, and Toe Erosion '_."';;" .;;;~: ; ,t,. . ;>1,,_. , Shorieline R,each 5.9% 8.4% Modified LandSlides 21.8% 67.6% 5.9% 25.5% 18.2% 67.6% 0.6% 4.8% 7.3% 25.3% 44.6% 49.7% Puget Sound East Dumas Bay Puget Sound West 38.0% 12.0% 60.9% 6.4% Source: Johannessen, MacLennan and McBride 2005. Table 4. Net Shore-drift Direction, Sediment Size, Beach Width . N~t shol'e-dr-iftdirec,tion Sediment size Beach width Puget Sound East West Pebble with moderate sand 25-33 ft Dumas Bay Drift cell convergence. Southwest and Northeast Sand with pebble 80-255 ft Sand with minor pebble Source: Schwartz et al. 1991, Johannessen, MacLennan and McBride 2005, and Washington State DNR 200 i. Puget Sound West West 75-100 ft The following section characterizes the physical conditions within each ofthe Federal Way shore reaches. August 2006 page 25 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization puget Sound East Sediment transport in the Puget Sound East reach is southwestward from the eastern boundary of the City limits and terminates at the southwestern corner of Dumas Bay. The northern orientation of the shoreline precludes exposure to predominant southerly wind and wave conditions and results in larger northerly wind waves driving net littoral sediment transport (net shore-drift; Schwartz et al. 1991). This shore is exposed to the greatest amount of fetch and/or wave energy throughout the study area. This reach is characterized by high banks with varying levels of residential development (west of Redondo Beach), which lower to low bank south of Poverty Bay Park. Twenty-eIght percent of the Puget Sound East shore is modified. Modified shores diminish in abundance in the southwestern portion of the reach. Modifications observed in the reach include bulkheads, riprap, and overwater structures. Feeder bluffs account for approximately 38 percent ofPuget Sound East shore length (Johannessen et il. 2005). These sediment sources are predominantly found in the central portion of the reach, likely due to th~ less modified state ofthe shoreline, enabling natural geomorphic processes to persist. Recent landslides were mapped along 5.9 percent, and recent toe erosion was active along 25.5 percent of the reach. Geomorphic processes in this reach have been substantially altered by shoreline modifications. A recent study by Johannessen et al. (2005) shows that shoreline modifications have reduced the sediment sources in this shore reach by 23 percent oftheir historic prevalence. Accretion shoreforms account for 21.8 percent of Puget Sound East. Each of these accretionary landforms is associated with a stream mouth or freshwater source (culverts). However, each has modifications that precluded the formation of subestuarine conditions. Beach sediment at these sites is sand with moderate pebble. The remaining shores within this reach are mapped as transport zones, neither substantially accreting nor eroding. A typical beach profile in the Puget Sound East marine reach is composed of a mixed conifer and deciduous riparian buffer atop 80- to 100- foot-high, steep coastal bluffs. These bluffs are composed ofVashon advance outwash deposits and have a history of sliding. As a result, the base of the bluff is commonly armored with riprap. Upper beach sediment is predominantly sand with pebble, but at lower elevations clast size increases to pebble dominant. The beach is narrow, indicative ofthe erosive nature of these shores. Waterward of the beachface is a sandy low-tide terrace. Dumas Bay Drift cells KI-9-2 and KI-lO-l converge in the southwest corner of Dumas Bay. The eastern portion of this marine reach encompasses the last mile (approximately) ofKI-9-2, which originates just south of Saltwater State Park near the City of Des Moines. The western portion of the reach includes the entire drift cell KI -10-1. This O.3-mile cell exhibits southeastward drift and terminates at a recurved spit just northwest of the prograded beach in Dumas Bay. . August 2006 . page 26 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization The Dumas Bay reach is characterized by low to moderately high bank shores, with dense residential development, and abundant modifications. Higher bluffs are found in the western portion of the reach in cell KI-lO-2. The beaches are wider and generally of more accretionary character relative to the other reaches, due to the drift cell convergence, multiple stream deltas and the protection afforded by the rounded headland on the west shore of the bay and by Maury Island to the north. Over two-thirds ofthe reach is modified with bulkheads or riprap. The eastern portion of the reach is near contiguously modified with several relict boat ramps and boathouse footings in the intertidal. Several ofthe beaches mapped as accretionary were also modified in the upper beach or backshore. Feeder bluffs account for only 5.9 percent of this shore reach (Johannessen et al. 2005). These remaining sediment sources are exclusively found northeast of Joe's Creek (stream delta in the southeast comer of Dumas Bay), as, well as on the southwest side of Lakota and Joe's Creeks. Toe erosion is mapped along4.8 percent of the reach. Toe erosion is also mapped on the southwest side of both creeks. Only one landslide is mapped in Dumas Bay, which accounted for 0.6 percent of the reach. Accretion shoreforms currently account for 18.2 percent of Dumas Bay, several of which are associated with a stream mouth. Fluvial-derived sediment contributes to accretionary condition of the beach. Broad sand flats and extensive backshores with driftwood and dune vegetation characterize these areas. A typical beach profile in this reach consists of a 3- to 5-foot-high bank, residentiai dwelling with a bulkheaded backshore. An absence of back shore (storm berm and dune) habitats and marine riparian is a direct result of the density of residential development and a bulkheaded shore. Beach material is a mix of sand with moderate pebble. A broad sand flat extends below the high-tide beach. puget Sound West This reach originates at a drift zone divergence between cells KI-l 0-2 and KI-l 0-3 located at the headland on the west shore of Dumas Bay. KI-I0-3 exhibits westWard drift from the divergence zone to the drift cell terminus at Dash Point in Pierce County. Puget Sound West is characterized by 80- to 200-foot-high, slowly receding (apparently through slumping) high bluffs with abundant large woody debris recruitment. Much of the Puget Sound West shoreline is encompassed within Dumas Bay City Park and Dash Point State Park. Areas , not within the parks are easily identifiable due to residential development on top or at the base of the bluffs. Modifications are typically residential bulkheads constructed at the base of bluffs between the two parks. This is the only contiguously bulkheaded area in the reach and represents 25.3 percent of its length. Another very short shore modification is located at the western end of the study area. Feeder bluffs are mapped throughout much ofthis shore reach, representing 60.9 percent of the segment (Johannessen et al. 2005). Thirteen recent landslide areas are mapped, most of which are located along the high bluffs ofthe headland west of Dumas Bay and surrounding Dash Point August 2006 page 27 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization State Park. In total, landslides are mapped along 44.6 percent ofthis reach. Recent toe erosion is also frequently observed, accounting for 49.7 percent of the reach. ' Few transport zones are mapped in this reach, accounting for only 6.4 percent of the reach. Accretion shoreforms are, also relatively infrequent. These are exclusively found in the western portion of the reach, adjacent to the mini-estuary in Dash Point State Park. Most of this accretion shoreform is unmodified; however, the stream channel is heavily riprapped. Geomorphic processes in this reach have been substantially altered by shoreline modifications. A recent study by Johannessen et aJ. (2005) shows that prior to modifications sediment sources accounted for 84.6 percent ofthe reach. This indicates that shoreline modifications has resulted in a 2~.7 percent (2,066 feet) loss of the available sediment sources in the reach. A typical cross section of the Puget Sound West reach includes a mixed conifer and deciduous forested bluff with slumps and jack strawed trees hanging over the intertidal area. Toe erosion has scoured beneath some trees, leaving them growing over the intertidal area while still attached to the toe ofthe bluff. Drift logs are caught and accumulate in these trees. Beach material is almost exclusively sand with minor amounts of pebble. The low-tide beach includes a broad sand fl& . 4.1.2 Geological Hazards and Shoreline Slope Stability 4.1.2.1 Seismic Hazard Areas Seismic hazard areas are defined in Chapter 18-28 of the Federal Way Municipal Code (FWMC) as those areas subject to earthquake damage as a result of seismically-induced ground shaking, slope failure, settlement or soil liquefaction, or surface faulting. These conditions commonly occur in areas underlain by cohesion less soils oflow density, usually in association with a shallow groundwater table. No seismic hazard areas are identified within the shoreline jurisdiction in the King County Sensitive Areas Map Folio (King County, 1990) or on the county's interactive map site (iMAP) (accessed on 5/16/06 at http://www.metrokc.gov/gis/mapportalliMAP_main.htm). However, maps produced by the Washington Department of Natural Resources indicate areas of low to moderate liquefaction susceptibility in all shoreline segments (Palmer et aI., 2003). 4.1.2.2 Landslide Hazard Areas Landslide hazard areas are defined in Chapter 18-28 ofFWMC as those areas potentially subject to episodic downslope movement of a mass of soil or rock. They are defined as: (1) any area having a combination of slopes greater than 15 percent, permeable soils overlying impermeable soils, and springs or groundwater seepage, (2) any area showing movement during the last 10,000 years, (3) any potentially unstable area as a result ofstrearri incision or wave erosion, (4) any area located in a ravine or on an alluvial fan that may be inundated by flooding or debris flows, (5) any area identified by the Natural Resources Conservation Service as having a severe limitation for building site development, (6) any area mapped as unstable by the Department of Ecology, or (7) slopes having gradients greater than 80 percent. August 2006 page 28 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization Landslide hazard area information for the City's shorelirte jurisdiction is shown on Figures 9-A through 9-e. Designated landslide hazard areas include the majority of the shore bluffs in all of the shoreline segments. As much as 77 percent ofthe shoreline Reach 1 C is considered to be a landslide area, while 47 and 38 percent of Reaches lA and 1B, respectively, are considered to be landslide hazard areas. The extent of designated landslide hazard areas may not correspond exactly with the mapped extent of mass wasting deposits, as shown on Figure 4, or with the slope stability and landslide area designations indicated in the Coastal Zone Atlas. 4.1.2.3 Erosion Hazard Areas Erosion hazard areas are defined in Chapter 18-28 ofFWMC as those areas having severe to very severe erosion hazard because of natural agents such as wind, rain, splash, frost action or , stream flow. Such areas designated on City GIS maps and King County GIS maps (accessed on 5/16/06 at http://www.metrokc.gov/gis/mapportal/iMAP_main.htm) include all coastal bluffs and steep slopes within th~ jurisdiction, which includes all shoreline segments. Approximately 65 to 70 percent of the shoreline segments are considered erosion hazard areas. These areas are shown on Figures 9-A through 9-C. 4.1.2.4 Steep Slopes Steep slope hazard areas are defined in Chapter 18-28 ofFWMC as those areas with a slope of 40 percent or greater and with a vertical relief of 10 or more feet, a vertical rise of 10 feet or more for every 25 feet of horizontal distance. According to City GIS maps King County GIS maps (accessed on 5/16/06 at http://www.metrokc.gov/gis/mapportal/iMAP_main.htm). the shoreline bluffs in all segments ofthe jurisdiction qualify as steep slopes, as shown on Figures 9- A through 9-C. ' 4.1.2.5 Shoreline Slope Stability The Department of Ecology Coastal Zone Atlas (Ecology, 1979) characterizes the slope stability ofthe entire shoreline along Puget Sound. Although the City does not regulate shoreline development based on slope stability characterization, the maps provide an additional characterization of slope stability and a source of documented landslides. This mapping should not be considered comprehensive and does not include landslides that have occurred, since the late 1970s. ' In the Coastal Zone Atlas, slope stability is defined in terms of six separate categories: stable, intermediate, unstable, unstable recent landslide, unstable old landslide, and modified. Table 5 describes these slope stability categories. August 2006 page 29 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization Definition Stable Generally rise less than 15 percent in grade, except in areas oflow groundwater concentration or competent bedrock. Include rolling uplands and lowlands underlain by stable material (Le., unweathered till and/or peat deposits) with no significant slope. Generally steeper than 15 percent except in areas where weaker material and/or abundant material exist. These areas include slopes of sand and gravel, till, or thin soils over bedrock with no known failures. Slopes that are considered unstable due to geology, groundwater, slope, and/or erosional factors which include areas of landslide and talus too small or obscure to be mapped. Recent or historically active landslide areas (based on surveys conducted in the late 1970s). ' Post-glacial but prehistoric landslide areas. Slopes that are highly modified by human activity and include areas of significant excavation or filling. Response ofthe slope to a combination of human activity and natural processes may be unpredictable. Intermediate Unstable Unstable Recent Landslide Unstable Old Landslide Modified Slopes classified as unstable are present in all segments of the shoreline jurisdiction according to the Department of Ecology Coastal Zone Atlas (Ecology, 1979). Slopes within Reach lA are generally designated in the Coastal Zone Atlas as unstable, unstable recent landslide, unstable old landslide, and intermediate. Along the shoreline of Dumas Bay, Reach lB, slopes are designated unstable, unstable 'old landslide, and intermediate. Shorelines within Reach 1 Care characterized by unstable old landslide, intermediate, and stable. 4.1.3 Aquifer Recharge Areas Critical aquifer recharge areas are defined in WAC 365-190-030 as "areas in which water reaches the zone of saturation by surface infiltration. These areas are hydrogeologically susceptible to contamination and contamination loading potential including but not limited to such areas as sole water source aquifer recharge areas, special protection groundwater management areas, wellhead protection areas, and other areas with a critical recharging effect on aquifers used for potable water." Chapter 22, Article XIV, Division 9 of the Federal Way City Code, "Critical Aquifer Recharge Areas and Wellhead Protection Areas," apply to any development activity, or division of land which requires review under FWCC Chapter 18, "Environmental Protection." The Lakehaven Utility District has mapped generalized aquifer recharge areas. There are three major aquifers in the City and its P AA, but only one intersects any shoreline planning areas. The RedondolMilton Channel Aquifer overlaps portions of reach lA, lB, and 1 C. This area is managed as A Critical Aquifer Recharge Area. The City has mapped wellhead protection zones within the city limits and the P AA. The majority of the wellhead protection areas do not coincide with the shoreline reaches. Wellhead protection areas are mapped adjacent to the east side of North Lake and adjacent to the east side of Lake Killarney, extending to Lake Geneva. These areas are managed as Wellhead Protection Areas (Federal Way City Code (FWCC), Chapter 22). August 2006 page 30 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization 4.1.4 Flood Hazard Areas Flood hazard areas are typically identified on the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) flood insurance rate maps as the 100-year floodplain. All coastal beaches within the City's jurisdiction are included within the 100-year floodplain (King County, 2002, from FEMA FIRM mapping). Coastal floodplain hazard areas are typically associated with storm waves. 4.1.5 Streams Streams are defined in the FWCC Chapter 22 Article I Section 22-1 and are classified as "Major" or "Minor" streams. Major streams include any stream or tributary that contains or supports, or which under normal circumstances contains or supports resident or migratory fish. Minor streams are those typically smaller streams that do no meet t~e definition of a "major" stream. Streams within. the City of Federal Way have been evaluated and classified in a citywide inventory conducted in 2001 (URS). Streams provide valuabie wildlife corridors, a source of fluvial sediments to the marine shoreline (moved along the shoreline by currents), and support a range offish species. The City of Federal Way is located in Water Resource Inventory Area (WRIA) 9, the Duwamish-Green River and Central Puget Sound Watershed. Information on stream conditions was drawn in particular from the following documents: Habitat Limiting Factors and ReconnaissanceAssessment Report, Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound , Watersheds (WRIA 9 and Vashon Island) (Ker:win and Nelson, 2000), and A Catalog of Washington Streams and Salmon Utilization - Volume I, Puget Sound Region (Williams et al." 1975). ' ' Several streams have been identified in Federal Way that flow directly into Puget Sound and are part of the Lower Puget Sound basin. The streams discussed below are shown in Figure 6. puget Sound East Four short unnamed streams enter the coastal shoreline in Reach lA. These streams have steep gradients and are associated with landslide and erosion hazard zones. The city stream inventory considers these streams as Major streams. Dumas Bay Three streams drain to the shoreline within the Dumas Bay area, or Reach IB; these include Joe's Creek, Lakota Creek and an unnamed tributary to the Sound (Dumas Bay Creek). Joe's Creek and Lakota Creek are Major streams and Dumas Bay Creek is considered a Minor stream. Joe's Creek originates in the uplands of Federal Way, flowing through Olympic View Park and the Twin Lakes Golf Course, then drops into a high-gradient stream channel that falls through a wooded ravine, eventually flattening immediately prior to entering Puget Sound on the east side of Dumas' Bay. The substrate within the creek consists of pebbles and cobble-sized particles with localized sand depositions. Gravel deposits are very local and spawning opportunities are typically few. These features are typical of flow alterations caused by undetained stormwater (King County, 2000). Joe's Creek appears on the 2004 Department of Ecology 303(d) list for fecal coliform. August 2006 page 31 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization Lakota Creek flows in a northwesterly direction, passing thorough the Lakehaven Sewage and Wastewater Treatment Plant before entering Puget Sound at Dumas Bay (Reach IB). The lower reach of the stream was relocated as part of an upgrade to the sewage treatment plant in 1987. The creek generally flows through residential areas and alongside roads. The riparian habitat in the lower reaches consists of small deciduous trees with a shrub understory. The lower mile of creek supports dense stands of conifers within a moderate..; to high-gradient ravine. Substrate within Lakota Creek is generally the same as that in Joe's Creek. It was on the 1998 303(d) list for fecal coliform (King County, 2000), but is not Iisted,on the 2004 303(d) list. Puget Sound West One unnamed creek (referred to in the WRIA as No.. 0391)flows through a steep ravine into Puget Sound at Dash Point State Park in Reach 1 C. Clay bluffs border the beach in many places. Mud slides have become more frequent in the stream with increasing development (KCDNR, 1998). From aerial photography (2002), riparian buffer vegetation appears to be largely intact in the upper reaches within Dash Point State Park, but less so from the parking lot down to the creek mouth. The creek banks are armored from the mouth up to the road bridge, 200 feet upstream (WRIA 9, 2005). 4.2 Biological Resources Biological resources described in the coastal shorelines encompass wetlands, critical wildlife habitat and species, marine riparian habitats, marine intertidal habitats, and priority species. 4.2.1 Wetlands Wetlands near the Puget Sound shoreline typically include tidal marshes and tidally influenced estuaries. Tidal marshes include salt and freshwater habitats that experience tidal inundation, (KCDNR, 2001). Several wetlands have been mapped by various sources in the City's'coastal shoreline jurisdiction. According to the 1987 National Wetlands Inventory (NWI), the entire area of the City's shoreline jurisdiction in the City limits is designated as Estuarine Intertidal Unconsolidated Shore wetland or Estuarine Intertidal Aquatic Bed and Unconsolidated Shore wetland (USDI, 1987a and 1987b). In addition, one larger freshwater wetland is mapped at Dumas Bay as a Palustrine Emergent Scrub/Shrub wetland. The King County Sensitive Areas Map Folio (King County, 1990) does not identify any wetlands within the City's marine shoreline jurisdiction. ' The City Wetland Inventory (City of Federal Way, 1998) identifies the freshwater wetland at Dumas Bay as a Class I wetland (FWMC 18-28). However, it does not include the estuarine wetlands identified in the NWI within the City's marine shoreline jurisdiction. Although , mapp~d as wetlands at the national level on the NWI maps, the intertidal areas are likely not sufficiently vegetated to meet the ,definition of wetland at the state or local level. Additional marine shoreline jurisdiction wetlands are identified in the City's Wetland Inventory northeast of Dumas Bay near the intersection of Southwest 300th Place and 30th A venue Southwest and two within the conservancy area north of Southwest 295th Street between 9th and 1 Oth Avenues Southwest. All of these wetlands are less than 1 acre in size and are identified as Class III (FWMC 18-28). August 2006 page 32 ply of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization Parks and open spaces including Dash Point State Park, Poverty Bay Park, and Dumas Bay Park create significant breaks in residential development along the City's marine shoreline. Of the roughly 25,000 feet of marine shoreline within the City's jurisdiction, approximately 40 percent is armored. The majority ofthe unarmored shoreline is within the park and open space conservation areas, with some of the developed private shoreline also without armoring. Development and armoring along marine shoreline reaches within the City's jurisdiction have eliminated historical wetlands and prevent connections between interior wetlands and the nearshore area. 4.2.2 Critical Wildlife Habitat and Species Critical fish and wildlife habitat areas are those areas identified as being of critical importance in the maintenance and preservation of fish, wildlife and natural vegetation. Critical fish and wildlife habitat areas are defined in Chapter 18.28 (FWMC) as follows: Fish and wildlife habitat conservation area shall mean the management of land' for maintaining spe'Cies in suitable habitats within their natural geographic' distribution so that isolated subpopulations are not created. Habitat conservation areas include but are not limited to such areas as: areas with which endangered, threatened, and sensitive species have a primary ,association; habitats and species of local importance; commercial and recreational shellfish areas; kelp and eelgrass beds; herring and smelt spawning areas; naturally occurring ponds under 20 acres andtheir submerged aquatic beds that provide fish or wildlife habitat; waters of the state; lakes, ponds and streams planted with game fish by a governmental or tribal entity; state natural area preserves and natural resource conservation areas; and streams. Mapped critical fish and wildlife habitats are shown on Figure 10. Critical fish and wildlife habitats in the City's marine shoreline planning area are characterized throughout the following sections describing the shoreline and nearshore biological areas. 4.2.3 Marine Riparian Habitats Riparian areas are transitional zones between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Riparian habitats include those portions of terrestrial ecosystems that significantly influence exchanges of energy and matter with aquatic ecosystems (Brennan and Culverwell, 2004). Marine riparian vegetation is defined as vegetation overhanging the intertidal zone (KCDNR, 2001). Marine riparian zones function by protecting water quality; providing wildlife habitat; regulating microclimate; providing shade, nutrient and sources of food; stabilizing banks; and providing large woody debris (Anchor Environmental and People for Puget Sound, 2002). Marine riparian zones were examined through limited field reconnaissance and review of 200 1 oblique aerial photos (Ecology, 2002). Marine riparian vegetation within the City's shoreline planning area was mapped in the WRIA 9 Marine Shoreline Inventory Report (Anchor, 2004). August 2006 page 33 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization Puget Sound East Riparian vegetation in Reach lA is mixed trees and grasses. Much of Reach lA is armored with concrete and wooden bulkheads, and riprap seawalls. L WD or drift log accumulations have been mapped along unarmored portions of Reach lA. Dumas Bay Riparian vegetation within the Dumas Bay reach, Reach IB, is dominated by grasses, although trees are found along the high bluffs to the west of Dumas Bay, as well as in the reach between Joe's Creek and Lakota Creek. The shoreline is armored for approximately 600 feet east of Dumas Bay Park, as well as east of Lakota Creek to Poverty Bay Park for the protection of homes along the toe of the bluff. L WD is lacking along most of this shoreline segment, though drift log accumulations have been mapped along the beach at Dumas Bay Park. Puget Sound West Trees dominate the riparian vegetation in Reach 1 C, particularly along Dash Point State Park and the high, steep bluffs along this segment. Shoreline armoring is limited to the center ofthis reach, along the rural segment. This armored section is generally lacking in L WD and drift logs, although L WD is available along much of the rest of the shoreline segment. Shoreline activities that may negatively affect marine riparian areas (Brennan and Culverwell, 2004) include: ' · Fecal and chemical contamination from failing septic systems, lawn chemicals, and stormwater; · Loss of vegetation from shoreline armoring, clearing and grading activities, or tree removal for view corridors; and · Wildlife habitat infringement due to increased ambient light levels at night, fragmentation from road crossings, noise from human activity, and domestic pets. 4.2.4 Marine Intertidal Habitats Marine intertidal habitats include flats, subestuaries, eelgrass beds, and, kelp forests. These areas are considered "special aquatic sites, "which are special habitats in the intertidal zone that generally do not meet the definition of wetland. Flats generally include gently sloping (less than 50 slope) sandy or muddy intertidal or shallow subtidal areas (KCDNR, 2001), and are used by juvenile salmonids, shorebirds, and shellfish, among other species. Flats are generally located at the mouths of streams where sediment transported downstream is deposited, and in areas of low wave and current energy where longshore waves and currents deposit sediment (KCDNR, 2001). All of the flats in WRIA 9 were mapped around Vashon and Maury Island; however, there are tidal flats in WRIA 9 that were not captured during the WDNR mapping effort. Sand and gravel flats are located near the mouth of Unnamed Creek (#0391) that enters Puget Sound through Dash Point State Park (Reach Ie), and Dumas Bay (Reach lB). August 2006 page 34 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization Shoreline activities that may impact tidal flats (KCDNR, 2001) include: . Unnatural erosion or deposition of sediment; . Harvesting of shellfish and other marine life; . Fecal and chemical contamination from on-site septic systems, lawn chemicals, and stormwater; . Physical disturbances from shoreline armoring, marina construction, and upland development practices; . Shading from ()verwater structures; and . Loss of emergent and riparian vegetation. Subestuaries are those areas of river and stream mouths that experience tidal inundation, including their deltas and any associated marshes (KCDNR, 2001). Subestuaries form where the stream or river broadens and fresh and saltwater mix. Subestuaries function to attenuate flooding, provide juvenile salmonid feeding and rearing habitat, act as a transition area for migrating adult salmonids, support eelgrass beds (depending on salinity), and provide refuge, feeding, and production areas to a wide variety of birds, fish, mammals, and invertebrates (KCDNR, 2001). Subestuaries, especially those rich in organic matter, can support numerous and diverse marine and estuarine invertebrates such as polychaete worms and amphipods. These organisms near the base of the food web can be key to overall ecosystem productivity and habitat value for fish, birds, and mammals. Subestuaries occur in marine shoreline Reaches IB and lC, and are associated with the stream mouths of Unnamed Creek (#0391), Joe's Creek, and Lakota Creek. Deltas are formed by downstream sediment transport. The growth of deltas and quality of habitat provided by thesubestuaries is influenced by annual rainfall and the rate at which sediment is transported and deposited at the mouths of streams. High peak flows that occur as a result of increased impervious surface within the stream basin likely transport sediment further out into Puget Sound where depths are greater, resulting in sediment accumulation beyond the stream mouth. Shoreline activities that may affect subestuaries include: . Physical disturbances from shoreline armoring; . Physical disturbances from dredging and filling; . Changes in hydrology due to increased impervious surface within stream basins; and . Nonpoint pollutant runoff from impervious surfaces and residential lawns near the shoreline. The importance of eelgrass has been described in various sources, including the Reconnaissance Assessment of the State of the Nearshore Environment (KCDNR, 2001). Eelgrass beds are found ,in shallow subtidal areas and provide feeding and rearing habitat for a large number of marine organisms. Eelgrass beds have been documented within the City's shoreline jurisdiction in all marine shoreline segments. Continuous eelgrass distribution can be found along the north end of Dash Point State Park and Palisades Park, as well as from the north end of Dumas Bay to 3rd August 2006 page 35 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization Avenue Southwest; eelgrass distribution along the remainder of the City's marine shoreline is classified as patchy (WDNR, 2001). Shoreline activities that may impact eelgrass (KCDNR, 2001) include: · Clam harvesting; · Propeller scour and wash; · Physical disturbances from shoreline armoring; · Shading from overwater structures; and · Physical disturbances from dredging and filling. The function of kelp has been described in Reconnaissance Assessment of the State of the Nearshore Environment (KCDNR, 2001). Kelp provides habitat for many fish species, including rockfish and salmon ids, potential spawning substrate for herring, and buffers to shoreline from waves and currents, among other functions. Kelp distribution is largely dependent upon the type of substrate, generally attaching to rocky substrates. In areas where there is a coarsening of substrate.in- the low intertidal and shallow sl.lbtidal zones, there is a more likely occurrence of kelp. A change in kelp distribution may indicate the coarsening of shallow subtidal sediments (such as that caused by erosion related to a seawall) or an increase in nutrient loading (such as from sewage effluent). Kelp forests are not currently mapped within the City of Federal Way shoreline planning area. Kelp was previously reported as occurring within all reaches of WRIA 9, which would include the Federal Way shoreline (KCDNR, 2001). KCDNR also noted data gaps in general knowledge of kelp and its biology, its role in nearshore ecological processes, lack of historical or recent studies, and lack of distribution data. Shoreline activities that may impact kelp densities (KCDNR, 2001) include: · Physical disturbances from shoreline armoring, marina construction, and harvesting; · Shading from overwater structures; · Beach nourishment; and · Nutrient loading. 4.2.5 Priority Habitat and Species The Washington Department ofFish and Wildlife (WDFW) maintains priority habitat and species information for Washington State, including the status of species as threatened or endangered. The City of Federal Way occurs within the WDFW Region 4. Priority habitats within Region 4 include consolidated marine/estuarine shorelines, cliffs, caves, snags, riparian areas, old-growth/mature forests~ and urban open spaces. The following sections discuss some of the priority species and species of local importance that occur within the City's shoreline planning area. 4.2..5.1 Shellfish Geoduck clams (Panopea gene rosa) are documented in subtidal areas adjacent to shoreline in a , small portion of Reach lA, as well as all ofReacheslB and lC, southwest of Poverty Bay Park August 2006 page 36 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization and extending beyond the City limits (Figure 10). The tract was last surveyed in 1971, as reported in Sizemore and Ulrich (2000). At the time ofthe 1971 survey, densities within the tract and other geoduck tracts along the WRIA 9 mainland area were shown to be amongst the highest in Puget Sound (approximately 4 to 7 per square meter). The tracts, however, were also reported as "polluted or possibly polluted" (Sizemore and Ulrich, 2000). In general, shellfish populations are relatively low in all shoreline reaches. Population data from a series of shoreline surveys along the southern extent ofWRlA 9 (south ofMee Kwa Mooks Park of Seattle to Dash Point State Park) were analyzed by KCDNR (2001), and are presented in Table 6. It should be noted that there is a: data gap concerning the collection of population data, and this relates primarily to the differences in sampling methodology and lack of recent' quantitative population studies within WRlA 9. Table 6. ShelIfish Population Densities in Southern WRIA 9 €ommon Name Scientific Nam,e ROPIJ'1lti.9P density, (IJPm~eJt J>~r, S.q)jil,re meter) Butter clam Saxidomus giganteus <10 Native littleneck clam Protothaca staminea 6-17 Manila clam Tapes philippinarum :::;10 Geoduck Panopea generosa 1-2 Dungeness crab Cancer magister N/A; decreases as you move south from Seattle Olympic oyster Ostrea lurida 0 Northern abalone Ha/iotis kamtschatkana 0 No portion of the City's shoreline is currently used for commercial shellfish harvest. In July 2004 the Washington State Department of Health closed all of the Puget Sound shoreline in King County, including Dash Point State Park, Dumas Bay Park and Poverty Bay Park, to recreational shellfish harvesting for all species due to pollution advisory and the presence ofbiotoxins in particular shellfish species. The Department of Health conducts an ongoing assessment of pollution and conditions related to shellfish harvesting. The latest update was in March 2006, which maintained the closure of mainland King County beaches to recreational shellfish harvesting (Washington Department of Health, 2006). 4.2.5.2 Salmonids The WDFW SalmonScape database (WDFW, 2006), PHS Data, as well as A Catalog of Washington Streams and Salmon Utilization - Volume I, Puget Sound Region (Williams et aI., , 1975), identify the known presence of salmon in local streams. Two creeks in ReachlB have documented presence of PHS fish, Joe's Creek and Lakota Creek. Joe's Creek contains. documented coho salmon and Chum. Lakota Creek has documented use by coho and chum salmon. August 2006 page 37 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization Nearshore habitat is an important environment for juvenile salmon ids, where the shallow water depth obstructs the presence of larger predator species (Kerwin and Nelson, 2000). All shoreline segments within the City's shoreline jurisdiction are known or expected to contain juvenile salmonids including bull trout, cutthroat, Chinook, chum, coho, pink, and sockeye salmon based in the knowledge of species life histories (KCDNR, 2001). Critical Habitat, as defined by the Endangered Species Act,. "is the specific areas within the geographical area occupied by a species.. .on which are found those physical or biological features essential to the conservation of the species and that may require special Jllanagement considerations or protection"; and "specific areas outside the geographical area occupied by a species at the time it is listed... that are essential for the conservation of the species." Critical Habitat has been designated for Pacific salmon and steelhead in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, including the Puget Sound Evolutionarily Significant Unit (ESU) Chinook salmon. Areas within Federal Way that are included as Chinook Critical Habitat include West Hylebos Creek, and estuarine, and nearshore marine areas to a depth of 30 meters relative to Mean Lower Low Water (MLL W) (Federal Register, 2005a). Critical Habitat has also been designated for bull trout, which may be present in the nearshore areas of Federal Way. Designated Critical Habitat for , bull trout includes marine waters to a depth of 33 feet (10 meters) relative to MLL W (Federal Register,2005b). , Nearshore modifications affect salmoI)id habitat (Redman et aI., 2005) in the following ways: . Loss and/or simplification of deltas and delta wetlands, which provide forage and rearing habitat for salmonids; . Alteration of flows through major rivers; . Modification of shorelines by armoring, overwater structures and loss of riparian vegetation; . Contamination of nearshore and marine resources; . Alteration of biological populations and communities; . Transformation of land cover and hydrologic function of small marine surface water discharges via urbanization; and . Transformation of habitat types and features via colonization by invasive plants. These nearshore modifications can adversely affect salmonid habitat by reducing forage and rearing habitat for young fish, changing flow dynamics in rivers and altering in-stream habitat, reducing water quality, creating blockages for fish passage, and altering the food supply upon which salmon ids depend. 4.2.5.3 Forage Fish Forage fish include species that as adults breed prolifically and are small enough to be prey for larger species. They are often nnn-game fish. The three forage fish species most likely to occur in the City's' shoreline jurisdiction include surf smelt, sand lance, and Pacific herring (Figure 10). August 2006 page 38 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization Different species utilize different parts of the intertidal and subtidal zones, with sand lance and surf smelt spawning primarily in the substrate of the upper intertidal zone, and Pacific herring spawning primarily on intertidal or subtidal vegetation (Lemberg et aI., 1997). Information on the five potential forage fish species within the City marine shoreline is summarized in Table 7. Table 7. Forage Fish Species Pacific herring None (nearest is Quartermaster Harbor on Vashon 1.) Sand lance Yes, WDFW PHS Eulachon None Longfin smelt None Surf smelt Yes, WDFWPHS Quartermaster Harbor stock spawn January through mid-April November 1 to February 15 ' , Late winter/early spring Winter South Puget Sound stocks are fall-winter spawners (September to March) Sources: (O'Toole, 1995; KCDNR, 2001; Lemberg et aI., 1997) "', ,.;,"':..":T;':'- :~.::: "".,,, ..',". ' ~,"~; : .~,ret~n:~d' :',' ; , ; Sp'a~~j~g , , Sub~,trat~. ; , Eelgrass Fine sand, mixed sand and gravel, or gravel up to 3cm Unknown Sand with aquatic vegetation Mix of coarse sand , and fine gravel (1- 7mm) Spawning Location Upper high tide limits to depths of 40 feet (typically between 0 and - 10 tidal elevation) From + 5 tidal elevation to higher high water line (from bays and inlets to current-swept beaches) Freshwater streams Freshwater streams Upper intertidal Information on documented forage fish spawning activity was available from the WDFW PHS data, (2004). No Pacific herring, eulachon, or longfin smelt spawning areas are currently documented in the shoreline inventory area (WDFW, 2004). However, it is fair to assume that they all utilize the nearshore areas for feeding and migration. WDFW (2004) and Kerwin and Nelson (2000) document surf smelt spawning areas in a small stretch of Reach lA, adjacent to Southwest 296th Street between 9th and 12th Avenues Southwest and in a segment of Reach 1 C and from the western edge of Dash Point State Park to beyond the City's western shoreline boundary. A sand lance spawning area is mapped from just inside the eastern boundary of the City (Reach lA) and continuing northeast across the mouth of Redondo Creek (Kerwin and Nelson, 2000; WDFW, 2004). Nearshore modifications affect forage fish habitat in the following ways: . Development impacts the shoreline, particularly marinas and boat ramps, which bury spawning habitat, introduce the potential for repeated disturbance, and potentially alter nearshore hydrology; , . Sewer outfalls introduce pollutants and nutrients to the nearshore; August 2006 page 39 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization . Overwater structures shade intertidal vegetation and may alter nearshore hydrology; . Riprap revetments and bulkheads impound sediment in bluffs such that fine-grained spawning beach sediment is not replenished (ongoing net-shore drift decreases spawning habitat); and '. Riprap revetments and vertical bulkheads alter nearshore hydrology and may increase wave energy on intertidal areas. Sand lance and surf smelt spawn in the upper intertidal zone of protected sand-gravel beaches throughout the increasingly populated Puget Sound basin, making these species vulnerable to the cumulative effects of various types of shoreline development. "No net loss" regulations for protection of known spawning sites offorage fish species are included in the Washington Administrative Code Hydraulic Code Rules (WAC 220-110), which are applied during permitting of in-water construction activities. 4.2.5.4 Marine Mammals Seals, sea lions, whales, and dolphins may all be observed off the shores of Federal Way. Seals and sea lions use specific shoreline areas, known as haul-outs, to haul-out ofthe water and rest, dry out, interact and regulate body their temperature. In addition to resting, harbor seals give birth to and nurse their pups at certain haul-out locations, and undergo an annual molt of their , pelage or fur. Haul-outs can include beaches, rocky areas, log booms and floats. Some haul-outs are used regularly, while others may be used seasonally or occasionally. No seal or sea lion haul- ' outs have been documented in Federal Way, although they have been documented on buoys, floats, and logbooms in Commencement Bay and southeast of Maury Island (Jeffries et aI., 2000). Whales and dolphins known to regularly visit central Puget Sound include southern resident killer whales, common dolphin, harbor porpoise, and Dall's porpoise. They do not typically use the nearshore areas within City of Federal Way shoreline jurisdiction. Critical Habitat has been' proposed for killer whales, including Puget Sound marine waters deeper than 20 feet (6.1 meters) (Federal Register, 2006). 4.2.5.5 Shorebirds and Upland Birds Adjacent to the open waters ofPuget Sound, the upland terrestrial environment provides habitat for birds, amphibians, reptiles, and insects. A variety of shorebirds utilize the nearshore environment for wintering and breeding. Seventy-five species of birds are associated with marine nearshore environments in Washington (O'Neil et aI., 2001). Great blue heron (Ardea herodias) and green heron (Butorides striatus) nesting colonies have been identified in Reach IB (WDFW, 2006). Documented observation dates ofthese nesting colonies range from 1980 to 2003 (WDFW, 2006). Bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) nests have also been documented in Reaches lA and lC (WOFW, 2004). A seabird colony outside of the City's jurisdiction, associated with the northeast shore of Commencement Bay and the Hylebos Waterway, as well as breeding purple martins (Progne subis) south ofthe City, may utilize nearshore resources within Federal Way. August 2006 page 40 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization 4.3 Land Use Patterns The City of Federal Way is located in the southwestern comer of King County. Federal Way is highly developed and has a well-established pattern of land use. Approximately 4.5 miles of Puget Sound shoreline bound the City to the west, South 272nd Street to the north, the King/Pierce County line to the south, and Interstate-5 (1-5) to the east. The Cities of Kent and Des Moines borders Federal Way on the north, the Cities of Auburn, Algona, and Pacific to the east, and the Cities of Milton and Tacoma to the south as well as portions of unincorporated Pierce County. The City's nearshore shoreline jurisdiction is composed ofa variety of natural and human-modified landscape features that include natural and modified beaches, concrete, wood and rock bulkheads, and roads. These features are illustrated by the air photo depicting current conditions on Figures ll-A through II-C. 4.3.1 Existing Land Use The nearshore shoreline of Federal Way is predominantly developed as single-family residential, interspersed with parks, open space, and multi-family developments. The City has a diversity of housing types. The nearshore shorelirie areas are comprised of approximately 55 percent single- family development, 18 percent parks, 14 percent open space, 1 0 percent vacant land, and 2 percent multi-family development. Existing land use categories per marine shoreline reach are shown in Table 8. Existing land use categories are derived from King County Assessor codes, compiled by parcel. Road right-of-way areas in the reaches are not included. 4.3.2 Comprehensive Plan According to the City of Federal Way Comprehensive Plan Map (2002), the City's shoreIlne jurisdiction is largely comprised of properties designated as low- to medium-density residential (1 to 4.5 dwelling units per acre). Parks, Open Space and Public FacilitieslUtilities designations comprise the second largest portion of the shoreline. Small areas designated as commercial, office and multi-family comprise the remainder. General goals and policies established in the City ofFeqeral Way Comprehensive Plan (2002) relate to the preservation of existing residential neighborhood character, protection of environmental resources, and the promotion of economic development. The Comprehensive Plan seeks to balance these social, environmental, and economic goals through land use and zoning regulations, criti<:al areas regulations using best available science, and development regulations. In relation to shorelines, the Comprehensive Plan seeks to preserve or develop shorelines and adjacent areas in a manner that assures a balance of shoreline uses with minimal adverse effect on the quality oflife, water, and environment (City of Federal Way, 2002). The City's existing Shoreline Master Program goals and policies are included as an element in the land use chapter ofthe City's current Comprehensive Plan. These goals and policies encourage water-oriented uses and existing residential uses in balance with protection of the Puget Sound shoreline's natural resources (City of Federal Way, 2002). This document also establishes shoreline environment designations as Natural, Conservancy, Rural, or Urban Environments, depending on the land use and intensity of development. In the coastal shoreline, the existing shoreline environment designations are shown on Figures l2-A through l2-e. August 2006 page 41 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization 4.3.3 Zoning Designations Zoning designations in the City of Federal Way generally follow land use designations as discussed above under Comprehensive Plan Designation. Within the City's nearshore shoreline jurisdiction, zoning is exclusively residential single-family (Figures l2-A through l2-C). These include residential 1 unit! 7,200 square feet (RS 7.2), residential 1 unit!9,600 square feet (RS 9.6), residentiall unit!15,000 square feet (RS 15.0), residentiall unit!35,000 square feet (RS 35.0), anQ residential 1 unit! 5 acres (SE). August 2006 page 42 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization Table 8. Land Use, Zonrng, and Shoreline Environments Existing Shoreline Shoreline Reach Existing Land Use Zoning Designations Multi Fam 0.70% Single Family 34.24% Urban Single Family 63.37% Open Space 34.20% Low Density Conservancy Park 7.16% Rural Right of Way 1.92% Single Family Residential 62.51 % lA Vacant 15.79% Open Space 27.78% Single Family 26.21% Conservancy Single Family 71.10% ParI< 8.02% Low Density Rural Right of Way 96.00% Natural Single Family Residential 55.82% Utilities 0.44% 1B Vacant 4.94% Single Family Multi Fam 6.04% Low Density 98.70% Conservancy Open Space 1. 79% Rural Park 38.18% Right of Way 1.29% Single Family Residential 44.65% IC Vacant 8.04 4.3.4 Roads and Bridges As described above the majority ofthe City's shoreline is occupied by low- to medium-density single-family development. Public shoreline access is available at Dash Point State Park, Dumas August 2006 page 43 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization Bay Park, Dumas Bay Center, and Poverty Bay Park. Limited shoreline access and uniformity in shoreline land use (single family) created a land use pattern with relatively few roads in the City's shoreline. Most of the roads that provide access to the shoreline are located outside the City's shoreline jurisdiction. The exceptions are a small portion of Southwest 300th Place in shoreline environmental Reach 1 B, and Southwest 292nd Street, 2nd A venue Southwest, and Southwest 291 st Street, in Reach 1 C. All streets in the City's shoreline are local streets. However, one larger roadway influences the shoreline area by providing access, but is outside of the City's,shoreline. Leading to Dumas,Bay Center, Dumas Bay Park, and Dash Point State Park, is Southwest Dash Point Road, State Route 509 (located in Reach lB, Ie). King County Metro, Sound Transit, and Pierce Transit provide transit services in the City of Federal Way. The only transit route in the Federal Way nearshore shoreline vicinity is Metro's Route 175 that provides service along Southwest Dash Point Road. 4.3.5 Wastewater and Stormwater Utilities Lakehaven Utility District (District) provides sanitary sewer service within the City's boundaries and to unincorporated areas to the east and north of the City (including all P AA regions except a small area at the northeastern portion of the PAA area). The District operates and maintains 2 wastewater treatment facilities and a collection system consisting of 27 sewage pump stations, approximately 275 miles of sanitary sewer pipe, and 6,400 manholes. The District's area is divided into seven basins, the two largest of which (Redondo and Lakota) serve the majority of the City. Wastewater from the Redondo and Lakota Basins is treated by the District's two secondary wastewater treatment facilities, one of which is located near the Dumas Bay shoreline planning area. The five remaining basins are relatively small, serving areas around the perimeter of the two large basins on the south, north, and east. Wastewater from these basins is conveyed to other utilities for treatment. The City of Federal Way's Comprehensive Plan was last updated in 2002. At the time of update, an estimated 7,500 on-site disposal systems were still in operation within the Lakehaven Utility District's corporate boundaries. The plan indicates that the District will integrate the remaining on-site disposal systems over time as they became unfeasible to maintain and/or require sewer connection for redevelopment. Recommendations within the plan include the expansion and upgrade of existing treatment and conveyance facilities, and installation of new conveyance facilities to provide service to areas in the City and P AA that are currently using on- site septic systems. The City of Federal Way operates a stormwater management system. According to the City's Comprehensive Plan (2002), the City has completed projects to create regional detention and treatment facilities serving the City over the last decade. Localized storm water treatment is also required for new developments. The 1994 Surface Water Facilities Plan (City of Federal Way, 1994) indicates that regional facilities have been designed with a 100-year flood storage capacity. All other stormwater system elements have been designed to a 25-year flood storage capacity. ' Chapter 16 of the Federal Way Municipal Code and the King County Surface Water Design Manual establishe stormwater standards for new development. August 2006 page 44 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization Undetained and untreated stormwater runoff can deliver pollutants to waterbodies, 'including heavy metals and other pollutants associated with automobiles and roadways. Water quality impairments described in previous sections include the presence of mercury and other metals in local streams, wetlands, and lakes. Untreated stormwater discharging to surface water bodies is likely a contributing factor. 4.3.6 Other Utilities According the City's Comprehensive Plan (2002) and the Lakehaven Utility District's Comprehensive Water System Plan (1994), the District maintains decentralized water supply production facilities that serve the majority of the City. The District operates 27 wells with the water system connected by interties to the water supply of other utility districts. The system allows the District to buy and sell water according to intra-District supply demands. Water systems attached to the District through interties include the Highline Water District, Tacoma Public Utilities, and the City of Milton's water supply system. These surrounding water supply systems and other neighboring water suppliers provide portions ofthe City's water supply. The City's PAA is partially within the District's water supply area and those of neighboring water suppliers. In addition, the City of Tacoma, Fruitland Water District, and several private landowners own production wells. , , A variety of gas, telephone, electri~, and related utilities serves the existing residential and commercial developments within the nearshore shoreline planning areas. ' 4.3.7 Existing and Potential Public Access Sites Approximately 31 per~ent of the City's shoreline is dedicated as parks or open space and is available for public access and use. Figure 13 shows the locations of all the shoreline public parks and open space within the City's shoreline. Existing parks; open space, and public facilities in the City's shoreline planning area include the following: . Dash Point State Park - This 398-acre state park is located on the westernmost point of the Federal Way marine shoreline. The park provides access to 3,302 feet ofPuget Sound marine shoreline. The park also contains two covered picnic shelters, 11 miles of hiking and biking trails, amphitheater, and 138 camping sites, with a mix of primitive tent sites and a serviced campground. . Dumas Bay Park - This 19.3-acre neighborhood park is located along the City's western Puget Sound shoreline, north of Dash Point State Park, off Dash Point Road. The park offers,12 parking stalls and unpaved trails which lead to the beach front. The park also contains interpretive signs. . Dumas Bay Centre - Located on the north side of Dumas Bay, opposite Dumas Bay Park, the Dumas Bay Center features the Knutzen Family Theater, ,a retreat and meeting center, as well as a park and Puget Sound beach front. . Poverty Bay Park - Located north of Dumas Bay Center, this park is a 48-acre site of undeveloped open space, with approximately 500 feet of beach shoreline. Opportunities for new access to the shoreline in Federal Way are limited. The City and state park resources and the public open space offer access to the shoreline and Puget Sound August 2006 page 45 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization throughout the City. Most other areas are developed residentially. The City could explore developing additional street-end overlooks or beach access points. Undeveloped rights-of-way totall.7 acres in the nearshore shoreline environments; these could be potential beach access or overlooks. 4.3.8 Historical/Cultural Resources The existing Federal Way Comprehensive Plan provides a general goal to identify, protect, and restore those areas and facilities within the City that are of historical or archeological significance (City of Federal Way, 2002). The plan establishes a goal to ensure that historic properties and archeological sites are protected as "important elements in the overall design of the City." Policies in the Comprehensive Plan define characteristics that enable the identification of historic and archeological sites, and direct the City to preserve and protect these sites from incompatible land uses. ' Native American use of water bodies throughout western Washington has been well documented. Native peoples undoubtedly used tributaries ofthe Green River, the Hylebos Creek, and Puget Sound Marine shoreline for fisheries resources. Historic GLO survey maps from the 1860s do not identify any native American village sites or any other Native American sites within the City's marine shoreline planning area. The Historical Society of Federal Way includes an article review of Native American use within the vicinity of the City. The article does not indicate that village sites are known to exist within the vicinity. However, the article notes the presence of Native American artifacts and,.in one instance, human remains along the marine shoreline (Historical Society of Federal Way, 2005). Shell middens have been documented within the City's marine shorelines. The City requires review of archeological and historical resources on a parcel-by-parcel basis during development review as warranted. The Historical Society of Federal Way works to restore and preserve structures and artifacts of historical significance within and around Federal Way. The society owns and maintains two historical cabins, both of which have been relocated to Historic Cabins Park near 348th Street and 4th Avenue South. The park area is not within the City's Shoreline Planning Area (Historical Society of Federal Way, 2003). The Washington State Department of Archeology and Historic Preservation maintains a database of sites listed on Washington's Historic register and the mitional register. A search of the database, for sites within the City's shoreline planning area revealed no listed sites of historical significance (DAHP).Additionally, no sites are listed on King County's Local Landmarks List (King County, 2006). ' 5.0 FRESHWATER LAKES PLANNING AREA INVENTORY The purpose of this section of the report is to inventory and characterize freshwater lake conditions within the Shoreline Planning Areas in greater detail and in the context ofthe larger watershed. The intent is to identify how existing conditions in the freshwater lake shoreline influence or contribute to alterations of processes that maintain aquatic ecosystems. The study area is shown on Figure 1 and subsequent figures as the City's shoreline planning area. August 2006 , page 46 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization 5.1 Physical Features 5.1.1 Drainage Basins and Surface Water Drainage in the Federal Way area is divided into five basins: Lower Puget Sound, Lower Green River, Mill Creek, Hybelos Creek, and White River Basins. Surface water that does not feed the freshwater lakes is directed either west to Puget Sound, east into the Duwamish-Green River Valley, or south to Commencement Bay. Freshwater lakes that are part of the shoreline jurisdiction are located in all the drainage basins and are discussed below. Steel lake Steel Lake (Reach 2) is located in the Lower Puget Sound basin in the western part of Federal Way. Streams within the basin generally flow north and west into Puget Sound and have incised ravines into the steep coastal bluffs. Steel Lake is situated on top of low-permeability till, which suggests that it likely receives most of its water from surface runoff from the adjacent hills rather than from groundwater seepage. Although there is not any visible inflow, surface water in the watershed is conveyed to the lake and discharged through 14 stormwater outfalls. Outflow passes through a Category 1 wetland on the western shoreline and then flows through a culvert to , another wetland and then becomes Redondo Creek, flowing through the City of Des Moines to the Puget Sound. The City established the Steel Lake Management District (LMD) in 2003 to provide integrated , aquatic vegetation management and community education. The LMD is now in its third year and the program has seen considerable success in the reduction of aquatic weeds and the maintenance of beneficial uses (Le. swimming, fishing, boating). Star lake Star Lake (Reach 3) is located in the Lower Green River basin in the Federal Way P AA. Topography in the basin directs surface water, including the outlet stream of Star Lake, eastward into the Duwamish-Green River Valley. Star Lake lies on till and recessional outwash deposits that overlie till at a shallow depth. Star Lake-is likely a kettle lake formed by the melting of large blocks of glacial ice buried in the glacial drift of outwash plains left behind as continental glaciers receded. Consequently, the lake is probably supplied by a combination of surface runoff and groundwater seepage. Very small streams, runoff and groundwater are the primary contributing water sources to the lake. the outfall is via a pipe and culvert to Bingham Creek and then to the Green River. lake Dolloff and lake Geneva Lake Dolloff (Reach 4) and Lake Geneva (Reach 5) are located in the Mill Creek basin in the Federal Way PAA. Surface drainage in the basin flows eastward into the Duwamish-Green River Valley through the Mill Creek valley of Auburn. Mill Creek, which drains the south end of Lake Dolloff, has incised a deep ravirie that is also fed by small tributary streams, which drain the surrounding hillsides. Lake Dolloff is formed on recessional outwash deposits and thus is' probably fed principally by groundwater infiltration. Although there are no major inflows to the August 2006 page 47 ,City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization lake, wetland areas, runoff and groundwater are contributing water sources. An outflow through a wetland exists at the sOHthern end of Lake Dolloff. Lake Geneva likely receives most of its water supply from surface drainage overtop of till. Inflows to the lake come from a small stream on the southern end ofthe Jake, adjacent wetland areas, runoff and groundwater. Outflow exits at the northeast comer of Lake Geneva through a wetland, which forms a small tributary to Mill Creek. North lake and lake Killarney North Lake and Lake Killarney (Reaches 6 and 7) are located in the Hylebos Creek Basin in the south-central part of Federal Way. Both lakes are drained by Hylebos Creek, which flows southward into Commencement Bay. Other small streams in the basin also drain to the south and either join with Hylebos Creek or terminate in wetland areas. Both lakes lie on top of till, and therefore likely receive surface runoff from the surrounding area. North Lake is located in the Hylebos Creek basin within the City limits for Federal Way. Inflow occurs via a smaIl tributary through a wetland on the north shore. Groundwater, runoff and precipitation are additional water sources. Outflow occurs via a tributary through a wetland in the southwestern comer ofthe lake. North Lake drains to a pond ,on the Weyerhaueser campus then through a pipe to a wetland, which drains to the west fork of the Hylebos. The northwestern section of Lake Killarney is located within Federal Way City limits, with the remainder of the lake within the P AA. There are no stream inflow sources. A wetland along the northern boundary likely serves as a water source during certain periods of the year, with groundwater, precipitation and runoff acting as the primary sources of incoming water. Outflow exits the lake to the southwest through a small, concrete culvert into a tributary. Lake Killarney drains to the east fork of the Hylebos. , Five Mile lake Five Mile Lake (Reach 8) is situated in the White River drainage basin in the Federal Way PAA. The lake is fed by wetlands to the north as well as springs, runoff and groundwater. Five Mile Lake is likely a kettle lake formed by the melting of large blocks of glacial ice buried in the glacial drift of outwash plains left behind as continental glaciers receded. ' Five Mile lake drains to Trout Lake to the southeast, which then flows to the White river. 5.1.2 Geologic Hazard Areas 5.1.2.1 Seismic Hazard Areas King County GIS maps (accessed on 5/18/06 at http://www.metrokc.gov/gis/ mapportal/iMAP _ main.htm) do not indicate seismic hazards associated with the freshwater lake areas (Reaches 2 through 8). Areas of low to moderate liquefaction susceptibility are designated on maps produced by the Washington Department of Natural Resources (Palmer et aI., 2003); however, map coverage is limited to the western part of Federal Way, and does not include the freshwater lakes planning area. August 2006 page 48 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization Correlations between soil conditions and liquefaction susceptibility in the western part of Federal Way permit s9me inferences regarding the hazard in the unmapped areas of the freshwater lake planning area. Regions in the western part of Federal Way that are mapped as having low to moderate liquefaction susceptibility include, the areas around Lorene and Jeane Lakes as well as several smaller lakes which are unnamed on existing maps. Typically, those areas considered to be susceptible to liquefaction are mapped as recessional outwash or consist stratigraphically of fine-grained wetland deposits overlying granular recessional outwash deposits. Those areas underlain by till are generally considered to have very low liquefaction susceptibility. The shorelines of Star, Dolloff, and Five Mile Lakes (Reaches 3, 4, and 8) are underlain largely by recessional outwash and/or wetland deposits, and thus most likely have low to moderate liquefaction susceptibility. The shorelines of Steel and North Lakes and Lakes Geneva and Killarney (Reaches 2,6,5 and 7) are underlain primarily by till, with small areas of wetland and outwash deposits. Most of the areas within these segments would likely have very low liquefaction susceptibility. 5:1.2.2 Erosion Hazard Areas Erosion hazard areas are not present within the majority ofthe freshwater lakes shoreline segments (Reaches 2 through 8) according to City GIS maps and King County GIS maps (Figures 9D through 9H). An exception is the outlet located on the western shoreline of Steel Lake (Reach 2), which is mapped as an erosion hazard area. That outlet feeds a small stream, which flows westward to Puget Sound. Approximately 11 percent of the Steel Lake Reach is designated an erosion hazard area. , The drainage basins for six ofthe seven freshwater lakes in the shoreline planning area contain erosion hazard areas: Steel, Star, Dolloff, North Lakes and Lakes Geneva and Killarney. Those areas with erosion hazards are primarily concentrated in narrow corridors along streams or on hillsides, and make up a very small proportion of the drainage basin analysis area. 5.1.2.3 Landslide Hazard Areas and Steep Slopes Landslide hazard areas and steep slopes do not occur within the fresh water lakes shoreline Reaches (Reaches 2 through 8) according to City GIS maps and King County GIS maps (Figures 9D through 9H). However, landslide hazards are in factpresent in the far eastern portions of the shoreline analysis areas for Five Mile Lake, Lake Geneva, and Star Lake. Those areas include the relatively steep valley walls of the Duwamish-Green River Valleys and the ravines of several small streams, including Mill Creek. 5.1.3 Aquifer Recharge Areas Critical aquifer recharge areas in Federal Way, as defined above in section 4.1.3, are commonly associated with regions that are underlain by recessional outwash deposits. Such deposits generally have high infiltration rates because they tend to be relatively permeable and allow for rapid movement of water. Alternatively, infiltration rates in till are typically low because of limited pore space arising from a variety of grain sizes and a high degree of compaction. Critical aquifer recharge areas in the freshwater lakes planning area include the areas around Star, Dolloff, and Five Mile Lakes (Reaches 3, 4, and 8) according to City GIS maps and King August 2006 page 49, City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization County GIS maps (accessed on 5/22/06 at http://www.metrokc.gov/gis/mapportal/ iMAP _main.htm). 5.1.4 Flood Hazard Areas Frequently flooded areas are defined in Chapter 18-28 of the FWMC as those areas in the floodplain subject to a one percent or greater chance of flooding in any given year including but not limited to such areas as streams, lakes, coastal areas and wetlands. According to King Courity GIS maps (Figure 6), the shoreline of Lake Dolloff (Reach 4) is located within a 100- year floodplain, and thus may be considered a flood hazard area. The remaining areas located within the freshwater lakes shoreline jurisdiction (Reaches 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, and 8) are not currently considered to be within 100-year floodplains. 5.1.5 Streams The upper plateau lies within 5 drainage basins that have been identified in Federal Way: the Lower Green River, Mill Creek, Hylebos Creek, White River and Lower Puget Sound. Of these, the Hylebos Creek and White River are within Watershed Resource Inventory Area (WRIA) 10- Puyallup/White; the other drainage basins, including the portion of the Lower Puget Sound basin, which covers the Redondo Subarea, are within WRlA 9 - Duwamish/Gre,en. The freshwater shoreline lakes form the headwaters for several streams including Redondo Creek, tributaries to Mill Creek, and the East and West forks ofHyh~bos Creek The Hylebos Creek is the largest drainage basin for the upper plateau of Federal Way. The Hylebos Creek basin is approximately 18,361 acres in size, and contains 25 miles of stream, 11 named lakes, and 250 acres of wetlands (Kerwin, 1999). There are two major tributaries to Hylebos Creek, the West and East Forks. The headwaters ofthe West Fork ofthe Hylebos are located in Federal Way near South 320th Street (Pierce County, 2006). The East Fork originates in King County near North Lake and Lake Killarney in the City's P AA. The two forks join east ofInterstate-5 in the City of Milton. From the confluence of these forks in Milton downstream, the Hylebos Creek itself is considered a shoreline ofthe state. Hylebos Creek enters the Hylebos Waterway in Tacoma and drains to Puget Sound's Commencement Bay. The majority of the Hylebos basin is urbanized, and covered by commercial development and single and multifamily residential dwellings. Approximately two-thirds ofthe basin is located in the city of Federal Way, which experienced large population growth in the 1980's (Friends ofthe Hylebos Wetlands, 2006). As of 1999, the City of Federal Way was 96 percent built out, with more than half the land area covered with impervious surfaces (Kerwin, 1999). Due to deforestation, the increase in impervious surfaces, and the loss of adjacent wetlands in the Hylebos Creek basin, the damaging peak flows in the creek have, increased dramatically, as compared to pre-development conditions. . There has not been a comprehensive water quality study performed on the Hylebos basin. However, it is generally accepted that non point and point source pollution problems affect water quality throughout the basin (Kerwin, 1999). August 2006 page 50 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization 5.1.6 Shoreline Modifications Land use and development surrounding the freshwater lakes in Federal Way have resulted in shoreline modifications including the placement of bulkheads, removal of forested vegetation and other alterations as described below. Shoreline modifications provided here are based upon a one-day field reconnaissance of the lakes as part of this inventory and analysis. Steel Lake The basin around Steel Lake was already significantly developed in 1976 when only 15 percent ofthe land in the drainage basin was classified as forested or unproductive (USGS, 1976). According to King County, in 2002 less than 10 percent was classified as forested or timber ,harvest areas (King County, 2002) indicating rapid urbanization. It appeared that most residential parcels on the lake has been developed. The exceptions are the park, and wetlands and the remaining undeveloped lots. Of the developed parcels, at least 50 percent have bulkheads and the featureless shoreline habitat associated with them. Extensive' shoreline armoring and overwater structures have significantly reduced the riparian vegetation on Steel Lake, although abundant riparian vegetation has been observed near the creek inlet at the west side ofthe lake. Low-growing vegetation and shrubs in the nearshore are lacking, however numerous mature trees still are present in most of the developed parcels. The wetland to the west coveres approximately 10 percent of the shoreline and provides good riparian conditions and habitat. Star Lake Land use surrounding Star Lake has changed since 1976 when 46 percent ofthe land in the drainage basin was still classified as forested or unproductive (USGS, 1976). According to King County, in 2002 less than 10 percent was classified as forested or cleared (King County, 2002). The shoreline of Star Lake is entirely developed with multiple layers or tiers of houses as one moves up the slope away from the lake. It appears that nearly every available parcel on the lake has been developed. Of the developed parcels, approximately 10 to 20 percent have bulkheads and the featureless shoreline habitat that is assoGiated with them. Even though Star Lake has minimal shoreline armoring, significant riparian and upland vegetation are still lacking. There are relatively few large trees within 25 feet ofthe shoreline although there are occasionally over hanging willows and other shrubs near the shore. Lake Dolloff Land use surrounding Lake Dolloff has changed since 1976 when 65 percent of the land in the drainage basin was still classified as forested or \loproductive (USGS, 1976). According to King County, in 2002 only 25 percent of the land in the drainage basin was still classified as forested or cleared (King County, 2002). About two-thirds of the available parcels on the lake have been developed; however most houses have small footprints and are placed further away from the lake shore. Very few bulkheads are August 2006 page 51 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization visible, allowing for intact riparian buffer zones near the waters edge along most of the shoreline. Multiple layers of vegetation are present, consisting of over-hanging trees, shrubs, and large evergreens in many cases within 25 feet of the shoreline. This provides excellent coverage and habitat. Large wetland areas exist in the north and south ends of the lake as well as a small section on the eastern shore. Combined, these wetlands cover approximately 30 percent of the lake shore and provide good riparian conditions and habitat. lake Geneva Approximately 28, percent of the land in the drainage basin surrounding Lake Geneva was still classified as forested or unpr09uctive in 1976 (USGS, 1976). According to King County, in 2002 approximately 8 percent was still classified as forested or cleared (King County, 2002). It appeared that a majority of the available parcels on the lake have been developed. However, the use of bulkheads seemed to be minimal. Compared to most urban lakes, nearshore vegetation was relatively intact throughout most of the lake shoreline and consisted of over hanging trees and shrubs. The eastern shoreline had an approximately 1,000 foot-long section of steep shoreline containing a mature stand of trees. A wetland area in the northern section of the lake provides additional shoreline protection and habitat for a variety of species. This wetland comprises approximately 5 percent of the lake shore. North lake In 1976, approximately 73 percent of the land in the drainage basin was still ,classified as forested or unproductive (USGS, 1976). According to King County, in 2002 approximately 48 , percent was still classified as forested or cleared (King County, 2002). Only a little over half of the lake appeared to be developed. Weyerhaeuser owns a 52-acre parcel of land that protects most of the western shoreline. Of the developed area, bulkheads comprised approximately 25 percent of the shoreline. Some overhanging trees and shrubs were present along segments of the developed shoreline, but most mature trees were absent within 25 feet of the lake. The second-growth forest along the western shoreline does provide a diverse, complex, and near natural riparian zone. In addition, the smaller wetlands at the inflow/outflow provide additional habitat. lake Killarney Approximately 59 percent of the land in the Lake KilIarney drainage basin was still classified as forested or unproductive in 1976 (USGS, 1976). According to King County, in 2002 approximately 17 percent was still classified as forested or cleared (King County, 2002). The use of bulkheads seemed to be minimal especially in the North arm where nearshore vegetation was predominately intact providing in-water structure. The eastern shoreline was moderately steep, however development was not tiered; thus many mature trees were still present. In the southern arm, more of the developed parcels exhibit featureless shorelines with little habitat. A wetland area in the northern section of the lake comprising approximately 10 percent of the lake shore provides additional protection and habitat. In addition, a 10.8-acre August 2006 page 52 co- City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization parcel of land used as a park on the western shoreline contains diverse vegetation and natural shoreline. Five Mile Lake Land use has changed since 1976 when 75 percent of the land in the drainage basin was still classified as forested or unproductive (USGS, 1976). According to King County, in 2002 approximately 42 percent was still classified as forested or cleared (King County, 2002). Only about half ofthe available parcels on the lake have been developed. However, of these, approximately 50 percent have bulkheads and the featureless shoreline habitat that is associated with them. In-water, nearshore vegetation consists of periodic stands of cattail. There are relatively few large trees within 25 feet of the shoreline although there are occasionally over- hanging willows and other shrubs near the shore. An exception is at Five'Mile Park, where a 600 foot section of shoreline contains a stand of mature trees. The large wetland areas in the north and northeastern sections of the lake that have protected shorelines provide good riparian conditions and habitat. These wetlands comprise approximately 35 percent of the lake shore. , , 5.2 Biological Resources 5.2.1 Lacustrine Habitats Lacustrine habitats are those habitats found along shores of freshwater lakes to water depths where aquatic plants still receive light. The shallow shoreline of several of the lakes in Federal Way offer excellent habitat for aquatic plants. However, non-native aquatic species also take advantage of the shallow shoreline. Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum), purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), fragrant water lily (Nymphaea odorata), and yellow flag iris (Iris pseudacorus) have all been identified within the lakes of Federal Way. Several of the lakes undergo treatment in an attempt to eradicate Eurasian watermilfoil, including Star Lake, Lake Dolloff, Lake Geneva, North Lake, Killarney and Five Mile Lake. 5.2.2 Wetlands Lacustrine and palustrine wetlands are identified by the NWI immediately adjacent to and associated with lakes within the City's shoreline planning area. In addition, the City's Wetland Inventory (Sheldon and Associates, 1999) identifies and maps wetlands throughout the City, along with classification pursuant to FWMC 18-28. These inventories are used as primary sources in the discussion of wetlands within the planning area of seven freshwater lakes included in the City's shoreline jurisdiction (Figures 6 and ll-D through II-H). Most ofthe freshwater lakes within the City, except for Steel Lake (Shoreline Reach 2) are considered wetlands by the City's Wetland Inventory. However, in many cases the lakes constitute deepwater habitats (water depths greater than 6.6 feet) that are not wetland according to the state definition. The Category I (FWCC 18-28) wetland identification of these lakes (Shoreline Reaches 3 - 8) includes open water areas and shoreline edges, as well as (with the exception of Star Lake, Reach 3) portions of the land immediately adjacenttothe lakes. At Steel Lake, a large, Category I wetland was identified beginning at the western-most portion of the lake and continuing northwest across South 304th Street through the undeveloped area. Three August 2006 page 53 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization other small, Category III wetlands were identified along the north (2 wetlands) and south (1 wetland) shores of Steel Lake (Figure II-E). The NWI maps identified all of the seven freshwater lakes (Reaches 2 - 8) as permanent lacustrine wetlands, with a pattern of similar ecological system classification at all lakes except Star Lake. The entire area of Star Lake was classified as a lacustrine open water wetland with no other wetlands identified in the adjacent areas. AquatiC bed wetlands are mapped at or near each lake's shoreline. Palustrine, or freshwater, wetlands were identified by the NWI map as adjacent and associated with all lake reaches except for Star Lake and Lake Geneva (Reaches 3 and 5). At Steel Lake (Reach 2), a scrub-shrub and forested wetland stretches from the west end of the lake to the northwest at the outlet stream. This wetland is considered an "associated wetland" and part of the shoreline jurisdiction. At Lake Dolloff (Reach 4), a palustrine forested wetland and open water/aquatic bed are mapped at the northwest end ofthe lake (Figure II-E). This is considered "associated wetland" as is wetland areas to the northeast of Lake Dolloff and south of South 303rd Street. A wetland also extends along the outlet stream to the southeast. At North Lake (Reach 6), a palustrine scrub/shrub and emergent wetland is identified as extending to the north from the northeast corner ofthe lake (Figure II-F). At Lake Killarney (Reach 7), a palustrine emergent and scrub-shrub wetlands are mapped as adjoining to the north of the lake (Figure II-G). At Five Mile Lake (Reach 8), forested, scrub-shrub, and open water wetlands are identified extending the north from the north end of the lake and spreading out to the north and east from the northeast corner ofthe lake (Figure II-H). 5.2.3 Critical Wildlife Habitat and Species Critical fish and wildlife habitat areas are those areas identified as being of critical importance in the maintenance and preservation of fish, wildlife, and natural vegetation. Critical habitat, or fish a~d wildlife habitat conservation areas, means habitat areas with which endangered, threatened, or sensitive species of plants or wildlife have a primary association (e.g., feeding, breeding, rearing of young, migrating) (Chapter 18-28 FWCC). Fish and wildlife habitat conservation areas in the fresh waters of Federal Way include streams; ponds under 20 acres; lakes, ponds and streams planted with game fish by a governmental or tribal entity; and State natural area preserves and natural resource conservation areas. Several state and federally listed species are known to occur or could potentially occur within the City's freshwater shoreline planning area, as well as within waters downstream of Federal Way (Table 9; Figure 10). Federally listed species that have been documented in the City include bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), commoilloon (Gavia immer), and Puget Sound/Strait of Georgia coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), a federal species of concern. In general, coho and other anadromou,s salmonids are not found within the freshwater lakes of Federal Way and its PAA; however, salmonids do inhabit streams down gradient ofthese lakes. August 2006 page 54 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization Table 9; Federal and State Listed Threatened and Endangered Species in Federal Way. Common name Scientific name Status Within Federal Way Downstream from or P AA? Federal Way? Bald eagle Haliaeetus Threatened ,Yes Yes leucocephalus Common loon Gavia immer State Sensitive Yes No Pileated woodpecker Dryocopus pileatus State Candidate No Yes Puget Sound/ Strait of Oncorhynchus kisutch Federal species of Yes Yes Georgia coho salmon concern Puget Sound Chinook Oncorhynchus Threatened No Yes salmon tshawytscha Puget Sound Oncorhynchus mykiss Proposed threatened No Yes steelhead CQastaVPuget Sound Salvelinus confluentus Threatened No Yes bull trout Steel lake Steel Lake is within the Lower Puget Sound drainage basin, drains to the Puget Sound through Redondo Creek. The lake has a mean depth of 13 feet, and supports stocked trout and bass (King County, 2005). Streams within this basin are known to provide habitat for coho and fall chum salmon. ' Star lake Star Lake is within the Lower Green River Drainage Basin. Mean depth of the lake is 25 feet, and supports stocked trout, bass, and other fish (King County, 2005). The Lower Green River basin has rearing habitat for fall chinook, fall chum, and summer steelhead; spawning and rearing habitat for coho; and documented presence of pink and sockeye salmon, bull trout/dolly varden, and winter steelhead (WDFW, 2006). A pileated woodpecker nest has been identified approximately 0.6 miles away, and bald eagle nest has been identified slightly over one mile from Star Lake (WDFW, 2004). ' lake Dolloff and lake Geneva Lake Dolloff and Lake Geneva are within the Mill Creek drainage basin. Lake Geneva has an average depth of 19 feet, and supports populations of stocked trout and bass (King County, 2005). An adult common loon has also been documented at Lake Geneva (WDFW, 2004). Lake Dolloff also supports populations of stocked trout and bass, as well as other fish species (King County, 2002). Mill Creek is known to provide habitat to fall chinook and winter steelhead, as well as spawning and rearing habitat for coho salmon (WDFW, 2006). Coho, chum and winter steelhead have been observed spawning in Mill Creek (Kerwin and Nelson, 2000). Juvenile coho, chum, winter steelhead, cutthroat and chinook have been captured in the creek. August 2006 page 55 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization North Lake and Lake Killarney North Lake and Lake Killarney are within the Hylebos Creek drainage Basin. North Lake has an average depth of 14 feet. Lake Killarney averages 9 feet in depth. Both lakes support populations of stocked trout (rainbow and cutthroat), largemouth bass, and other fish species including yellow perch, pumpkinseed sunfish, and brown bullheads (King County, 2005). Salmonids inhabiting East Hylebos Creek, which is fed by both North Lake and Lake Killarney, include coho salmon, chum salmon, and cutthroat trout (Taylor Associates, 2002). A bald eagle nest has been identified within one quarter mile of North Lake (WDFW, 2004). Five Mile Lake Five Mile Lake is within the White River Drainage Basin. It has an average depth of 18 feet, and supports populations of stocked trout and bass (King County, 2005). There is no surface water connection from Five Mile Lake to the White River. The White River subbasin provides' spawning or rearing habitat for fall and spring chinook, pink, fall chum, and coho salmon in addition to bull trout/dolly varden, winter steelhead, and cutthroat trout. Sockeye salmon adults are observed almost annually in this subbasin but there is some question to their ability to be natUrally sustaining (Kerwin, 1999; WDFW, 2006). 5.2.4 Instream and Riparian Habitats Streams and riparian corridors provide valuable wildlife habitat, a source of fluvial sediments to the marine shoreline, recreational opportunities, and support for a range of fish species. Five drainage basins have been identified in Federal Way that affect shorelines: Lower Green River, Mill Creek, White River, Hylebos Creek, and Lower Puget Sound. Of these, the Hylebos Creek and White River are within Watershed Resource Inventory Area (WRlA) 10 - Puyallup/White; the other drainage basins, including the portion ofthe Lower Puget Sound basin,which covers the Redondo Subarea, are within WRlA 9 - DuwamishlGreen. Information on riparian habitat conditions was drawn in particular from the following documents: Habitat Limiting Factors and Reconnaissance Assessment Report, Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watersheds (Water Resource Inventory Area 9 (1nd Vashon Island) (King County, 2000); A Catalog of Washington Streams and Salmon Utilization - Volume 1, Puget Sound Region (Williams et al. 1975), and Federal Way Potential Annexation Area Inventory (Federal Way, 2002). The following characterization is focused on conditions relative to fish and wildlife habitat. 5.2.4.1 Lower Green River Drainage Basin Approximately 18 percent of the riparian zone in the Lower Green River sub-watershed supports native deciduous trees. However, deciduous stands are usually narrow (<100 feet) or comprised of small, sparse trees mixed with patches of grass, pavement, or bare ground. Almost 50 percent of the riparian zone is comprised grass or shrubs, many of which are non-native. Over 80 percent ofthe riparian zone is currently considered to provide poor shade, organic matter recruitment, and sediment filtration because native vegetation communities have largely been converted to grass or shrubs and because development often extends to within 75 feet of the channel (King County, 2000). The lower Green River is on Ecology's 2004 303(d) list for fecal coliform. August 2006 page 56 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization Star Lake, located in the Lower Green River Basin, is surrounded by residential land use. Much of the shoreline is armored, and there are several piers and floats within the lake. Virtually no riparian buffer exists on this lake. The riparian zone is largely vegetated with pasture grass (lawn) and ornamental tree species. 5.2.4.2 Mill Creek Drainage Basin The Washington State Department of Ecology's (Ecology) Aquatic Use Category sets criterion for the protection of spawning, core rearing, and migration of salmon and trout, and other associated aquatic life. Mill (Hill) Creek has been categorized as Non-Core Salmon/Trout aquatic use. The creek is on Ecology's 2004 303(d) list for temperature, dissolved oxygen, and fecal coliform bacteria. Dolloff Lake and Lake Geneva are located within the Mill Creek Drainage Basin. Residential land use surrounds Lake Dolloff. Riparian vegetation appears to be somewhat intact at the north end of the lake, but at the south end, lawns and ornamental trees and shrubs dominate the riparian zone. Lake Geneva is almost completely surrounded by residential land use. There are patchy areas of intact riparian vegetation. For the most part, vegetation within the riparian zone is composed of lawn and ornamental tree and shrub species. ' 5.2.4.3 White River Drainage Basin The White/Stuck River is channelized between levees along both banks from its confluence with the Puyallup upstream to RM 8.5. Water quality in the basin is generally good to excellent, but some parameters he.we exceeded water quality standards because of sanitary sewage effluent form the cities of Buckley and Enumclaw. Mud mountain dam at RM 29.6 interrupts recruitment ofLWD and gravel to the lower reaches of the White River. Riparian condition is affected by land use in the basin, which is predominantly mixed commercial/residential below RM 8 (Kerwin, 1999). The lower Wh,ite River is on the 2004 303(d) list for temperature and pH. Five Mile Lake is both located within the White River Drainage Basin. This lake is almost completely surrounded by residential land use. There are patchy areas of intact riparian vegetation, particularly along the north shore near the Buddhist Center and Lakeview Christian Conference Center. Riparian vegetation in the residential areas is composed primarily oflawn and ornamental tree and shrub species. 5.2.4.4 Hylebos Creek Drainage Basin The Hylebos Creek drainage basin is located primarily in southwest King County and includes the East Hylebos Creek (tributary 0006) and its three major tributaries (0016A, 0016, 0015). Habitat within the Hylebos Creek subbasin has been severely altered from its historical natural state. Residential development, erosion and frequent flooding threaten the creek. Portions of this subbasin have been channelized with an associated loss of riparian habitat (Kerwin, 1999). In the upper portion ofthe basin, one tributary drains from Lake Killarney over a relatively flat upland till surface, south to 28th Avenue South and South 360th, then continuing to just south of August 2006 page 57 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization Kits Comer Road to join East Branch ofHylebos. East branch Hylebos Creek flows from North Lake, then south through the Parkway Subarea ranging between 21 st Place South and 25th Place South. The tributaries combine south of SR 161 and flow through a long, steep gradient reach over Vashon advance outwash. The East and West Branches of Hylebos Creek converge within the broad floodplain of Lower Hylebos Creek near the King-Pierce County line to form the mainstem (Taylor Associates, 2002). East Hylebos Creek habitat was surveyed in 2001 from RM 5.3 to RM 6.4. In this reach, habitat vvas predominantly low-gradient riffle stream habitat. The mean width of the wetted channel was 10 feet and the mean bankfull width was 30 feet. The' mean maximum depth of all pools was 1.4 feet. The stream had 63 pools per mile, though there were no large pools (i.e., greater than one meter in depth), and no high-quality pools observed. L WD recruitment was good, as the native. riparian buffer was wide and dense, composed of medium sized (12-20 inch diameter) hardwoods, with approximately 20 percent ofthe trees being mature conifers (Taylor Associates, 2002). Both the East and West tributaries of the Hylebos Creek are perennial streams. Salmonids inhabiting each tributary of Hylebos Creek include coho salmon, chum salmon, and cutthroat trout. The streams appears to contain good salmonid habitat but the indicators in the pathway for watershed conditions are not properly functioning due, to urbanization in the watershed (Taylor Associates, 2002)Lake Killarney has patches of riparian vegetation surrounding the lake. Most of the western riparian shoreline of North Lake is currently open space. The east shore of North Lake is entirely residential, and has essentially no native riparian vegetation. In contrast, open space and the Weyerhauser industrial and office park dominates the west shore ofthe lake, with healthy intact riparian vegetation overhanging the shoreline. 5.2.5 Water Quality To summarize lake condition in terms of water quality, the lake's trophic status is evaluated. Trophic status refers to the combination of clarity, nutrient concentrations and algae levels that are often used to determine how productive a lake is. Lake, productivity is often considered to be undesirable because it leads to increase in plant and algae growth. The three major divisions of trophic statu~ are: oligotrophic (refers to lakes of low productivity; clear water and few plants and algae), mesotrophic (moderate productivity with some plants and algae) and eutrophic (highly productive, algae and/or plant rich systems). Lake flushing is a critical aspect of determining how vulnerable a lake may be to pollution. Lakes with higher flushing rates are less vulnerable to the effects of pollutants because they have a shorter residence time. This means that pollutants entering the lake via the stormwater outfalls can move through the lake and exit through the outflow. Increases in impervious surfaces in the upland environment can also affect subsurface groundwater flow into the lake h~ading to changes in water quality. In general, many of the lakes have a low flushing rate because of the small volume of water that enters and exists them. Another aspect of water quality relates to turbidity and suspended sediment. Sedimentation and stormwater runoff in the lakes has been identified as an issue of concern by the Surface Water Management (SWM) Division. SWM currently has several programs in place to reduce the transport of sediments and other pollutants to lakes and streams. These programs include street sweeping, catch basin monitoring and cleaning, erosion/sedimentation control construction August 2006 page 58 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization inspections and stormwater facilty improvements in the form of pollution control structures and regional detention facilities. Steel lake Steel Lake has an outflow and is expected to have a moderate flushing rate. Steel Lake can be classified as mesotrophic, indicating moderate productivity with very good water quality (King County,2006). Water clarity is in the mid-upper range of the small lakes monitored in King' County. The average depth of the lake is 13 feet. Steel Lake is included in Washington States list of impaired waters (the 303(d) iist) as a Category 5 water due to invasive exotic species. A Category 5 listing indicates that the water is polluted and is of concern (Ecology 2004). In recent years, the lake has been treated for Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum). Other state- listed noxious weeds at Steel Lake include fragrant water lily (Nymphaea odorata) and yellow flag iris (Iris pseudacorus). The Steel Lake Management District was created in 2003 for the , purpose of managing aquatic vegetation and maintaining beneficial uses of the lake. Star lake Star Lake discharges to Bingham Creek via a culv~rt; however the outflow is considered small, therefore, it will have a low flushing rate. This means that once pollutants enter the lake they essentially remain there. The low flushing rates make the lake vulnerable to contamination and nutrient loading from shoreline development and activity. On the other hand, the lack of a major inflow stream can be a benefit since these streams are the primary source of pollutant contribution from the surrounding watershed. Increases in impervjous surfaces in the upland environment can also affect subsurface groundwater flow into the lake leading to changes in water quality. According to data collected by volunteers, Star Lake can be classified as oligotrophic, indicating low productivity with excellent water quality (King County, 2006). Water clarity is in the upper range of the small lakes monitored in King County. Elevated concentrations of fecal coliform bacteria have been measured on occasion in the lake, resulting in the inclusion of the lake 'in Washington States list of impaired waters (the 303(d) list) under Category 2. A Category 2 listing represents waters of concern where more monitoring is warranted, but where pollution levels are not high enough to violate, water quality standards or where data are inadequate (Ecology 2004). lake Dolloff Although Lake Dolloff does have an outflow, low flows will result in a low flushing rate. Data collected by volunteers from 1996-2000 classified it as eutrophic, indicating it had high productivity with fair water quality (King County, 2002). Elevated concentrations offecal coliform have been measured on occasion in the lake. In addition, water samples collected between 1998-2001 contained elevated total phosphorus concentrations resulting in the inclusion ofthe lake in Washington States list ofimpaired waters (the 303(d) list) under Category 2. A Category 2 listing represents waters of concern where more monitoring is warranted, but where pollution levels are not high enough to violate water quality standards or where data is inadequate (Ecology, 2004). August 2006 page 59 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization' lake Geneva Since the lake does have an outflow, it will have a certain degree of flushing. According to data collected by volunteers, Lake Geneva can be classified as being borderline mesotrophic indicating it has low to moderate productivity and good water quality (King County, 2006). Water clarity is high and is in the upper range for the small lakes in King County monitored in 2004. Lake Geneva is listed as a Category 1 lake in Washington's Water Qu~lity Assessment meaning it met tested water quality.~tandards (Ecology 2004). North lake SinceNorth Lake does have an inflow and an outflow, it may have a moderate flushing rate, though volumes are still low. North Lake can be classified as being mesotrophic indicating moderate productivity and good water quality (King County, 2006). Water clarity is good. The average depth of North Lake is 14 feet. North Lake is listed as a Category 1 lake in Washington's Water Quality Assessment meaning it met water quality standards (Ecology 2004). lake Killarney Lake Killarney has only a small outflow, it will likely have a low flushing rate. Lake KilIarney can be classified as being borderline eutrophic indicating moderately-high productivity and good water quality (King County, 2006). Water clarity is low due to the naturally high color resulting from the wetland along the northern shoreline. Elevated concentrations of fecal coliform and phosphorus have been measured on occasion in the lake"resulting in the inclusion ofthe lake in Washington States list of impaired waters (the 303(d) list) under Category 2. A Category 2 iisting represents waters of concern where more monitoring is warranted, but where pollution levels are not high enough to violate water quality standards or where data is inadequate (Ecology 2004). Five Mile lake Since Five Mile Lake is fed by wetlands to the north as well as springs, runoff and groundwater. According to data collected by volunteers, Five Mile Lake can be classified as mesotrophic, indicating it is only moderately productive with generally good water quality (King County, 2006). However, water clarity has been historically low and is rated as the third lowest ofthe small lakes monitored in King County. Elevated.concentrations of fecal coliform have been measured on occasion in the lake, resulting in the inclusion of the lake in Washington State's list of impaired waters (the 303(d) list) under Category 2. A Category 2 listing represents waters of concern where more monitoring is warranted, but where pollution levels are not high enough to violate water quality standards or where data are inadequate (Ecology, 2004). ' 5.3 Land Use Patterns Land use patterns are described in the context of existing land use, as well as planned or future land uses that are established by Comprehensive Plan land use designations and zoning designations. ' August 2006 page 60 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization 5'.3.1 Existing Land Use Existing land use is illustrated by the air photo depicting current conditions on Figures lI-D through II-H. Existing land use was quantified using King County Assessor data. Existing or current use categories for each parcel were regrouped into generalized existing land use categories that correspond to the future land use categories used in the City's Comprehensive, Plan. Additional categories of existing land use that do not have a corresponding Comprehensive Plan land use designation are vacant, agriculture, and unknown. Table 10 summarizes the existing land uses for each of the freshwater lake reaches below. Table 10. Existing Land Use Single Multi Office Religious Right-of- Open Space Vacant Other Family Family Industrial Services Way Park Steel Lake 67.3 5.4 4.8 9.7 12.7 0.1 (Reach 2) Star Lake 80 6.5 4.7 2.1 6.7 (Reach 3) Lake Dolloff 60.2 8.2 ' 29.8 1.8 (Reach 4) LakeGeneva 58.3 3.6 16.1 20.1 1.9 (Reach 5) North Lake 34.7 20.9 3.1 14.4 21.2 5.7 (Reach 6) KilIarney Lake 53.8 21.6 0.1 11.6 12.1 0.8 (Reach 7) Five Mile Lake 32.06 5.8 11.5 39.09 9.1 2.45 (Reach 8) 5.3.2 Comprehensive Plan According to the City ofFederafWay Comprehensive Plan Map (2006), the shoreline planning area for lakes in the City is largely comprised of properties designated as low- to medium- density residential (1 to 4 dwelling units per acre). Parks, Open Space, Public FacilitieslUtilities designations comprise the second largest portion of the shoreline. Small areas designated as commercial, office and multi-family comprise the remainder. The exception to this is North Lake, which is about one-half single family and one-half office park uses. The Comprehensive Plan Map does not include future land use designations for lakes in the P AA. The City's existing Shoreline Master Program goals and policies are included as an element in the land use chapter of the City's current Comprehensive Plan. This document also establishes shoreline environment designations as Urban, Rural, and Conservancy Enviromnents, depending on the land use and intensity of development. All freshwater lake shoreline planning areas' are designated Urban. Lake Dolloff (Reach 4) has the additional designation of Rural along the northern and northeastern shorelines. North Lake (Reach 6) has the additional designation of Conservancy along the northeastern and eastern shorelines. Existing shoreline environment designations are shown on Figures l2-D through l2-H. August 2006 page 61 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization 5.3.3 Zoning Designations Zoning' designations in the City of Federal Way and the PAA follow the land use designations established in the City's Comprehensive Plan (Figures l2-D through 12-H) and King county Comprehensive Plan. King County zoning designations apply in the P AA until those areas are incorporated through annexation at which time, the pre-annexation zoning classifications established in the city's Comprehensive Plan will apply. Star Lake, Lake Dolloff, Lake Geneva, and Five Mile Lake are all completely within unincorporated King County; these lakes are, however, included within the City's PAA. Lake Killarney is on the border between incorPorated Federal Way and the PAA. North Lake and Steel Lake are completely within the City's current incorporated area. County zoning designations in the pertinent freshwater lakes' shoreline planning areas are primarily Moderate-Density Single-Family Residential (Urban Residential Zones R-4 and R-6). More than 90 percent of the Star Lake and Lake Dolloffshoreline planning areas in the PAA are zoned by King County as Urban Residential R.,6. The remaining freshwater lake shoreline planning areas within the P AA are zoned by King County as primarily , Urban Residential R-4 (KCC Chpt. 2lA.04.080 http://www.metrokc.gov/mkcc/Code/, KC Imap viewer http://www.metrokc.gov/gis/mapportal/iMAPmain.htm# ). Federal Way pre-annexation zoning classifications in the P AA are very similar to existing county zoning classifications for the area. City zoning within the North Lake, Steel Lake, and Lake Killarney shoreline planning areas is consistent with the Comprehensive Plan shoreline environmental(?) designations. Lake Killarney and Steel Lake are both designated as Urban shorelines and North Lake as both Urban and Conservancy shoreline. Steel Lake is zoned as primarily Single-Family Residential with small areas of Multi Family Residential and Commercial zoning. Lake Killarney is zoned as roughly two-thirds Single-Family Residential with the majority of the remaining area zoned as Office. Approximately one-half of the North Lake shoreline planning area is zoned Single- Family Residential with Corporate Park (33.90 percent) and Office (6.20 percent) zoning designations over the majority of the remaining area. Table 11. Land Use, Zoning, and Shoreline Designations Shorelin~ Existing Segment Existing Land Use Zoning Shoreline Designation Multi-Fam 5.44% Commercial 2.82% Urban Open Space 0.00% Multi-Family 5.89% Park 9.65% Single-Family 86.53% Right-of-Way 4.76% Single-Famiiy 67.29% 2 Vacant ]2.68% Commercial 3.71% Single-Family 93.46% Urban Open Space 2.83% Park ].90% Right-of-Way 6.54% Single-Family 80.82% 3 Vacant 2.07% August 2006 page 62 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization Shorelim Existing Segment Existing Land Use Zoning Shoreline, Designation Right-of-Way 8.17% Single-Family 90.67% Urban Single-Family 60.20% Rural 4. Vacant 29.82% Open Space' 2.82% Single-Family 96.49% Urban Park 13.24% Right-of-Way 3.63% Single-Family 58.30% 5 Vacant 20.66% Industrial 5.73% Corporate Park 33.90% Urban Office 15.20% Office 6.20% Conservancy Open Space 8.11% Single-Family 51.17% Park 6.33% Right-of-Way 3.06% Single-Family 34.73% I, 6 Vacant 21.1 9% Office 21.58% ,Office 21.58% Urban Open Space 0.43% ' Multi-Family 11.58% Park 11.20% Single-Family 67.01% Right-of-Way 0.12% Singh~-Family 53.79% 7 Vacant 12.07% Park 25.98% Single-Family 88.4 7% Urban Quasi-Public 13.11% Religious Ser, 5.82% Right-of-Wav 11.53% Single-Family 32.06% 8 Vacant 9.14% 5.3.4 Roads and Bridges Roads and transportation infrastructure in the freshwater lake shoreline planning areas reflect the existing land use patterns described above. The density of roads is relatively low within the shoreline planning areas at all lakes due to the residential development and .open spaces that surround. In areas where roads do pass into the City's freshwater lake shoreline planning areas, the majority of roads are functionally classified as 'local streets'. According to the Federal Way Comprehensive Plan, these roads primary function is to "provide direct access to abutting land uses and serve as feeders to [road] facilities with higher functional classifications" (FWCP Chpt. 3, III-IS). Traffic levels on local roads are light relative to what is seen on collector or arterial roads. August 2006 page 63 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization Roads and transportation infrastructure near or adjacent to waterbodies can create adverse impacts to those natural systems by blocking flow or cre~ting impervious surfaces. Roadways represent a significant source of impervious surface in urban areas. Auto-related pollutants including petroleum products, hydrocarbons, and heavy metals accumulate on road surfaces and are carried to nearby waterbodies during storm events through sheet runoff or stoimwater collection systems. 5.3.5 Wastewater and Stormwater Utilities Lakehaven Utility District (District) provides sanitary sewer service within the City's boundaries and to unincorporated areas to the east and north ofthe City (including all PAA regions except a small area at the northeast most extent of the PAA area). The District's system is described in . Section 4.3.5. Of the 27 pump stations in the District system, 2 are in close proximity to the City's freshwater lake shoreline planning areas. Pump Station Number 31 is near Star Lake to the south, across Star Lake Road along 37th Avenue South. Pump Station Number 12 is near Lake Dolloff to the northeast, near the intersection of 37th Avenue South and South 304th Street. The City of Federal Way's Comprehensive Plan is described in Section 4.3.5. The plan describes that residential area's in Federal Way and the surrounding PAA at that time of adoption in 2002 .... primarily utilized septic tanks and drainfields. Recommendations within the plan include the expansion and upgrade of existing treatment and conveyance facilities, and installation of new , conveyance facilities to provide service to areas in the City and P AA using on-site septic systems. The City of Federal Way operates a Surfacewater management Utility. According to the City's .' Comprehensive Plan (2002), the City has completed projects to create regional detention and treatment facilities serving the City over the last decade. Localized stormwater treatment is also required for new developments. The 1994 Surface Water Facilities Plan (City of Federal Way, 1994) indicates that regional facilities have been designed with a 100-year flood storage capacity. Chapter 21 of the Federal Way Municipal Code establishes stormwater standards for new development. 5.3.6 Other Utiliti~s According to the City's Comprehensive Plan (2002) and the Lakehaven Utility District's (District's) Comprehensive Water System Plan (1994), the District maintains decentralized water supply production facilities that serve the majority of the City. The District operates 27 wells with the water system connected by interties to the water supply of other utility districts. The system allows the District to buy and sell water according to intra-District supply demands. Water systems attached to the District through interties include the Highline Water District, Tacoma Public Utilities, and the City of Milton's water supply system. Portions of the City's water supply is provided by these surrounding water supply systems and other neighboring water suppliers. The City's PAA is partially within the Districts water supply area and those of neighboring water suppliers. . In addition, the City of Tacoma, Fruitland Water District, and several private landowners own production wells. August 2006 page 64 City oj Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization A variety of gas, telephone, electric, and related utilities serves the existing residential and commercial developments within the freshwater lakes' shoreline planning areas. 5.3.7 Existing and Potential Public Access Sites The City of Federal Way has a diversity of parks, open space, and public facilities, some of which provide shoreline access. Ofthe seven freshwater lakes included in this shoreline plan inventory, only Star Lake and Lake Dolloff are without public access~ Existing public access parks are owned and operated by the City, King County, and Washington State. The City's Parks Web site (2006), King County's Parks Website (2006a), and Washington State's Park , Website (2006) describes the foilowing parks, open spaces, and public facilities in the City's freshwater lake shoreline planning area. These areas are shown on Figure 13. Steel lake Park Public access is provided at various locations within the park including a Washington Department ofFish and Wildlife boatramp located int eh northeast corner of the park. This park is located on the southern shore of Steel Lake. Included in the 51.7 acre park is beach and lake access, a boat launch, and swimming and fishing areas. Other park amenities include a children's playstructure, a sand volleyball court, 5 picnic areas, restrooms, a parking area and a concessions building. The park continues across South 3l2th Street to the south, with additional parking (roughly 100 total stalls), 3 ballfields, and a skate park. Trout and largemouth bass are stocked in the lake for fishing. Other fish found in the lake include yellow perch, pumpkinseed, and brown bullhead. Star lake and lake Dolloff Although there is not a park at either Star Lake or Lake Dolloff, the public has access via public boat ramps at each lake. Trout and largemouth bass are stocked each of these lakes. lake Geneva Park Lake Geneva Park, owned and operated by King County, extends to the east from the northeast shore of Lake Geneva. Included in the 18.64 acre park is beach and lake access, a fishing area, a boat ramp, and a non-motorized boat put-in area. Other park amenities include a children's play structure, open playfields, 5 picnic areas, 1 covered picnic area, restrooms, a parking area and two ball fields. Trout and largemouth bass are stocked in the lake lake Killarney and North lake Public Fishing Areas Washington Department ofFish and Wildlife owns and operates public fishing areas at Lake KiIlarney and North Lake. Both areas include public access to the respective lakes as well as public restroom facilities. Lake KiIlarney Public Fishing Area, located at the north end ofthe lake, includes gravel parking area as well as a boat ramp into the lake. North Lake Public Fishing Area, located at the north end ofthe lake, includes two paved parking stalls. A trail maintained by Weyerhaeuser runs along thewestern shoreline of North Lake. August 2006 page 65 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization , lake Killarney Park Lake Killarney Park, owned and operated by the City, extends northwest from Lake Killarney to the corner of South 349th Street and Weyerhaeuser Way South. Included in the 12-acre park is lake access along walking trails and at picnic facilities. The City describes the park as being a 'Neighborhood / Open Space Park'. A WDFW boat ramp provides water access on the eastern shore. Fishing and boating are popular activities at Lake Killarhey. Trout and largemouth bass are stocked in the lake, though other species present include perch, pumpkinseed and catfish Five Mile lake Park Five Mile Lake Park, owned and operated by the King County, extends to the northeast from the lake's eastern shore. Included in the 31.94 acre park. is beach and lake access, including swimming and fishing areas. The swimming area includes a floating swim platform and a bathhouse facility. The fishing area includes a pier. Other park amenities include a children's j>laystructure, a sand volleyball court, 2 picnic areas, 3 picnic shelters, 2 barbeque areas with 7 barbeque pits, a lookout tower, local trails, several sports courts, 2 baseball fields, an open play field, restrooms, 2 parking area and a concessions building. 5.3.8 Historical/Cultural Resources The existing Federal Way Comprehensive Plan provides a general goal to identify, protect, and restore those areas and facilities within the City that are of historical or archeological significance (City of Federal Way, 2002). The plan establishes a goal to ensure that historic properties and archeological sites are protected as 'important elements in the overall design of the City. Policies in the Comprehensive Plan define characteristics that enable the identification of historic and archeological sites, and direct the City to preserve and protect these sites from incompatible land uses. There are no known archeological or historical resources within the freshwater lake shoreline planning areas. However, native American archaeologi.cal resources may exist along the shoreline ofthe freshwater lakes in the City and its PAA. The Washington State Department of Archeology and Historical Preservation does not indicate any areas within and adjacent to freshwater lake shoreline designation as being included in their database of listed properties (DAHP). The Historical Society of Federal Way documents the history of a series of dance halls associated with parks and resorts at several of the lakes within the City and the PAA, however none of the dance hall structures remain (Historical Society of Federal Way, 2000). The City requires review of archeological and historical resources on a parcel-by-parcel basis during development review. 6.0 RESTORATION AND OPPORTUNITY AREAS This section summarizes key findings concerning how functions of coastal and freshwater lake shorelines have been impaired, both by land use activities and alterations occurring at an ecosystem-wide scale, and by activities within the City, its PAA, and its shoreline planning area. This section also identifies opportunities for the protection or enhancement of areas where shoreline ecological functions are intact, and opportunities for restoration of impaired shoreline August 2006 page 66 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization functions, at both a programmatic (i.e., City-wide) and site specific level. Opportunities for enhanced or expanded public access to the shoreline are also discussed. 6.1 Coastal Areas I Nearshore Environment 6.1.1 Status of Shoreline Functions Table 11 provides a summary of shoreline ecological functions for the CoastallNearshore , Environment. Causes of impairment and the relative scale at which impairments are occurring (e.g., watershed, PAA-wide, shoreline reach scale, or multiple scales) are id~ntified. Finally, general or programmatic restoration opportunities to address impairments are described. Following Table 11 is a more detailed discussion of site-specific restoration opportunities. Table 11. Summary of Shoreline Functions and Programmatic Restoration Opportunities - Coastal Puget Sound ;, ~ ,J ~ ';;'Condition and €auses (),fJniP~iltw~*t. Bulkheads on shoreline deflect wave action and disrupt natural coastal processes. Bulkheads disrupt natural delivery of sediment to the coastal areas, as well as increase beach scouring and wave deflection. Alteration to and development on feeder bluffs reduce the potential ofthese areas to provide sediment delivery to coastal zones, disrupting natural coastal beach accretion. Wetlands adjacent to the Puget Sound coast are altered due to development and land use and can no longer provide essential storage, recharge, or water quality functions. Riparian habitat along the coast has been impaired through lanel development. Forest riparian vegetation exists but over time has been reduced. Large woody debris recruitment is limited. Scal;,of '7, :. !'., AIteration~, and, :~,,\:> .:<,.....' ':. . . -':"':,:'::":- .<~> '.:' - :/' .'.. Impairm~n,t Watershed scale, Reach scale Watershed scale Watershed and Reach scale Watershed scale and Reach scale . Ii B.~Q~ogic~1 . s,'Affected Hydrologic, Sediment transport and deposition Sediment Delivery Hydrologic Hyporheic Water quality Riparian habitat structure .f,t:og;ani'r(iafic;';' . RestoratiQn:, ". . 'Opportu~ities . Remove bulkheads or replace with soft-shore armoring wherever possible. Protect high priority feeder bluffs' and preserve these areas. Restore feeder bluffs, remove bulkheads and reestablish some sediment delivery processes. Target local cQastal wetland restoration and mitigation so they provide storage, , detention, and water quality functions. Restore and reconnect wetlands adjacent to Puget Sound coast to provide salmonid habitat. Protect and restore tributaries to the Puget Sound which provide habitat and deliver woody debris and sediment. August 2006 page 67 City oj Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization, Man-made debris and remnant structures in the coastal areas disrupt intertidal habitats and salmonid passage. Water quality in the nearshore environment is impaired due to remaining creosote pilings and other toxic debris. Sediment transport and accretion processes disrupted. , '"':,,::;,~]~~~~:!:~~~::; , {~;,2::~nj:pitirnient , Watershed and Reach Scale co~ogic,ltl, ' Affect~d' :' ,. ,'Ci; , r~Qgr~jfi'in~hc ' , Rest-orat-io'll' .' (i)pportit~it,ies'" Target removal of abandoned man-made structures and dilapidated docks where possible. Remove creosote pilings and debris, which hann intertidal habitats. Intertidal habitat, Water quality 6.1.2 Programmatic Restoration Opportunities There are several general protection and restoration measures that can be applied to all of the coastal/nearshore shorelines in Federal Way (see King County, 2005b). These include the following: · Protect and maintain existing riparian vegetation and forested areas: · Prevent encroachment on functional riparian and wetland habitat; · Educate property owners on the importance of the nearshore zone; · Allow L WD to remain in the shoreline to provide structure for refuge; · Limit additional bulkheads; promote devdopment of natural shorelines and habitats; · Include the use of shoreline setbacks for new construction and promote shoreline vegetation buffers; · Maintain public access to the shoreline; · Conserve or restore stream mouths; and · Conserve or restore connections to upland sediment sources (feeder bluffs). A recent study, conducted by Johannessen et aI. (2005), prioritized all drift cells within the WRIA 8 and 9 marine shores for restoration and conservation. The results ofthe study indicate that the WRIA 8 and 9 marine shorelines of the Puget Sound East reach are of moderate to high conservation and restoration priority. The bluffs ofPuget Sound West were slightly less ofa conservation and restoration priority, as much of the shoreline already falls within public park boundaries, where development is already prohibited. The historic character or shoretype (feeder bluff, transport zone, or accretion shoreform) of modified shores was investigated in Johannessen et aI. (2005). Reaches that are currently modified but contained historic sediment sources were compared across the shoreline planning area. This data was prioritized based on the level of impact to the drift cell the unit falls within and the value of that particular shore unit as a sediment source. Individually mapped feeder bluff units were also compared across the entire study area and prioritized for conservation based on the variable impacts to geomorphic processes'(the amount of rem aini rig feeder bluff in the drift cell compared to historic conditions) and the value ofthat unit as a sediment source. Three bulkheaded bluff segments in Puget Sound East were selected as bluffs of high restoration priority or bulkhead removal (numbers 20-22 In Johannessen et aI. 2005). Three segments were August 2006 page 68 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization also identified in Puget Sound West, each located within the bulkheaded shores between Dumas Bay Park and Dash Point State Park. Several bluffs that are still functioning feeder bluffs were identified as being of high conservation priority within the Federal Way shoreline: Only one bluff is of high conservation priority in Puget Sound East, which is located approximately 0.5 miles from the eastern limit ofthe study area. Several bluffs in Puget Sound West were identified for conservation. These include all mapped feeder bluffs in Dash Point State Park, and most of the feeder bluffs mapped along the north and northwestern sides of the headland just west of Dumas Bay Park. 6.1.3 Site-Specific Restoration Opportunities The following specific restoration opportunities are listed for each coastal Puget Sound reach, in order from east to west (Johannessen et aI., 2005; Anchor, 2006). General locations are shown on Figure 14. Puget Sound East · Bulkhead removal (points 44, 45 in Johannessen et aI. 2005) · Conserve feeder bluffs in the center of drift cell · Rehabilitate riparian vegetation" at residential properties along the shore Dumas Bay · Remove fill and bulkhead · Remove concrete footings of relict boat ramp · Remove boulders, concrete from boat house acting as groin · Remove concrete rubble · Remove bulkhead and invasive species from Poverty Bay Park · Remove creosote logs · Remove Japanese knotweed · Remove approximately 20 creosote piles · Conserve and restore tributary mouths at Dumas Bay · Fully reconnect the marsh at west end of Dumas Bay that is currently restricted by a berm Puget Sound West · Conserve unarmored shoreline west of Dumas Bay · Remove creosote dolphin washed ashore · Remove decaying barge and creosote dolphins · Remove creosote soldier pile bulkhead · Remove tires buried in sediment · Remove creosote piles · Remove 50 creosote piles and failed creosote bulkhead · Remove riprap downstream of bridge in Dash Point State Park and substantially enlarge creek estuary · Restore the mouth of Dash Point Creek by removing armor (currently in planning stages by WRlA 9), add sinuosity, and add riparian vegetation August 2.006 page 69 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization 6.2 Freshwater Shoreline Lakes 6.2.1 Status of Shoreline Functions Table 12 provides a summary of shoreline ecological functions for the Freshwater Lakes classified as shorelines in the City of Federal Way. Causes of impairment and the relative scale at. which impairments are occurring (e.g., watershed, PAA-wide, shoreline reach scale, or multiple scales) are identified. Finally, general or programmatic restoration opportunities to address impairments are described. Following Table 12 is a more detailed discussion of site- specific restoration opportunities per each lake identified. Table 12. Summary of Shoreline Functions and Programmatic Restoration Opportunities - Freshwater Lakes Condition andea,use~,Qf!, Impail'me)lt Stream base flows may be impaired. Summer low flows in the Hylebos Creek have declined. Potential causes include increased impervious area and increased stormwater runoff. Lakes store surface waters and support stream base flows. Wetlands separated from the lakes can no longer provide essential storage, recharge, or water quality improvement functions. Bulkheads and other hard shore armoring disrupt natural connections between the lake and riparian habitats. Habitat is impaired along the lake shores. The lack of lakeshore vegetation and riparian structure has . limited the habitat diversity, habitat quality, and reduced large woody debris. Watershed scale, Reach scale Watershed, and reach scale Watershed, Reach Watershed scale, Reach scale 1'\.'>;'-""-'-'~L;~'8"-W'l'<-i~r ,~~~ SbOl1eline ECQlo.gi~~l Functions Affected Hydrologic Hyporheic Hydrologic Hyporheic Water quality Hydrologic Riparian Habitats Instream and riparian habitat structure Water quality Biological functions .':~r':'-"~"':t'P::;', ""',>,~'::" .,':-' .. P.rogramm~tlc' Restoration 6npprtunitie~ Protect groundwater and natural surface water sources to the lakes. Restore natural flow patterns where possible. Target local wetland restoration and mitigation so they provide storage, detention, and water quality functions. Restore and reconnect wetlands adjacent to lakes and Hylebos Creek. . Promote replacement of bulkheads with soft shore alternatives. Replant riparian habitats using native tree.s and shrubs. Provide/encourage. native landscaping along the lakeshores, including forested riparian habitat wherever possible. Minimize future removal of trees. August 2006 page 70 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization COl.HHti~l1 al1d'~auses of . Xmpairl'lllln't ~." "" ..: .. '-.i Water quality Riparian habitat j.,"'" :: SI!,oreline Ecologi<llll , F",n<;~,ions Affected Surface water runoff from impervious surfaces delivers pollutants and sediment to the lakes, which in turn adversely affects lake water quality. The potential causes of water quality impairment (i.e.; contamination by fecal coliform) include leaking septic systems and animal wastes entering the stream (in the City and upstream in the watershed). Resi.dentiallandscaping or other sources may be delivering increased nitrates, phosphorus and pesticides. Stormwater related polhitants (concentrated in urbanized areas including the City) may be the primary cause. Erosion and stream scouring caused by flash run-off from imperVious surfaces. 6.2.2 Programmatic Restoration Opportunities "1F.r()gr:,lQ1 "j,~estora . ~.G~~port!l'!1iti Provide continued efforts in surface water quality improvement. Manage, detain and treat stormwater discharging to the lakes. Coordinate with King County. to develop BMPs with existing property owners to reduce runoff and pollutant loading. Protect adjacent wetlands that serve to improve water quality to lakes. Target wetland restoration and mitigation in areas where they would provide water quality functions. Encourage Low Impact Development and infiltration. There are several general protection and restoration measures that can be applied to all of the shoreline lakes in Federal Way. These include the following: Protection Opportunities: . Protect and maintain existing wetlands and riparian vegetation . Protect existing forested areas in the parks and along the shoreline . Prevent encroachment on functional riparian and wetland habitat . Educate propertY owners on the importance ofthe nearshore zone and general lakeside stewardship practices . Promote development of nearshore, in-water structure such as downed trees . Limit shoreline modifications . Limit additional bulkheads; promote development of natural shorelines and habitats . Include the use of shoreline setbacks for new construction and promote shorelirie vegetation buffers . Maintain public access to the lakes August 2006 page 71 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization Restoration Opportunities: · Restore nearshore structUres or develop buffer zones where possible · Expand buffer zones or improve buffer quality around wetlands where possible · Direct stormwater runoff away from the lake or into containment ponds · Highlight locations for effective storm water retrofitting 6.2.3 Site-Specific Restoration Opportunities General locations of site-specific opportunities are shown on Figure 15 and described below. More detail in site-specific restoration opportunities will be provided for the freshwater lakes in the Restoration Planning element of the SMP update. Steel Lake The stewardship efforts of the Steel Lake Management District should be supported. This lake also has a higher percentage of armored shoreline and this practice should be discouraged. Existing bulkheads could be replaced with bioengineered shore protection. Although the park is large for this size lake, little nearshore vegetation remains. Sections could be restored and used as educational demonstrations for other property owners Star Lake Although most of the shoreline is developed, bulkheads are used minimally at Star Lake. This should be showcased and additional armoring should be discouraged. Property owners could also be further educated on the advantages of creating 15 to 20- foot wide native vegetation buffers to protect the water quality at the lake. Lake Dolloff Since Lake Dolloff still has good riparian vegetation, it is important to maintain and enhance current practices. Through continued education these buffer zones may continue to be kept in a functional state. The floodplain boundaries should be used to keep development away from the shoreline. Lake Geneva Along the eastern shoreline, special consideration should be given to creating a conservation zone or strong development regulations. The steeper shoreline lends itself to tiered development, which would greatly reduce the potential for recruitment of large woody debris. Currently, the mature trees along this area provide excellent habitat. North Lake Support Weyerhaeuser's continued maintenance of the large conservation area on thewestern shoreline. Continue to support the North Lake Steering Committee to promote lake stewardship activities. August 2006 page 72 . City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization Lake Killarney Promote the importance of mature trees on properties, since most properties still contain multi- storied vegetation. The southern shoreline is moderately steep, however development is not yet tiered and should not be permitted. Five Mile Lake . With bulkheads existing already along at least 50 percent of the shoreline, it is most important to limit any additional armoring of the shoreline. Property owners should also be educated about the importance of maintaining mature trees in the riparian area. 7.0 DATA GAPS Data gaps were identified through the preparation of this report and through this <(haracterization. These gaps include: . Information on surface water flow and lacustrine habitat for lakes in the PAA;and . Site-specific information related to bulkheads, docks and lakeshore vegetation, especially on the lakes within the P AA. 8.0 CONCLUSIONS The City of Federal Way shoreline planning area includes both the coastal area ofPuget Sound and seven freshwater lakes within the City and its P AA. There are 16.9 miles of shoreline within the Federal Way planning area of which the Puget Sound coastal shoreline consists of 4.8 miles of shoreline, and freshwater lakes comprise 12.1 miles. Lakes included in the shoreline planning area are Steel Lake, Star Lake, Lake Dolloff, Lake Geneva, North Lake, Lake KiUarney, and Five Mile take. 8.1 Coastal Puget Sound Bluffs, beaches, bays, and the mouths of several freshwater streams characterize the coastal / nearshore shoreline. Feeder bluffs occur along approximately 37 percent of the coastal shoreline, with most ofthese occurring near Dash Point State Park. The net-shore drift direction is generally west to southwest, except at Dumas Bay where the drift cells converge to direct sands and beach substrate into the Bay from both the southwest and the northeast. Approximately 40 percent of the City's coastal shoreline has been modified with riprap, concrete or wooden bulkheads. Structures in the shoreline can limit the amount of sediment transported from upland areas to the beach, and are known to cause erosion and loss of some habitats such as sand and fine gravel beaches. Currents naturally move sediments. across the beach and alongshore in continual cycles, but these structures interrupt the natural supply and distribution of sediments, causing a change in sediment composition within the nearshore area. However, shoreline in Dumas Bay and Dash POint State Park are in a more natural condition, and coastal processes are less altered. August 2006 page 73 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization The City's coastal shorelines are used by a variety of aquatic and terrestrial species including fish, salmonids, birds, mammals, and a wide variety of invertebrates. Of special interest are areas that provide habitat for federally listed species and species of local importance, including bull trout (threatened), Chinook salmon (threatened), coho salmon, as well as great blue heron nest sites. Forage fish such as surf smelt and sand lance (prey for salmonids) spawn on local beaches. The major land uses along the Federal Way coastal I nearshore shoreline are single-family homes, parks, and public facilities. The City's most common shoreline use fs sillgle-family residential, which occupies 55 percent of the coastal shoreline. Parks and public recreational facilities occupy 18 percent of the coastal shoreline. These uses include Dash Point State Park, Dumas Bay Park, Dumas Bay Centre, and Poverty Bay Park. These areas provide opportunities for fishing, hiking and beach recreation. . . The Puget Sound shoreline in Federal Way is characteristic of urbanizing shoreline elsewhere in the region. Public access to the shoreline, recreational opportunities, and water-oriented uses such as boating and fishing are provided in the City. In this regard, the goals of the SMA related to public use and enjoyment of the State's shorelines are being met in the City. Opportunities for site-specific habitat enhancement or restoration of shoreline ecological functions have been identified based upon watershed information. In the coastal Puget Sound areas, restoration focuses on removal of abandoned creosote pilings, debris and concrete from the shoreline. Restoration in the coastal shoreline also focuses on bulkhead replacement with soft-shore armoring and the use of native marine riparian plantings. These site-specific projects would provide small but valuable efforts toward habitat enhancement and restoration of impaired ecological functions. 8.2 Freshwater Lakes The freshwater lakes in the City are located on abroad plateau in the eastern half of the City and in the P AA. The plateau developed from glacial recessional deposits and tills. As the glaciers melted, lakes formed in the scour areas. Lakes in the City drain to five main drainage basins including 1) the Puget Sound, 2) the Lower Green River, 3) Mill Creek, 4) the White River, 5) and the Hylebos. Lake shorelines have been modified with bulkheads and other bank protection, but also have significant areas of natural shoreline conditions. On Steel Lake, Star Lake and Five Mile Lake, approximately 20 to 50 percent of the shoreline has been modified with bulkheads. Shoreline modifications are less apparent on the remaining lakes in the City. The City's freshwater lake shorelines are used by a variety of aquatic and terrestrial species including fish, birds, and mammals. Many of the lakes are stocked with trout, bass or other game fish. Anadromous fish (including coho) are not likely present in the freshwater lakes due to blockages to fish passage. Salmonids within the lakes are limited to stocked cutthroat trout. . Bald eagle and loon also use the lakes with the shoreline planning area. August 2006 page 74 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization Land uses along the City's freshwater lakes are primarily single-family residential and public parks. Single-family residential use occupies between 55 and 80 percent of the shoreline on most lakes, with the exception of North Lake (35 percent) and Five Mile Lake (32 percent). Parks, boat ramps, and public facilities occupy 9 to 39 percent of the lake shorelines. Public access to the lakes occurs via parks including Steel Lake Park, Lake Geneva Park, Lake KiIlarney and Five Mile Lake Park, as well as several boat ramps owned by Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Development on a watershed scale has affected the shoreline by increasing impervious area in uplands, resulting in increased peak flow velocities and volumes, impaired water quality, and erosion in streams. On the lake shorelines, alterations have affected water quality, in lake habitat, and downstream habitat for salmonids. In the freshwater lakes, restoration opportunities include enhancement of lakeshore riparian areas with native vegetation, removal or replacement of failing bulkheads, and protection of natural vegetation when present. Programmatic restoration opportunities include coordination with the City's surface water management program~ public education and outreach to provide technical guidance for shoreline homeowners, and the possibility for community-based restoration on private property.. Opportunities for enhancing public awareness and education could include installation of informational kiosks at public parks and waterfront use areas. The City could also coordinate with King County, the Water Resource Inventory Area (WRlA) 9 forum, and other regional or Puget Sound-wide planning efforts to implement identified restoration policies and actions. August 2006 page 75 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization REFERENCES Anchor Environmental, L.L.C. and People for Puget Sound. 2002. Final Report Northwest Straits Nearshore Habitat Evaluation. Prepared' for Northwest Straits Commission (NWSC). Mount Vernon, W A. Anchor Environmental, L.L.c. 2004. Marine Shoreline Inventory Report - WRIA 9. Prepared for Seattle Public Utilities and WRIA 9. Seattle, W A. Anchor Environmental, L.L.C. 2006. Prioritization of Marine Shorelines of Water Resource Inventory Area 9 for Juvenile Salmonid Habitat Protection and Restoration, Final Report. Prepared for Water Resource Inventory Area 9 Technical Committee. May 2006. Booth, D.B. 1994. Glaciofluvial infilling and scour ofthe Puget Lowland, Washington, during ice-sheet glaciation: Geology, V. 22, N. 8, p. 695-698. Booth, D.B., Waldron, H.H., and Troost, K.G. 2004. Geologic map ofthe Poverty Bay 7.5- minute quadrangle, King and Pierce Counties, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Investigation, scale 1 :24,000. Brennan, J.S., and H. CulverwelI. 2004. Marine Riparian: An Assessment of Riparian Functions . in Marine Ecosystems. Washington Sea Grant Program, Seattle, WA. Chatwin, S. C., et aI. 1991, A Guide to Management ofLandslide~Prone Terrain in the Pacific' Northwest, Land Management Handbook Number 18, B.C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria, -B.C., Canada.. . . Chu, Y. H., 1985; Beach erosion and protection: a case study at Lincoln Park, Seattle: Shore and. Beach, n. 53, p26-32. City of Federal Way. 2002. Comprehensive Plan. City of Federal Way. 2006. Federal Way Parks Website. Available: http://www.cityoffederalway.comlPage.aspx?page=25 8 City of Federal Way. 1994. The 1994 Surface Water Facilities Plan. City of Federal Way. Public Works Department. Surface Water Management Division. Steel Lake Integrated Aquatic Vegetation Management Plan. Updated March 2004. DAHP (Washington State Department of Archeology and Historical Preservation). WISSARD Online GIS Map Tool. Accessed: May 18,2006. Available: http://wwW .oahp. wa.gov /gisIINDEX. CFM?action=mox4 2 _i(Jrameset Downing; J., 1983, The Coast ofPuget Sound, Its Processes and Development. Washington Sea Grant Publication, University of Washington Press, Seattle. 1983. 126 pp. Dragovich, J.D., Pringle, P.T., and Walsh, T.J. 1994. Extent and geometry of the mid-Holocene Osceola Mudflow in the Puget Lowland -:- Implications for Holocene sedimentation and paleogeography. Washington Geology, v. 22, n. 3, p. 3-26. EnviroVision. 2004. Lake Dolloff Brazilian Elodea Survey and Hand-Pulling. July 2004. Enviro Vision. 1997. Lake Killarney Integrated Aquatic Plant Plan. January 1997. August 2006 page 76 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization Federal Register. 2005a. Volume 70, Number 170. Endangered and Threatened Species; Designation of Critical Habitat for 12 Evolutionarily Significant Units of West Coast Salmon and Steelhead in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho. Friday, September 2,2005. Federal Register. 2005b. Volume 70, Number 185. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designation of Critical Habitat for the Bull Trout. Monday, September 26,2005. Federal Register. 2006. Volume 71, Number 115. Endangered and Threatened Species; Designation of Critical Habitat for the Southern Resident Killer Whale. Thursday, June 15, 2006. Federal Way. 2002. Potential Annexation Area Inventory, Final. March 18,2002 Federal Way. 2006. ESA and Habitat Restoration website. http://www.cityoffederalway.com/Page.aspx?view=509 accessed June 30, 2006 FWMC (Federal Way). 2006. Federal Way Municipal Code. Available: Gerstel, W. J., M.J. Brunengo, W.S. Lingley Jr., R.L. Logan, H.S. Shipman, and TJ. 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McBride, 2005. Inventory and Assessment of Current and Historic Beach Feeding Sources/Erosion and Accretion Areas for the Marine Shorelines of Water Resource Inventory Areas 8 & 9., Prepared by Coastal Geologic Services, Prepared for King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks, Seattle, WA. Johannessen, 1. W.; 1993, Net Shore-Drift of San Juan County and Parts of Jefferson, Island and Snohomish Counties, Washington: unpublished M.S. thesis, Western Washington University. Bellingham, 175 p. Jones, M.A. 1996. Thickness of unconsolidated deposits in the Puget Sound Lowland, Washington and British Columbia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4133, scale 1 :455,000. Kerwin, J. 1999. Salmon Habitat Limiting Factors Report for the Puyallup River Basin (Water Resource Inventory Area 10). Washington Conservation Commission. July 1999. Kerwin, J. and Nelson, T.S. (Eds.). 2000. Habitat Limiting Factors and Reconnaissance Assessment Report, Greei1lDuwamish and Central Puget Sound Watersheds (WRIA 9 and Vashon Island). Washington Conservation Commission and the King County Department of Natural Resources. December 2000. Keult:~r, R.F., 1988, Map showing coastal erosion, sediment supply, and longshore transport in the Port Townsend 30- by 60-min~te quadrangle, Puget Sound region, Washington: U.S. . Geologic Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Map I-1198-E, scale 1: 1 00,000. Keuler, R.F., 1979, Coastal zone ptocesses and geomorphology of Skagit County, Washington: unpublished M.S. thesis, Western Washington University., Bellingham, 127 p., 8 maps. King County. 2000. Habitat Limiting Factors and Reconnaissance Assessment Report, GreenIDuwamish and Central Puget Sound Watersheds (Water Resource Inventory Area 9 and Vashon Island). December 2000. King County. 2002. King County Lake Monitoring Report: Volunteer Lake Monitoring Results for the Water Year 2001. December 2002. King County. 2005. King County Lake Monitoring Report: Volunteer Lake Monitoring Results for the Water Year 2002-2003. March 2005. King County. 2005b. WRIA 9 Strategic Assessment Report - Scientific Foundation for Salmonid Habitat Conservation. Prepared for: Water Resources Inventory Area (WRIA) 9 Steering Committee. November 2005. King County. 2006. King County Lake Monitoring Report: Volunteer Lake Monitoring Results . for Water Year 2004. April 2006 King County. 2006a. King County Parks Website. Available: http://www .metrokc.gov/parksfparkinfofindex.asp King County. 2006b. King County GIS Center IMap Viewer. Available: http://www.metrokc.gov/gis/mapportal/iMAP_rnain.htm# King County. 1990. Sensitive Areas Map Folio August 2006 page 78 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization King County Department of Natural Resources (KCDNR). 2001. Reconnaissance Assessment of the State of the Nearshore Report: Including Vashon and Maury Islands (WRIAs 8 and . 9). Seattle, W A. . . King County Department of Natural Resources (KCDNR). 1998. King County's Beach Assessment, Dash Point State Park, Federal Way. Updated 11/02/98. Available at: http://dnr.metrokc.gov/wlr/waterreslbeaches/dash.htm King County Department of Natural Resources. 2001. King County Lake Water Quality - A Trend Report on King County Small Lakes. Water and Land Resources Division. November 2001. King County. 2004. Lake Stewardship Program. North Lake Integrated Aquatic Vegetation Management Plan. October 2004. King County Lake Monitoring. 2002. Lake Stewardship Program. Volunteer Monitoring Results for the Water Year 1999,. 2000. King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks - Water and Land Resources Division. March 2002.. King County Lake Monitoring. 2005. Lake Stewardship Program. Volunteer Monitoring Results for the Water Year 2002 - 2003. King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks - Water and Lan~ Resources Division. March 2005. King County Lake Monitoring. 2006. Lake Stewardship Program. Volunteer Monitoring Results for the Water Year 2003 - 2004. King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks - Water and Land Resources Division. March 2006. Komar, P.D., 1976. Beach Processes and Sedimentation: Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, 429p. Lemberg, N.A., M.F. O'Toole, D.E. Pentilla, and K.C. Stick. 1997. Washington State Department ofFish and Wildlife, 1996 Forage Fish Stock Status Report. Stock Status Report No. 98-1. Washington State Department ofFish and Wildlife, Olympia. Luzier, J. E. 1969. Geology and ground-water resources of southwestern King County, Washington: Washington Department of Water Resources Water-Supply Bulletin 28, 260 p., 3 plates; MacDonald, K. D. Simpson, B. Paulsen, J. Cox, and J. Gendron. 1994. Shoreline Armoring Effects on Physical Coastal Processes in Puget Sound, Washington. Coastal Erosion Management Studies Volume 5. Shorelands.and Water Resources Program, Washington Department of Ecology, Olympia. Report # 94-78. Menashe, E. 1993, Vegetation Management: A guide for Puget Sound bank property owners, Shorelands and Coastal Zone Management Program, Washington Department of Ecology, Olympia, WA. Menashe, E. 2001, "Bio-structural" Erosion Control: Incorporating Vegetation in Engineering Designs to protect Puget Sound Shorelines, In: Puget Sound Research 2001, Conference Proceedings, Puget Sound Action Team. Bellevue, W A, 200 I. Michaud, Joy. A Citizen's Guide to Understanding and Mc;mitoring Lakes and Streams.1991. August 2006 page 79 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization Miles, J.R., Russel, P.E., and Huntley, D.A., 2001. Field measurements of sediment dynamics in front of a seawall, Journal of Coastal Research, vol. 17, no. 1, p. 195-206. Mullineaux, D.R. 1970. Geology ofthe Renton, Auburn, and Black Diamond quadrangles, King County, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 672,92 p. O'Toole, M. 1995. Puget Sound Herring: A Review. In Proceedings ofPuget Sound Research. 1995. pp. 849-854. Puget Sound Water Quality Authority, Seattle, W A. Palmer, P.P., Perkins, W.J., and Grant, P.W. 2003. Liquefaction susceptibility of the greater Tacoma urban area, Pierce and King counties, Washington: Washington Department of Water Resources Geologic Map GM-51, 11 p., 1 plate. Puget Sound Action Team, 2003. Puget Sound update, Olympia, WA 127 p. Redman, S., D. Myers, and D. Averill, eds. Regional Nearshore and Marine Aspects qf Salmon Recovery in Puget Sound. Prepared for: Shared Strategy for Puget Sound. June 28,2005. Rice, C. A., 2006. Effects of Shoreline Modification on a Northern Puget Sound Beach: Microclimate and Embryo Mortality in Surf Smelt (Hypomesus pretiosus). Estuaries and Coasts, Vol. 29, No 1, p. 63-71. 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Coastal Landsliding on Puget Sound: A review of landslides occurring between 1996 and 1999, Publication #01-06-019, Shorelands and Environmental Assistance Program, Washington Department of Ecology, Olympia. Smith, Dan. City of Federal Way, Public Works Department, Surface Water Management Division. North Lake Aquatic Weed Management Program, 2005 Final Report. Taylor Associates. 2002. East Hylebos Creek 200 I Monitoring Program, Final Report. Prepared for King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks. July 2002. Thorsen, G. W., 1987, Soil Bluffs + Ra,in = Slide hazards, Washington Geologic Newsletter, v. 15. no. 3; p. 3-11. Troost, K.G., Booth, D.B., and Borden, R. In review. Geologic map of the Tacoma North 7.5- minute quadrangle, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Investigation, scale 1 :24,000. August 2006 page 80 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization Tubbs, D.W., 1974.Causes, Mechanisms and Prediction of Lands Ii ding in Seattle. Unpublished dissertation, University of Washington, Novemb.er 1975. United States Department ofthe Interior (USDI). 1987a. National Wetlands Inventory, North Tacoma, Washington 7.5-minute USGS Quadrangle. United States Department ofthe Interior (USDI). 1987b. National Wetlands Inventory, Poverty Bay, Washington 7.5-minute USGS Quadrangle. Waldron, H.H. 1961. Geologic map of the Poverty Bay quadrangle, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Map GQ-158, scale 1 :24,000~ Washington State Department of Ecology. 1979. Coastal Zone Atlas of Washington, King County, v. 6. Washington State Parks. 2006. Washington State Accessible Outdoor Recreation Guide - North Puget Sound Region. Available: http://www.parks.wa.gov/ada- rec/detaiI.asp?region=NPS# 12 . Washington Department of Ecology. Regional Water Association of South King Co., and Seattle - King County Dept. of Public Health. Tacoma, W A. Washington Department ofFish and Wildlife. 1999. Documented Spawning areas of the Pacific Herring (clupea) Surf Smelt (Hypomesus), and Pacific Sand Lance (Ammodytes) in Island County, Washington, Prepared by Daniel Pentilla. La. Conner, W A. Washington Department ofFish and Wildlife. 2004. Priority Habitat Species database information. Washington Department ofFish and Wildlife (WDFW). 2006. SalmonScape data. Available at: http://wdfw.wa.gov/mappinglsalmonscape/index.html Washington State Department of Ecology (Ecology). Digital Coastal Atlas. Shorelands and Environmental Assistance Program. Available: http://apps.ecy.wa.gov/website/coastal_atlas/viewer .htm Washington State Department of Ecology (Ecology). 2001. Shore lands and Environmental Assistance Program. ShorelilJ.e Oblique air photos. April 2001. Washington State Department of Ecology (Ecology). Shoreline Aerial Photos. Available at: . http://apps.ecy.wa.gov/shorephotos/index.html Washington State Department of Ecology. Water Quality Assessment for Washington. 2002/2004 Candidate List. Washington State Department of Health. 2004. Available: http://ww4 .doh.wa.gov /scripts/esrimap.dll?name= BI OVIEW &Left=5 87799&Bottom=3 3 nOO&Right= 133 no 1 &Top= 13 60000&Co=Select+a+County&Beach=Select+a+ Beach &Step= 1 &click.x=225&click.y= 133 Washington State Department of Natural Resources (WDNR). 2001. Digital geologic maps of the 1: 1 00,000 quadrangles of Washington. Division of Geology and Earth Resources. Olympia, W A. Available: http://www.dnr.wa.gov/geology/digl00k.htm Washington State Department of Natural Resources (WDNR). 2001. Washington State ShoreZone Inventory, Nearshore Habitat Program, Olympia, W A. August 2006 page 81 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization Washington State Department ofNatl.ual Resources (WDNR). 2001. Washington State ShoreZone Inventory. Nearshore Habitat Program, Washington State Department of Natural Resources. Olympia, W A. Williams\ R.W., R.M. Laramie, J.J. James. 1975. A Catalog of Washington Streams and Salmon Utilization: Volume I, Puget Sound Region. Washington State Department of Fish eries, Olympia, Washington. Woodward, D.G., Packard, F.A., Dion, N.P., and Sumioka, S.S., 1995, Occurrence and qu&lity of ground water in Southwestern King County, Washington: Water-Resources . Investigations Report 92-4098, prepared in cooperation with State of Washington Department of Ecology, Regional Water Association of South King Co., and Seattle- King County Dept. of Public Health, Tacoma. August 2006 page 82 City of Federal Way Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization APPENDIX A - MAP FOLIO August 2006 Appendix A or" Q) '- =' C) .- u. E co ~ \0- co ~ $Q)\o- _co.. co :.= \0- Ci5~2 "'COW Q) s:. co u-(f.)~ :J <Il q ~ ~ \ ~~ >,<0: -c ~ m~lH~.sQ ~.~ ~ . 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Parks ~ Wetlands ~ Protection Opportunity ~ Restoration Opportunity \~, ~ Other Location-Specific Action o (Star Lake - General) Limit additional bulkheads f) (Star Lake - General) Encourage Buffers e (Star Lake - General) Showcase properties with 15-20' wide native vegetation buffers e (Star Lake - General) Encourage continued protection where native vegetation exists ^ (Steel Lake) v Protect outlet and natural shoreline o (Steel Lake) Restoration potential G (Lake Dolloff) Protection Opportunity o (Lake Dolloff) Encourage . continued use of vegetation buffers o (North Lake) Protection Opportunity ~ (North Lake) Possible protection of south end of lake ~ (Lake Killarney) Continuation of protection activities ~ (Lake Killarney) Encourage protection of multi-storyied vegetation ~ (Lake Killarney - General) Encourage native. vegetation ~ (Lake Geneva) Protection area due . . to native shoreline and steep shoreline ~ (Five Mile Lake) Protection Opportunity r--- --'I I Map Source: EnviroVision Corporation Scale: City of Federal Way o 0,25 0.5Mile I 33325 8th Ave S ~ ~ PO Box 9718 . . N Federal Way, WA 98063 Map Date: May, 2006 (253) 835-7000 ~ Federal Way This map is accompanied by NO warranties, and is simply a graphic representation. For more information, visit us on the web: www.cityoffederalway.com July 13,2006 RECEIVED t3V COMMUNITY DEVElOPMENT DEPARTMENT JUL 14 2.006 TO: Sandra Lange, Department of Ecology .t~ FROM: Teresa Vanderburg, Adolfson Associates, Inc. . ...:. .'- RE: City of Federal Way Grant Task 2. Deliverable Inventory of Data Sources Federal Way Shoreline Master Program Update A first step in development of the shoreline inventory and characterization is determining available spatial data for mapping and analysis, as well as existing reports and plans. Below is a list of items identified to date. The list was initially prepared in March and circulated to the . Federal Way Shoreline Technical Advisory Committee (TAC). As a member of the TAC, you received an earlier version of this list at that time. This list has been revised based on review and input by City staff and the Technical Advisory Committee. The first table below lists mapping data layers typically used for analysis and preparation of the map folio for shoreline inventory and characterizations. Many of the themes are city owned or maintained. Others are standard from state resource agencies or King County. The City GIS staff has reviewed and provided input on this list. Other items are identified as a data gap. The second table below is a working bibliography of existing reports, plans, and studies we are using. This list reflects input from the TAC, most notably WDFW and King County. Table 1. Mapping Data Sources :;Jt ,~= Soils Surficial Geology Critical Areas (wetlands, geologic hazard areas; flood hazard areas) Streams Drainage basin boundaries (surface water and or storm water basins) Topography LI OAR data Air Photos / Orthophotography Historic air photos or scanned GLO maps (T-sheets) . WDFW PHS / Stream net Parcels Existing Land Use I Assessor data Zoning ~~~;~~f!~~;f~~~ ~~~~~~iii~~~~{;"~:~i~~:'f~r;',.~~: Digital NRCS Soil Survey for King County Digital surface geology layer for King County City GIS files for wetlands (1998); King County GIS data for landslide and erosion hazard areas; Ecology GIS data for shoreline slope stability (WA Coastal Atlas) City GIS data (other sources include Washington Trout and King County GIS) City GIS (from surface water division) 5' contours - City GIS WRIA 9 has data for Puget Sound nearshore June 2002 imagery from King County/USGS From UW Puget Sound River History Project and/or UW Library Included in Adolfson on-call area City GIS data City GIS data City GIS data Future land Use / Comp Plan land Use City GIS data Designations Impervious Area City GIS data Vegetation / land Cover DATA GAP; could be described qualitatively from existing reports (e.g., WRIA 9 marine inventory) and aerial photo interpretation Stormwater and wastewater pipes and Partial data from City Surface Water Division; some outfalls data available from King County Other utility lines (water, electric, natural DATA GAP; some data may be available from gas, etc.) lakehaven Utility District (water and sewer) Septic tanks DATA GAP; some data available online from King County iMAP. Contaminated Sites DATA GAP; some data available from Ecology.. 2004 Water Quality Assessment (303d list) Adolfson has most current from Ecology Historic / Cultural Resources DATA GAP; some info available online from state; some data available from King County . Parks, Trails, Playfields, Designated Open City GIS data Space (any public access location to the shoreline) GIS data from WRJA 9 Marine Inventories/ GIS data created for these studies: Studies I) Inventory and Assessment of Current and Historic Beach Feeding Sources/Erosion and Accretion Areas for the Marine Shorelines of Water Resource Inventory Areas 8 & 9. 2005. Prepared by Coastal Geologic Services, Inc~ for WRIA 9 Steering Committee; and 2) Marine Shoreline Inventory Report for WRIA 9. 2004. Prepared by Anchor Environmental for WRIA 9 Steering Committee. Table 2. Working Bibliography ~lto.Q'~.i~htTft.le, , .~', ~":Q~tlt abd;. Comprehensive Plan . City of Federal Way Parks and Open Space Plan City of Federal Way Surface Water Management Comprehensive City of Federal Way Plan or current Capital Improvement Plan Prioritization of Marine Shorelines of Water Resource Inventory Area 9 for Juvenile Salmonid Habitat Protection and Restoration Adolfson Library Adolfson Library Adolfson Library. Anchor Environmental. 2006. Adolfson Library Inventory and Assessment of Current and Historic Beach Feeding Sources / Erosion and Accretion Areas for WRIAs 8 and 9, Appendix D: Restoration Potentials Salmon Habitat Plan - Makin Our Watershed Coastal Geologic Services, Inc. 2005, Prepared for . King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks Au ust 2005, Green / Adolfson Library or Server Adolfson Libra 2 Fit for a King- Green I Duwamish and Central Duwamish and Central . or Server Puget Sound Watershed Water Resource Puget Sound Watershed Inventory Area 9 Steering Committee (WRIA Water Resource Inventory 9). Area 9 Steering Committee' (WRIA 9). 2005-2007 Puget Sound Conservation and . Puget Sound Action Team Adolfson Library Recovery Plan. (PSA T). 2005 or Server Overview of Puget Sound Nearshore Project Puget Sound. Nearshore www. pUQetsoun Project (PNSP). 2002, dnearshore.orQ Guidance for Protection and Restorationof the Puget Sound Nearshore www.puQetsoun Nearshore Ecosystems of Puget Sound, Project (PNSP). 2004a dnearshore,orQ Guiding Restoration Principles Puget Sound Nearshore www. pUQetsoun Project (PNSP), 2004b. dnearshore.orQ Section 905(b) Analysis: General Investigation United States Army Corps Adolfson Library Reconnaissance Study, Puget Sound of Engineers (USACOE). or Server Nearshore, Washington 2000 Restoration Planning and the 2003 Shoreline Washington Department of Adolfson Library Management Guidelines. Ecology (Ecology). 2004 or Server Marine Shoreline Inventory Report - WRIA 9 Anchor Environmental, Adolfson Library L.L.C. 2004 or Server Net shore-drift of King County, Washington: Chrzastowski, M.J., 1982 Adolfson Library Western Washington University Master of - hard copy Science thesis A marine and estuarine habitat classification Dethier, M. N. 1990 Adolfson Library system for Washington State. or Server Geology and ground-water resources of Luzier, J. E., 1969. Adolfson Library southwestern King County, Washington: . or Server Washington Department of Water Resources Water Shoreline armoring effects on physical coastal Macdonald, Keith, Adolfson Library processes in Puget Sound, Washington Simpson, David, Paulsen, or Server Bradley, Cox, Jack, and Gendron, Jane, 1994 National Wetlands Inventory, Federal Way, United States Department Adolfson Library Washington 7.5-minute USGS Quadrangle of the Interior (USDI). or Server 1987a Washington State S.horeZone Inventory Washington State Adolfson. Library Department of Natural or Server Resources (WDNR). 2001 A Catalog of Washington Streams and Salmon Williams, R. W., R. M. Adolfson Lib.- Utilization - Volume I, Puget Sound Region Laramie, and J. J. Ames. hard copy 1975 Occurrence and quality of ground water in Woodward, D.G., Packard, Adolfson Library Southwestern King County, Washington FA, Dion, N.P., and or Server Sumioka, S.S., 1995 Natural Heritage Plan. Washington State Adolfson Library Department of Natural 3 . Resources (WA DNR). or Server 2003 Steel lake Management District 2005 Annual City of Federal Way, Public Envirovision Report Works Department, Surface Water Management Division. 2005 Steel lake IA VMP City of Federal Way, Public EnvirovisiQn Works Department, Surface Water Management Division. 2004 Lake Dolloff Survey EnviroVision. 2004 Envirovision Water Quality of Small lakes and Streams, King County Metro. Water Envirovision Western King County 1990-1993 Pollution Control Department. 1994 A Trend Report on King County Small lakes King County WlRD. 2001 Eiwirovision King County Lake Monitoring Report. Volunteer King County DNRP, WRLD. http://dnr.metrok Lake Monitoring Results for the Water Year 2005 (data from 1993- c.Qov/wlr/waterre 2002-2003 present available from King s/smlakes/lkmon County) 03.htm Lake Killarney IA VMP King County DNRP, WRLD. Envirovision 1997 North Lake IAVMP and SWM 2005 Annual King County. DNRP. Envirovision Report WRLD. 2004 Lake Bathymetry Washington State http://www.ecy.w Department of Ecology. a.Qov/services/Qi 1995 s/data/data. htm# lake bath Motorized Boat Launch and Public Moorage Washington State http://www,iac.w Facilities in Washington State Interagency Committee for a. Qov/maps/boat Outdoor Recreation. 2000 .htm Lakes Monitored by Ecology's Lake Water Washington State http://www.ecy.w Quality Monitoring Program from 1989 through Department of Ecology a. Qov/proQramsl 1997. eap/fw lakes/lk Iist.html Lake Killarney - Lake Water Quality Monitoring Washington State http://www.ecy.w Station Department of Ecology a.Qov/proQramsl eap/wrias/lak/10. html WRIA 9 Strategic Assessme.nt Report- King County Water and Adolfson library Scientific Foundation for Salmonid Habitat Land Resources Division. or Server Restoration 2004. White PapelTs: Overwater Structures, Shoreline Washington Department of Available online Modifications, Dredging. Fish and Wildlife (WDFW) Low Impact Development Technical Guidance Puget Sound Action Team Available online Manual for Puget Sound (PSAT). Jan. 2005 WDFW Management Recommendations - Washington Department of Available online 4 Riparian Fish and Wildlife (WDFW) WDFW Integrated Streambank Protection Washington Department of Available online Guidelines Fish and Wildlife (WDFW) Regional Approaches to Address Coastal Washington State Available online Erosion Management, Coastal Erosion Department of Ecology. Management Studies, Volumes 1, 5, 7, & 9, Publications # 94-82, # 94- 80, #94-78, # 94-74. Management Options for Unstable Coastal Department.of Ecology. Available online Bluffs in Puget Sound, Washington. Coastal June 1994. Publication # Erosion Management Studies, Volume 8. 94-81. Alternative Bank Protection Methods for Puget Ian Zelo, Hugh Shipman, Adolfson Library Sound Shorelines. and Jim Brennan. May 2000. DOE. Publication # 00-06-012. Draft Puget Sound Salmon Recovery Plan. Available online Volume One. Shared Strategy. Annual Inventory of Sheilfish Harvest Areas Washington State Available online Department of Health. Spawning Areas of the Pacific herring (clupea), Penttila, D.E. 1995/1999. Available online surf smelt (hypomesus) and Pacific sand lance. (ammodytes) in Central Puget Sound, Washington. Effects of urbanization on small streams in the Curtis May, etal, 1997. Available online Puget Sound lowland ecoregion. 5 E. ~ '- ~ ~ sa>'- _co.. ~ ~ '- Ci>~.$ -co(/) a>.s::.~ u...(/)~ ~ ..en c:C: G) 0 e~ E~ '-~ g. '- .- .- 2i~~ Q..CI)Wo ~ ." G) en o G) c: .- -- G) II) e~ e.a 80 .s tn 5~ ,K' Q en -= ~ ... en ~, b~ ~~ ~, ""I::S ~ ;:1 \ ~.- ~ ~ Q v:P i \ ~~ ~~ X~ gaa- {'ll IU 4- c: i 0 $ '~ 10 ~ ~~ u..~ 'Oc '0 z;- ~ c: ,- 0 Q) 0 0. CJ) 3 f/) Q) ~ 8 o N ~ \ ~ z ~ g ~ dz ~ ~ 16 ... -8 ~ ~: o .~ ~ cii III -.;:> c: ~ ' l::C: ~g ;;~ oC: z~ ~w.. 'Olll lll.... 'c .~ ~s::. ~e 80> o~ ~>o 1/10. .- E ii'- E~ ,<e ''; ~~ c,; c: o .~ tIS Q)C: c: .f!! =:fI) eQ) 00 ~~ f/)Q) '06. ,c: oe 0..- 0'" 0:& 10 .~ (j' .s~ 'Ui ~ ~~ IU 0 1OaO .... IU c: ~o! z~:s DQ~ 1.0 ci o ~ a. ~ a ~ c: .s -= 2 CHAPTER #. SHORELINE MASTER PROGRAM Purpose The Shoreline Management Act (SMA) identifies eight elements that, if appropriate to the community, are to be dealt with in the development of area-wide shoreline goals. They include: shoreline use, economic development, public access, conservation, recreation, historicaVcultural,.circulation, and flood prevention. Master programs are also encouraged to include any other elements which, because of present uses or future needs, are deemed appropriate to effectuate the policy of the SMA. Residential land use of shorelines of 1. he state within Federal Way makes up the largest share of the developed shorelines in the City. Undeveloped shoreline is a mix oflarger parcels designated as parks and open space areas and smaller lots presently zoned to allow for residential use. The following comprehensive set of shoreline goals and policies provide the foundation and framework on which the balance of the master program has been based. The policies contained herein are enforced through Article III, Shoreline Management, and any other applicable chapters of the FWCC. Shoreline Use Element This element addresses the distribution, location, and extent of use of shorelines and adjacent areas for housing, recreation, transportation, office, public buildings, utilities, education, and other uses. The shorelines in Federal Way are more widely used for residential purposes than for any other use. Much of the undeveloped shoreline is privately owned, subdivided into small lots, and zoned to permit residential development. Goal SMPGl Shoreline areas shall permit a variety of development types in accordance with the City's zoning and Comprehensive Plan designations. Designs, densities. and locations for all allowed uses and developments should consider physical and natural features of the shoreline and should avoid, to the greatest extent possible. adverse effects on shoreline ecological functions. Policies SMPPl Shoreline land and water areas particularly suited for specific and appropriate' uses should be designated and reserved for such uses. Shoreline land and water uses should satisfy the economic, social, and physical needs of the regional population, but should not exceed the physical carrying capacity of the shoreline areas.' . Like or compatible shoreline uses should be clustered or distrjbuted in a rational manner, rather than allowed to develop haphazardly. SMPP2 SMPPJ DRAFT Goals and Policies Federal Way Shoreline Master Plan Prepared for Ecology Review, December 2006 Page I EXHIBIT PAGE .E OF 12/15/2006 ". SMPP4 Multiple uses of shoreline should be encouraged where location and integration of compatible uses or activities are feasible. SMPP5 Shoreline ecological functions should be protected from uses Or activities that will have an adverse effect on them. SMPP6 Non-residential uses or activities that are not shoreline dependent should be encouraged to . locate or relocate away from the shoreline. SMPP7 F ederal Way shall consider the goals, objectives, and policies of the shoreline master program in all land use management decisions regarding the use or development of adjacent uplands where such use or development may have an adverse effect on designated shorelines. SMPPS Development should be excluded from shoreline areas known to contain development hazards or which would adversely impact designated critical areas as identified in Chapter 18, Division 6.ofthe FWCC. a. All development should be prohibited within the toO-year floodplain. b. Development should be prohibited in ~horeline areas having severe or very severe landslide hazard unless demonstrated that proposed development would be safe and would not impact natural shoreline functions. c. All development should be regulated in shoreline areas with slopes of 40 percent or greater. d. Shoreline areas containing other potential hazards (e. g., geological conditions, unstable subsurface conditions, erosion hazards, or groundwater or seepage problems) should be regulated as necessary to avoid unsafe development and disturbance of sensitive areas. e. The burden of proof that development of these areas is feasible, safe, and ecologically sound is the responsibility of the developer. Goal SMPG2 Residential use of shoreline areas should be continued and encouraged, allowing a variety of housing types. New development or redevelopment of residential uses, should avoid, to the greatest extent possible, adverse effects on shoreline ecological functions. Policies SMPP9 Residential developments should avoid or have minimal impact on the land and water environment of the shoreline and minimize visual and physical obstruction. Unavoidable impacts to the shoreline environment from residential development should be mitigated to assure no net loss of shoreline ecological functions. a. Residential development in designated critical areas or their associated buffers should be regulated as required under the City's critical areas regulations. b. Residential development on piers or over water should not be pennitted. DRAFT Goals and Policies 'SI"', t'-~~$ ~." ".. , Federal Way Shoreline Master"IUan.. ~~ ~ iC.\ E f":~ ) "L ;: Prepared for Ecology Review, B~~fllber 2006 '~'''', page 2 . , """?"'"' ".. .".~ li....., "'" .., .'~ ," , 12/15/2006 c. Landfill for residential developrnent that reduces water surface or floodplain capacity should not be pennitted. . d. In residential developments the water's edge should be kept free of buildings. e. Development standards should require the retention of natural shoreline vegetation and other natural features of the landscape to the greatest extent possible during site development and construction. SMPP10 Residential use of shorelines should not displace or encroach upon water- dependent shoreline uses. SMPPll Residential densities in shoreline areas should be consistent with zoning and should consider physical capabilities of the shoreline areas and public services requirements when considering new plats or rezoning applications. a. Subdivisions and new development should be designed to adequately protect the water and shoreline aesthetic characteristics. b. New residential development should only be allowed in those shoreline areas where the provision for sewage disposal and drainage ways are of such a standard that adjoining water bodies would not be adversely affected by pollution or siltation. c. New residential development or redevelopment along shorelines should be set back from the ordinary high water mark far enough to make unnecessary such protective measures as filling, hard annored bulk heading, construction of groins or jetties, or substantial regrading of the site. Where a site cannot be developed without the use of the protective measures listed above due ~o other site constraints, the least ecologically harmful method shall be utilized. d. Residential developments should be designed to enhance the appearance of the shoreline and not substantially interfere with the views from public property or access to the water. SMPP12 Residential subdivisions in shoreline areas should provide public pedestrian access to the shorelines within the development in accordance with public access and recreation element of this master program. SMPP13 Developers of recreational projects such as summer homes, cabins, campgrounds, and similar facilities should satisfactorily demonstrate: a. The suitability of the site to accommodate the proposed development without adversely affecting the shoreline environment and water resource. b. Adequate provisions for all necessary utilities, including refuse disposal. Goal SMPG3 Shoreline areas designated by the Comprehensive Plan to allow for commercial development shall permit a variety of commercial and office park development types. New development or expansion of existing commercial and office uses should avoid, to the greatest extent possible, adverse effects on shoreline ecological junctions. DRAFT Goals and Policies Federal Way Shoreline Master Plan Prepared forEcology Review, December 2006 Page 3 12!lS/2006 Policies SMPP14 Consideration should be made of the effect a structure will have on scenic value. SMPP15 Commercial structures and ancillary facilities that are not shoreline dependent or water-oriented should be set back from the water's edge and designed to avoid adverse impacts to shoreline ecological functions. SMPP16 The use of porous materials or other low impact development design alternatives should be encouraged for paved areas to allow water to penetrate and percolate into the soil. Use of holding systems should be encouraged to control the runoff rate from parking lots and rooftops. SMPP17 Commercial development located within shoreline areas should be constructed to withstand normal rain and flooding conditions without contributing pollution to the watercourse or shoreline. SMPP18 Commercial development that is not water-dependent should provide a buffer zone of native vegetation for erosion control. SMPP19 Commercial aquaculture activities should be prohibited. Goal SMPG4 Regional and subregional utility facilities, including communications (radio. TV, and telephone), energy distribution (petroleum products, natural gas, and electricity), water, sanitary sewers, and storm sewers should be allowed in shoreline areas. Design. location. construction, and maintenance of utility facilities should avoid, to the greatest extent possible, adverse effects to shoreline ecological functions. Policies SMPP20 Utilities that could allow for growth should not be extended into or along shorelines without prior approval of such extension by appropriate land use authority . SMPP21 Utilities located in shoreline environments inappropriate for development should not make service available to those areas. . SMPP22 In developed shorelines not served by utilities, utility construction should be encouraged to locate where it can be shown that water quality will be maintained or improved. SMPP23 Federal Way should be consulted prior to application for construction of regional utility facilities to be located in or along shorelines. SMPP24 Utility corridors crossing shorelines should be encouraged to consolidate and concentrate or share rights-of-way where: a. Public access or view corridors would be improved. b. Concentration or sharing would not hirider the ability of the utility systems to be installed, operated, or maintained safely. DRAFT Goals and Policies Federal Way Shoreline Master Plan Prepared for Ecology Review, December 2006 Page 4 12/15/2006 c. Water quality would be as good or'better than if separate corridors were present. SMPP25 Public access should be encouraged where rights-of-way for regional utility facilities cross shorelines in the City and where public safety and facility security would not be compromised. SMPP26. New utility facilities should be located so as to neither require extensive shoreline protectiori nor to restrict water flow, circulation, or navigation. SMPP27 New utility facilities and rights-of-way' should be located to preserve the natural landscape and minimize conflicts with present and planned uses of the land on which they are located. SMPP28 New utility facilities and rights-of-way should be located and designed to minimize detrimental visual impacts from the water and adjacent uplands. SMPP29 New freestanding personal wireless service facilities are discouraged from locating within the shoreline environment. Goal SMPG5 Encourage soft shore armoring and bioengineering solutions to limit traditional hard shoreline armoring techniques such as rip rap or vertical bulkheadingfor shoreline protection or stabilization to reduce adverse impacts to development caused by current, flood, wake, or wave action. Policies SMPP30 Shoreline armoring, including replaceme!lt of existing hard bulkheads, should be allowed only if it is clearly demonstrated that shoreline armoring is necessary to protect existing improvements. Repair of existing shoreline armoring structures should be permitted. SMPP31 Structural solutions to reduce shoreline erosion should be allowed only after it is demonstrated that nonstructural solutions such as bioengineering or soft- shore armoring would not be able to protect exi~ting development. . SMPP32 Planning of shoreline erosion control or bank stabilization should encompass sizable stretches of lake or marine shorelines. This planning should consider off-site erosion, accretion, or flood damage that might occur as a result of shoreline protection structures or activities. SMPP33 Shoreline erosion control or bank stabilization on marine and lake shorelines should not be used as a means of creating new or newly developable land. SMPP34 Shoreline stabilization structures should allow passage of ground and surface waters into the main water body. SMPP3S Shoreline erosion control or bank stabilization should not reduce the volume and storage capacity of rivers~ streams, and adjacent wetlands or flood plains. SMPP36 Whenever shoreline stabilization or erosion control is needed, bioengineered alternatives such as natural benns and erosion control vegetation plans DRAFT Goals and Policies Federal Way Shoreline Master Plan Prepared for Ecology Review, December 2006 Page 5 12/15/2006 should be favored over hard surfaced structural alternatives such as concrete bulkheads and sheet piles. SMPP37 The burden of proof for the need for shoreline stabilization to protect existing or proposed redevelopments rests on the applicant. SMPP38 Shoreline stabilization that would result in the need for new or increased shoreline stabilization on the same or other affected properties where there has been no previous need should not be allowed. . SMPP39 New development should be designed and located so as not to require hard armoring or other structural shoreline stabilization. SMPP40 Areas of significance in the spawning, nesting, rearing, or residency of aquatic and terrestrial biota should be given special consideration in review of proposed shoreline protection activities. SMPP41 Shoreline protection activities should be discouraged in areas where they would disrupt natural feeder bluffs processes important for maintaining beaches. Goal SMPG6 Piers and moorages should be allowed when associated with residential, recreational, or other public facilities. The design, location, and construction of any pier or moorage should, avoid, to the' greatest extent possible, adverse effects on shoreline ecological functions. Policies SMPP42 Open pile pier construction should be preferred where there is significant littoral drift, where scenic values will not be impaired, and where minimal alteration to the shoreline and minimal damage to aquatic resources can be assured. SMPP43 Piers should be discouraged where conflicts with recreational boaters and other recreational water activities would be created by pier construction. SMPP44 The random proliferation of single purpose piers should be discouraged. Preference should be given to shared use of piers in all shoreline areas. SMPP45 Temporary moorages should be permitted for vessels used in the construction of shoreline facilities. The design and construction of such moorages shall be such that upon termination of the project, aquatic habitat can be returned to original condition within one year. with no adverse impact to the environment or cost to the public. SMPP46 Shoreline structures that are abandoned or structurally unsafe should be removed. SMPP47 Piers, docks, buoys, and other moorages should be located and designed to minimize adverse effects on wildlife and aquatic life, water quality, unique and fragile areas, submerged lands, and shoreline vegetation. SMPP48 Moorage buoys should be preferred over floating and pile constructed piers on all tidal waters. DRAFT Goals and Policies Federal Way Shoreline Master Plan Prepared for Ecology Review, December 2006 Page 6 12/15/2006 Public Access and Recreation Element . This element addresses the preservation and expansion of all types of public access and recreational opportunities through programs of acquisition, development, and various means of less-than- fee acquisition. Goal SMPG7 Increase public access to shoreline areas provided that private rights. public safety, and the natural shoreline character are not adversely affected. Policies SMPP49 Development of public access should respect and protect the enjoyment of private rights on shoreline property. SMPP50 Public access should be maintained and regulated, a Public access should be policed and improved consistent with intensity of use. b. Provisions to restrict access as to nature, time, number of people, and area may be appropriate for public pedestrian easements and other public access areas where there are spawning grounds, fragile aquatic life habitats, or potential hazards for pedestrian safety, SMPP51 Design of access should provide for the public health, safety, and enjoyment. a. Appropriate signs should be used to designate publicly owned shorelines. b. Pedestrian and non-motorized physical and visual access to the shoreline should be encouraged. c. Public access to and along the water's edge should be made available in publicly,owned shorelines in a manner that protects shoreline ecological functions. SMPP52 Acquisition and development of new shoreline public access locations should be consistent with overall parks and open space planning goals and policies. a. Acquisition and development of shoreline properties should be consistent with criteria and standards as part of an overall parks and open space master plan. b. Where appropriate, utility and transportation rights-of-way on the shoreline should be made available for public access and use, consistent with the shoreline use and circulation element policies. c. Where appropriate, publicly-owned street ends that abut the shoreline should be retained and/or reclaimed for public access, consistent with the circulation element policies. . d. Shoreline recreational facilities and other public access points should be connected by trails, bicycle pathways, and other access links where possible. DRAFT Goals and Policies Federal Way Shoreline MasterPlan Prepared for'Ecology Review, December 2006 Page 7 12/1512006 SMPP53 Public access should be provided in new shoreline developments. a. Incentives should be used to encourage private property owners to provide public shoreline access, b. Public pedestrian easements should be considered in future land use authorizations, and in the case of projects along lakes, streams, ponds, and marine lands, whenever shoreline features are appropriate for public use. Shorelines of the City characterized by the following should be considered for' pedestrian easements: I. Areas of significant, historical, geological, and/or biological features and landmarks. 2. Areas presently being legally used, or historically having been legally used, by the public along the shoreline for access. . 3. Where public funds have been expended on or related to shoreline developmen~. SMPPS4 Shorelines in the City should beavaHable to all people for passive use, visual access, and enjoyment. a. The City should preserve and provide publicly accessible viewpoints, lookouts, and vistas of shorelines. b. New developments should minimize visual and physical obstruction of the water from adjacent roads and public properties. SMPP55 Physical and/or visual access to the water should use steep slopes, view points from bluffs, stream valleys, and features of special interest where it is possible to place pathways consistent with public safety and without requiring extensive flood or erosion protection. Goal SMPG8 Provide additional shoreline dependf!nt and water oriented recreation opportunities that are diverse. convenient, and adequate for the regional population consistent with the carrying capacity of the land and water resources. Policies SMPP56 Areas containing special shoreline recreation qualities not easily duplicated should be available for public use and enjoyment. a. Opportunities should be provided for the public to understand natural shoreline processes and experience natural resource features. b. Public viewing and interpretation should be encouraged at or ne.ar governmental shoreline facilities when consistent with security and public safety. SMPP57 Shoreline recreational use and development should enhance environmental quality with minimal adverse effect to natural resources. DRAFT Goals and Policies Federal Way Shofeline Master Plan . Prepared for Ecology Review, December 2006 Page 8 12/1512006 -. a. Shoreline recreational facilities shall be developed at a level of use and intensity that is consistent with and does not exceed the carrying capacity of the site. b. Overall design and development in shoreline recreational areas should be sensitive to the physical site characteristics and be consistent with the level of use in the area concerned. c. Recreation areas and ancillary facilities on or adjacent to the shoreline should have adequate surveillance and maintenance. d. Non-water oriented recreational facility development should be setback from the water's edge, except where appropriate in high intensive shoreline use areas. SMPP58 The provision of adequate public shoreline recreation lands should be based on an acquisition plan that is consistent with overall goals for enhancing public access to the CIty's shorelines. SMPP59 Existing buildings that enhance the character of the shoreline should be incorporated into recreation areas wherever possible. SMPP60 A balanced variety of recreational opportunities should be provided for people of different ages, health, family status, and financial ability. a. Shoreline recreation areas should provide opportunities for different use intensities ranging from low (solitude) to high (many people). b. Opportunities for shoreline recreational experiences should include developing access that accommodates a range of differences in people's physical mobility, capabilities, and skill levels. c. Recreational development should meet the demands of population growth consistent with the carrying capacity of the land and water resources. Goal SMPG9 Recreational experiences that depend on, or utilize, the shoreline (including: harvesting activities of fish, shellfish, fowl, minerals, and driftwood; various forms of boating, swimming. and shoreline pathways; and watching or recording activities, such as photography, painting, or the viewing of water dependent activities) shall be encouraged within parks and other public access areas, given that they avoid, to the greatest extent possible. adverse effects on shoreline ecological functions. Policies SMPP61 Underwater parks should be extensions of shoreline parks, and, whenever possible, be created or enhanced by artificial reefs where natural conditions or aquatic life could be observed with minimal interference. SMPP62 During storm events, hazardous conditions, or emergencies, temporary use of public recreational shoreline areas by boaters should be allowed. SMPP63 Prime-fishing areas should be given priority for recreational use. DRAFT Goals and Policies Federal Way Shoreline Master Plan Prepared for Ecology Review, December 2006 Page 9 12/15/2006 SMPP64 Recreational shellfish harvesting should be allowed on public beaches subject to rules, regulations, and periodic closures by Washington Department of Health and or Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Boating activities that increase shore erosion should be discouraged. Effective interpretation should be provided to raise the quality of visitor experiences and provide an understanding of aquatic and shoreline reso,urce. SMPP65 . SMPP66 Conservation and Restoration Element This element promotes and encourages the conservation of natural shoreline resources and shoreline ecological functions, considering, but not limited to, such characteristics as scenic vistas, parks and open space, fish and wildlife habitat, beaches, feeder bluffs, estuaries and other valuable natural or aesthetic features. Additiomilly, this element promotes and encourages restoration of shoreline functions and ecological processes that - have been impaired as a result of past development activities. Goal SMPGIO Preserve and protect the ecological functions provided by designated critical areas located in the shoreline. Policies SMPP67 Manage designated critical areas in the shoreline - such as critical aquifer recharge areas and wellhead protection areas, frequently flooded areas, geologically hazardous areas, regulated wetlands, and streams - in a manner consistent with the policies contained in Chapter 9, Natural Environment, of the Comprehensive Plan. SMPP68 Develop standards, buffers, and mitigation requirements for designated critical areas in the shoreline consistent with city-wide regulations unless more protective measures are required to protect shoreline ecological functions. Goal SMPGll Assure preservation of unique and non-renewable natural resources and assure conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of existing and future generations and the public interest. Policies SMPP69 All new development and activity in or adjacent to shoreline areas should be designed, constructed, and operated as to not cause significant adverse impacts to ground or surface water quality. SMPP70 Shorelines that are of unique or valuable natural character should be considered for acquisition. Subsequent management of such areas should prote~t or enhance shoreline ecological functions.. DRAFT Goals and Policies Federal Way Shoreline Master Plan Prepared for Ecology Review, December 2006 Page 10 12/15/2006 . SMPP71 All renewable natural resources should be managed so that use or consumption does not exceed the natural rate of replenishment. SMPP72 Resource conservation should be an integral part of s.horeline planning. a. All future shoreline development should be planned, designed, and sited to minimize adverse impact upon the natural shoreline environment and ecological functions. SMPP73 Scenic and aesthetic qualities and ecological functions of shorelines should be recognized and preserved as valuable resources. a. When appropriate, natural flora and fauna should be preserved. b. In shoreline areas, the natural topography should not be substantially altered. c. Shoreline structures should be sited and designed to minimize view obstruction from public properties and should be visually compatible with the shoreline character. d. Wildlife and aquatic habitats, Including spawning grounds, should be protected. SMPP74 Resources should be managed to enhance the environment with minimal adverse effect. a. Shoreline, in-water and over-water activities and development should be planned, constructed, and operated to minimize adverse effects on the natural processes of the shoreline, and should maintain or enhance the quality of air, soil, natural vegetation, and water on the shoreline. b. Use or activity which substantially degrades the natural resources or ecological functions of the shoreline should not be allowed without mitigation as required under FWMC Chapter 18; Environmental Protection. SMPP75 Critical saltwater and freshwater habitats (critical habitats) support valuable recreational and commercial fisheries and should be protected for their importance to the aquatic ecosystem as well as state and local economies. a. Non-water-dependent and non-water-related uses, activities, structures, and landfills should not be located in critical habitats. b. Where uses, activities, structures, and landfills must locate in critical habitats, impa<;:ts on these areas should be lessened to the maximum extent possible. Significant unavoidable impacts should be mitigated by creating in-kind replacement habitat near the project where feasible. Where in-kind replacement mitigation is not feasible, rehabilitation of out-of-kind or off-site degraded habitat should be required. Mitigation proposals should be developed in consultation with the City, the State Department ofFish and Wildlife, and any affected Indian Nations; c. Development that is outside critical habitats that has the potential to significantly affect said habitats should be located and designed as to not create significant negative impacts to said habitats. d. Whenever feasible, bioengineering should be used as the bank protection technique for all streams considered .to have critical habitat. DRAFT Goals and Policies Federal Way Shorefine Master Plan Prepared for Ecology Review, December 2006 Page II 12/15/2006 e. Whenever feasible, open pile bridges should be used for all water crossings over areas considered critical habitat. f. . Impervious surfaces should be minimized in upland developments to reduce stormwater runoff peaks. Structures and uses creating significant. impervious surfaces should include stormwater detention systems to reduce stormwater runoff peaks. g. The discharge of silt and.sediments into waterways shall be minimized during in-water and upland construction. h. Adopt-A-Stream programs and similar efforts to rehabilitate critical habitats should be encouraged. I. Fishery enhancement projects should be encouraged where they will not significantly interfere with other beneficial uses. J. Project proponents should contact the Habitat Division of 1. he State Department of Fish and Wildlife and affected Indian Nations early in the development process to determine if the proposal will occur in or adjacent to critical habitat. k. When reviewing permits for uses, activities, and structures proposed in, over, or adjacent to marine waters, streams, wetlands, ponds connected to streams, or any other shoreline area, City staff should contact the Habitat Division of the State Department of Fish and Wildlife to determine if the proposal will occur in or affect any adjacent critical habitats. Staff should also contact affected Indian Nations. Goal SMPG12 Develop regional solutions with other jurisdictions, tribes and interested parties to resolve the challenge of protecting shoreline ecological functions while also proiecting shoreline developments. PoliCies SMPP76 Continue to work with the State, King County, Watershed Resource Inventory Area (WRIA) 9, and other governmental and non-governmental organizations to explore how local governments can contribute to the preservation and restoration of ecological processes and shoreline functions. SMPP77 Continue to work with the WRIA 9 to restore shoreline habitats and seasonal ranges that support listed endangered and threatened species, as well as other anadromous fisheries. Goal SMPG13 Pursue projects to restore and enhance shoreline habitats. functions and processes on private and publicly owned lands. Policies SMPP78 Prioritize restoration and enhancement first based upon the greatest net ecological benefit, as compared to the project cost. DRAFT Goals and Policies Federal Way Shoreline Master Plan Prepared for Ecology Review, December 2006 Page 12 12/15/2006 SMPP79 Focus restoration and conservation activities on public parks and open space lands for public enjoyment. SMPP80 Work with owners of other publicly-owned land, such as Washington State Parks to encourage restoration and enhancement projects, including funding strategies. SMPP81 Work with the public and other interested parties to prioritize restoration opportunities identified in Shoreline Inventory and Characterization Report. SMPP82 Promote shoreline vegetation restoration, and the control of invasive weeds and nonnative species, to enhance marine riparian and freshwater lakeshore habitats. SMPP83 Promote shoreline vegetation restoration to reduce the hazard of slope failures or accelerated erosion. SMPP84 Develop a program to implement restoration projects, including funding strategies. SMPP85. Monitor and adaptively manage restoration projects. Goal SMPG14 Evaluate potential shoreline impairments when they are identified by the community or stakeholders, Policies SMPP86 Collect information to evaluate and assess potential shoreline degradation and impairments observed by the community. SMPP87 Develop strategies to address impairments to shorelfne functions through restoration actions, if appropriate. SMPP88 Restoration projects with broad ecological benefit will.be given greater weight or priority than projects with.localized benefits. . Goal SMPG15 Encourage voluntary restoration projects on private property in degraded shoreline environments, Policies SMPP89 Create incentives that will make it economically or otherwise attractive for development proposals to integrate shoreline ecological restoration into development projects. SMPP90' Encourage protection, enhancement, or restoration- of native riparian vegetation through incentives and non-regulatory programs. SMPP91 Promote bioengineering and/or soft engineering alternative design approaches to shoreline stabilization and provide technical guidance to shoreline landowners. DRAFT Goals and Policies Federal Way Shoreline Master Plan Prepared for Ecology Review, December 2006 Page 13 12/15/2006 SMPP92 Establish public education materials to provide shoreline landowners technical assistance about the benefits of native vegetation plantings. SMPP93 identify and pursue funding sources for shoreline restoration actions on pri vate lands. Goal . SMPG16 Provide ample opportunity for the public to learn about the ecological aspects and community values of the City's shorelines. Policies SMPP94 Explore opportunities with other educational organizations and agencies to develop an on-going program of shoreline education for all ages. SMPP95 Identify areas where kiosks and interpretative signs can enhance the educational experience of users oftne shoreline. SMPP96 Develop strategies to fund these projects. Historic and Cultural Resources Element This element addresses identification and preservation of historic and cultural resources that are located in or associated with Federal Way's shorelines. Such resources may include historic structures or buildings, historic use or activities in the shoreline, and archaeological resources. Goal SMPG17 Identify. protect. preserve, and restore important archaeological. historical. and cultural sites located in or associated with Federal Way's shorelines for scientific and educational purposes. Policies SMPP97 Manage cultur~l and historic resources in the shoreline consistent with city- 'wide policies for treatment of such resources in the Comprehensive Plan. SMPP98 Recognize that shoreline areas are of moderate to high probability for archaeological resources and require appropriate review and site investigation for proposed development or modifications. Circulation Element This element deals with the location and extent of existing and proposed thoroughfares, transportation routes, and other public facilities; and coordinating those facilities with shoreline uses. Goal SMPG18 Circulation systems in shoreline areas should be limited to those that are. shoreline dependent or would serve shoreline dependent uses or those that DRAFT Goals and Policies Federal Way Shoreline Master Plan Prepared for Ecology Review, December 2006 Page 14 12/15/2006 must pass through the shoreline environment. The environment shall be protected from any significant adverse effects of circulation systems required in the shoreline environment. Policies SMPP99 New surface transportation development should be designed to provide the best possible service with the least possible infringement upon the shoreline environment. a. New transportation facilities and improvements to existing facilities that substantially increase levels of air, noise, odor, visual, or water pollution should be discouraged. b. Transportation corridors should be designed to harmonize with the topography and other natural characteristics of the shoreline through which they traverse. c. New surface transportation facilities in shoreline areas should be set back from the ordinary high water mark far enough to make unnecessary such protective measures as rip-rap or other bank stabilization, landfill, bulkheads, groins, jetties, or substantial site regrade. d. New transportation facilities crossing lakes, streams, wetlands, o~ other critical areas should be encouraged to locate in existing corridors, except where any adverse impact can be minimized by selecting an alternate corridor. e. Shoreline circulation systems should be adaptable to changes in technology. SMPPIOO Circulation systems should be located and attractively designed so as not to. unnecessarily or unreasonably pollute the physical environment or reduce the benefits people derive from their property. a. Motorized vehicular traffic on beaches and other natural shoreline areas should b~ prohibited. b. Transportation facilities providing access to shoreline developments should be planned and designed in scale and character with the use proposed. c. New transportation facilities should minimize total impervious surface area by generally being oriented perpendicular to the shoreline where topographic conditions will allow. SMPPIOl Circulation systems should be designed to enhance aesthetic experiences through creating shoreline vista and access points and encouraging alternative modes of transportation. SMPPI02 New transportation developments in shoreline areas should provide turnout areas for scenic stops and off road rest areas where the topography, view, and natural features warrant, consistent with the public access and recreation element policies. SMPPI03 Shoreline roadway corridors with unique or historic significance, or of great aesthetic quality, should be retained and maintained for those characteristics. DRAFT Goals and Policies Federal Way Shoreline Master Plan Prepared for Ecology Review, December 2006 Page is 12/15/2006 SMPPI04 Shoreline circulation routes should provide for non~motorized means of travel and should incorporate multi modal provisions where public safety can be assured. SMPPIOS Shoreline roadways should have a high priority for arterial beautification funds. . SMPPI06 Pedestrian access should be built where access to public shorelines is desirable and has been cut off by linear transportation corridors. New linear facilities should enable pedestrian access to public shorelines where access is desirable. SMPPI07 Transportation and utility facilities should be encouraged to coordinate joint use of rights-of-way and to consolidate crossings of water bodies when doing so can minimize adverse impact to the shoreline. Shoreline Environments Purpose In order to more effectively implement the goals, objectives, and policies of this master program and the SMA, the shorelines of the state within Federal Way have been categorized into three separate environment designations. The purpose of these designations is to differentiate between areas whose geographical features, ecological functions, and existing development pattern imply differing objectives regarding their management, use, and future development. Each environment represents a particular emphasis in the type of uses and the extent of development that should occur within it. The system is designed to encourage uses in each environment which enhance the character of the environment while at the same time requiring reasonable standards and restrictions on development so that the character of the environment is not destroyed. The detennination as to which designation should be given to any specific shoreline area has been based on, and is reflective of, the existing development pattern; the biophysical capabilities and limitations of the land; and the goals and aspirations of the local citizenry. . Each environment designation category includes: (1) a purpose statement which clarifies the meaning and intent of the designation; (2) criteria to be used as a basis for classifying a specific shoreline area with that environment designation; and, (3) general management policies designed to guide management decisions and development consistent with the character of the environment. Shoreline Residential Purpose: . The purpose of the "shoreline residential" environment is to accommodate residential development and appurtenant structures that are consistent with this chapter. An additional purpose is to provide appropriate public access and rec.reational uses. Criteria: DRAFT Goals and Policies Federal Way Shoreline Master Plan Prepared for Ecology Review, December 2006 Page 16 12/15/2006 Assign a "shoreline residential" environment designation to shoreline areas inside urban growth areas, as defined in RCW 36. 70AII 0, incorporated municipalities, "rural areas of more intense development," or "master planned resorts," as described in RcW 36.70A.360, ifthey are predominantly single-family or multifamily residential development or are planned and platted for residential development. Management Policies: 1. Residential uses should be the primary use. Development and redevelopment activities should be focused within already developed areas. Any commercial development allowed in residential areas should be water-oriented or should support water-oriented uses. 2. Standards should be developed and implemented for setbacks or buffers, lot coverage limitations, shoreline stabilization, vegetation conservation, critical area protectiori, and water quality. These standards should be employed in residential designs so that new development would not degrade shoreline ecological functions or aesthetic values, taking into account the environmental limitations and sensitivity of the shoreline area, the level of infrastructure and services available, and other comprehensive planning considerations. 3. Multifamily and multi-lot residential and recreational developments should provide public access and joint use for community recreational fa,cilities. 4. All residential development should occur in a manner consistent with the policies listed under Goal SMPG2 of the shoreline use element. Urban Conservancy Purpose: The purpose of the "urban conservancy" environment is to protect and restore ecological functions of open space, flood plain and other sensitive lands where they exist in urban and developed settings, while allowing a variety of compatible uses. Criteria: Assign an "urban conservancy" environment designation to shoreline areas appropriate and planned for development that is compatible with maintaining or restoring of the ecological functions of the area, that are not generally suitable for water-dependent high- intensity uses and that lie in incorporated municipalities, urban growth areas, or commercial or industrial "rural areas of more intense development" ifany of the following characteristics apply: (A) They are suitable for water-related or water-enjoyment uses; (B) They are open space, flood plain or other sensitive areas that should not be more intensively developed; (C) They have potential for ecological restoration; (0) They retain important ecological functions, even though partially developed; or (E) They have the potential for development that is compatible with ecological restoration. Management Policies: DRAFT Goals and Policies Federal Way Shoreline Master Plan Prepared for Ecology Review, December 2006 Page 17 12/15/2006 1. Residential, recreational, commercial, and public facility uses should be allowed provided they preserve the natural character of the area or promote preservation of open space, flood plain, bluffs, or sensitive lands either directly or over the long term. Water-oriented and single-family residential uses should be given priority over nonwater-oriented uses. For shoreline areas adjacent to commercially navigable waters, water-dependent uses should be given highest priority. Uses that result in restoration of ecological functions should be allowed if the use is otherwise compatible with the purpose of the envirorUnent and the setting. 2. Standards should be developed and implemented for management of environmentally sensitive or designated critical areas to ensure that new development does not result in a net loss of shoreline ecological functions or further degrade other shoreline values. Development standards should be developed and implemented for setbacks or buffers, lot coverage limitations, shoreline stabilization, vegetation conservation, critical area p'rotection, and water quality. 3. Public access and public recreation objectives should be implemented whenever feasible and significant ecological impacts can be mitigated. 4. To enhance the waterfront and insure maximum public use, commercial or office facilities should be designed to permit pedestrian waterfront activities consistent with public safety, security, and protection of shoreline ecological functions. 5. Aesthetic considerations should be actively promoted by mearis of sign control regulations, architectural design standards, landscaping requirements, and other such means. . . Natural Purpose: The purpose of the "natural" environment is to protect those shoreline areas that are relatively free of human influence or that include intact or minimally degraded shoreline functions intolerant of human use.. These systems require that only very low intensity uses be allowed in order to maintain the ecological functions and ecosystem-wide processes. Consistent with the policies of the designation, local government should include planning for restoration of degraded shorelines within this environment. Criteria: A "natural" environment designation should be assigned to shoreline areas if any of the following characteristics apply: . (A) The shoreline is ecologically intact and therefore currently performing an important, irreplaceable function or ecosystem-wide process that would be damaged by human activity; (B) The shoreline is considered to represent ecosystems and geologic types that are of particular scientific and educational interest; or (C) . The shoreline is unable to support new development or uses without significant adverse impacts to ecological functions or risk to human safety. DRAFT Goals and Policies Federal Way Shoreline Master Plan Prepared for Ecology Review, December 2006 Page 18 12/1512006 Management Policies: 1. Any use that would substantially degrade the ecological functions or natural character of the shoreline area should not be allowed. 2. The following new uses should not be allowed in the "natural" environment: . Commercial uses; . Industrial uses; . . . Nonwater-oriented recreation; and . . Roads, utllity corridors, and parking areas that can be located outside of "natural" designated shorelines. 3. Single-family residential development may be allowed as a conditional use within the "natural" environment if the density and intensity of such use is limited as necessary to protect ecological functions and be consistent with the purpose of the environment. 4. Scientific, historical, cultural, educational research uses, and low-intensity water-oriented recreational access uses may be allowed provided that no significant ecological impact on the area will result. 5. New development or significant vegetation removal that would reduce the capability of vegetation to perform normal ecological functions should not be allowed. Do not allow the subdivision of property in a configuration that, to achieve its intended purpose, will require significant vegetation removal or . shoreline modification that adversely impacts ecological functions. That is, each new parcel must be able to support its intended development without significant ecological impacts to the shoreline ecological functions. DRAFT Goals and Policies Federal Way Shoreline Master Plan Prepared for Ecology Review, December 2006 Page 19 .12/15/2006 FEDERAL WAY SHORELINE MASTER PROGRAM UPDATE DRAFT RESTORATION PLAN SMA GRANT No. GO.600 1 19 DECEMBER 2006 PREPARED FOR: .CITY OF FEDERAL WAY FEDERAL WAY, WA PREPARED By: ESA Adolfson 5309 Shilshole Avenue NW, Ste 200 Seattle, Washington 98107 206.789.9658 EXHIBI:T of PAGE OF Federal Way Shoreline Master Program Update - DRAFT Restoration Plan. Table of Contents 1.0 INTR 0 D U CTI 0 N ........................................... ..........................;.......... .......................................... ....... 2 REGULATORY BACKGROUND ......... .......................... ...... ................. ..... ..... .............. ........................... ...... 3 DEFINING RESTORATION .... .......... ..................... ............ ...... ,....... ..... ..... .......... ... ... ........ ..... ... ............ ... .... 3 KEY ELEMENTS OF RESTORATION PLANNING IN THE SMP UPDATE PROCESS .....................................,.. 4 2.0 ASSESSMENT OF SHORELINE FUNCTIONS ..............................................................................5 WATERSHED CONTEXT ..................................................................... ........................................................ 5 PHYSICAL & BIOLOGICAL ...... .............. ..... ...... ................ ........................... .............. ..... ..... ......... .... ,........ 5 HABITAT AND SPECIES.... ........ ....... ........... ......... ..... ..~........ ..... ...... ..... ....... ......... ........... ..... ............. ...'.. ..... 7 LAND USE AND PUBLIC ACCESS............................................................................................................... 7 RESTORATION OPPORTUNITIES ...................... ........ ............ .... .............................. ..... ........... ... ..... ... ..... .... 8 3.0 DEVELOPING RESTORATION GOALS AND POLICIES........................................................... 9 FEDERAL WAY SMP UPDATE - RESTORATION GOALS AND POLICIES ....... .........................................9 4.0 EXISTING PLANS' AND PROGRAMS .......................................... ...............................;.......11 REGIONAL 'PROGRAMS. ........................ ........... ........... .......... ........... ......,..............~..... ............... ..... 11 . ~:;:~ ~~~~~ ~~;:;:~::,:'2005~200.7'p~~~; S;~~d ..C~~;~;;,~;i,~.,.,....,'.".,...,.,.. ".~..,.,.'.,.,..,v..,'.,..',e.f..',.,.'~~':;i~~:::::::: :'. ::::::::::: ::::::::: :::::: ::: ~; Puget Sound Nearshore Project (PSNP)..,............................ ... ........... ................................................., 13 Shared Strategy for Puget Sound: Draft Puget Sound Sal .0' ~a[ ...................;.............................. 13 Water Resource Inventory Area (WRIA) 9 Forum: Salmo ~ ...,. Pan f,. ..................................................14 ~~:::~s::~~:rn;~;:;';;::~~~~1lr:;i:;,~~;IA.~.~~~, .. ..~~~~~.~~..~f ,~,~.~~.~~~..~~~~.~~~~.~,~~~......... 14 Water Resource Inventory Area (WRIA) 10 Fo'!!.: 'Salm2~t Pla.{.... ..................................................15 cascad,e Land conservancy.....:.......,.,. ',.'..,..'.".'",......... ."...'....,.....,1'.......,'...}...... ......... .,.,.... ......................:...........................15 COUNTY AND CITY PROGRAMS .....~. . ........ ,...... ...... ......... ....... ............................................. 15 K~ng County Shoreline Maste: Pr ;.!rJl......, . ..~...... ......:,..,..... ...........,.'" .........,........................................ 15 Kmg County Lake StewardshlIJ. ...... ...,. ..... ................... .:... .................................................. 16 City of Federal Way Surface .ge iv \.iO {--...............I,... ..................................................16 ADDITIONAL OR NEEDED PR ....I.... "it'T" . ............... _... .............................................. 16 5.0 IMPLEMENT AT... .... ......~!!.~ .... ..~~t!'.~r. .................................................................. 17 IDENTIFY RESTO ATJ&: RP01. IES..............................................;.............17 PROGRAMMATIC ......... ............,......... .. ...~1................................................................... 18 City of Federal thEro; m ..J.:.......,..... .~/........................................................................... 18 SIT~~::::~~~itat ,.,...... ........ ... ,:,..~.)....:: ::: ::~'.'.'.':::::::'.'.'''''::: :::~'..::::::: :~.....:::: ::::~','''::::::::'''''.'.':::::: ~... ~~ Puget Sound M. J~.I,~~:.......................,.....,.................,..............,..................,..20 Freshwater Lak . .........,.....,................."... ...................,.........................., ......,.....24 FUNDING AND P S ,...................................................................................... 24 Puget Sound Ac ....... ...........,.................,. ....,......"............... .....,................;.,........ ........ 25 . Puget Sound W, & estoration Grant Program;................................................................. 25 Salmon Recove 'SRFB),.. ..."..............,......,..... ................."..........,.....,............. ........., ..........,,25 King County C ;C!.~,;(}. Dl ict........... ........ ....................... .................................. ................................ ........ 25 NOM Commun . Restoration Program.....,.,....,....,........... .......,.....",.... ............... ..............................., 26 Federal Way S ter Management CIP..................................................................................................26 . Other Possible g Sources..., ........ ..,.......,....................,.............,..... ....."..............,.................. .........,.......26 TIMELINES AND CHMARKS ........... .............................................. ................. ..................... ................ 27 MONITORING AND ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT ........................................................................................ 27 6.0 CON cL US IONS............... ..................... ............. ................ .:......... .......................:..................;.......... 28 RE FEREN CES........ ............................... ....................... .................... ...... ............................ ...... ................. 29 . '-f'P"'P 1. ~ ~" " . 'I ... " .~ 'q"1 j'f." ~ ...,. .:..~ ~. ~ ,-;s ~>~ : . "'1> \ . ).' ,,," ~,_ ,,,~::~....,_.......,....... of. .\~ ......."....\':0. ,,:w....:......:.,4'-' ~'J.;~ :',,,,,,, . ~ Federal Way Shoreline Master Program Update - DRAFT Restoration Plan 1.0 Introduction Incorporated in 1990, the City of Federal Way is the sixth largest city in the State of Washington. The City is located 25 miles south of downtown Seattle and eight miles north of downtown Tacoma. The City of Federal Way is located in the southwestern comer of King County, and occupies approximately 22.5 square miles of area, including Puget Sound waterfront to the west (Figure I, Vicinity Map). The City is bordered to the north by the City of Des Moines, to the east by King County, and to the south by the City of Fife and Pierce County. The City (and its Potential Annexation Area to the east) includes nearly 17 miles of marine and freshwater lake shorelines subject to the Shoreline Management Act (SMA or the Act) as "shorelines of the state." The SMA (RCW 90.58) is charged with balancing how shorelines should be developed, protected, and restored. The Act has three broad olicies or mandates; it strives to: 1) encourage water-dependent uses, 2) protect shoreline I resources, and 3) promote public access. In addition, restoration planning is an im t\component of the environmental protection policy ofthe Act. The City has two main types of water bodies that are r nde the SMA and the City's SMP: marine coastal, and freshwater lakes. The Ci or I e In lude the lower Puget Sound marine coastal shoreline, which is designated a "sha n f stat .'Wi e significance." Several freshwater lakes also fall under SMA regulaf wit e City liiiii s. These are Steel Lake, North Lake and the northwestern. shore of L ill~. gurt horeline Planning Areas). ar largy' y tOJh> east of the City and the ea s re; ;J ed t., a the Potential Annexation b ,'; III not b~ eective in the area until it io'Jo ated wit~in the City's PAA include Star ate remaitf} g portions of Lake Killarney. " ~J,'we the state." Lakes or portions thereof in ing'@Q\u MP. There are no rivers or streams in This report suppo to: y~\1 element to the City of Federal Way's Shoreline Master ad~ in 1999. The SMP is being updated to comply with the S 0.58), and the state's SMP guidelines (Washington Administrative C ~ R II), which went into effect in 2003. The SMP guidelines specify ts must include within their shoreline master program, a "real and meaning s g ,address restoration of shorelines. The guidelines also specify how the policies i " p mote "restoration" of impaired shoreline ecological functions, in places where sUCh~,ng$JOrS are found to have been impairecl based on the inventory and characterization 0 shoretme ecological functions and ecosystem processes. Local governments are required to CoI1tlripuf'e to restoration by planning for and supporting restoration through the SMP and other re~atory and non-regulatory programs. ., This report provides a framework to: 1) understand how restoration of ecologicalfunction can be accomplished; and 2) suggest pathways to use the SMP process to accomplish the restoration of .2 Federal Way Shoreline Master Program Update - DRAFT Restoration Plan impaired shoreline functions associated with the Puget Sound shoreline in Federal Way and seven freshwater hikes in the City and/or its P AA. Regulatory Background The restoration plan is an important component oftlte SMP process under the new guidelines. As such, local governments must develop provisions".. . to achieve overall improvements in shoreline ecological functions over time when compared to the status upon adoption of the master program." It is important to note that the restoration planning component of the SMP is voluntary, not regulatory. Restoration planning is focused on incentives, available funding sources, volunteer programs, and other programs that can contribute to a no net loss strategy. To date, restoration, rehabilitation, enhancement or other improve ~to shoreline ecological functions have either been voluntary or in the form of mitigatior_1~~acts resulting from development. Conservation or preservation of existing condo . as 'een, and continues to be, the primary regulatory approach to protecting ecosystem 9-~~ Through numerous references to and emphas restoration, and preservation of"fragile" sh health, " "the land and its vegetation a wil life," "ecology," and "environment," "'~ ct environment an essential statewide "oli goals of the act (WAC 173- 186( 'J); ance, protection, esources, " "public and their aquatic of the shoreline h the other policy For counti functions, restoratio The guidelines to The goal 0 when impl resources 201(c)). Defining Res rograms which include planning elements that, e 0 i 'Prove the overall condition of habitat and s ~/ine area of each city and county (WAC 173-26- There are numerous definitions for "restoration" in scientific and regulatory publications. Specific elements of these definitions often differ, but the core element of repairing damage to an existing, degraded ecosystem remains consistent. In the SMP context, the WAC defines "restoration" or "ecological restoration" as: 3 Federal Way Shoreline MasterProgram Update - DRAFT Restoration Plan "... the reestablishment or upgrading of impaired ecological shoreline processes or functions. This may be accomplished through measures including, but not limited to, revegetation, removal of intrusive shoreline structures and removal or treatment of toxic materials. Restoration does not imply a requirement for returning the shoreline area to aboriginal or pre-European settlement conditions" (WAC 173-26-020(27)). Using the WAC definition of restoration in regards to state shorelines, it is clear the effort should be focused on specific shoreline areas where natural ecological functions have been Impaired or degraded. The emphasis in the WAC is to achieve overall improvement in existing shoreline processes or functions, if these functions are impaired. Therefore, the goal is not to restore historicaHy natural conditions, but rather to improve on existing, degraded conditions. In this context, restoration can be broadly implemented through a combination of programmatic measures' (such as surface water management; water quality improvement; public education) and site-specific projects (such as beach nourishment projects or riparian 1 ntings). It is important . to note that the guidelines do not state that local programs should ' ld require individual permittees to restore past damages to an ecosystem as a conditi tm rmit for new development (Ecology, 2004). The restoration planning ele . i d therefore focuses on the City as a whole rather than parcel by parcel, or permi Key Elements of Restoration Planning lil %" . . ms that are currently being implemented on goals (such as capital improvement s (WRlA habitat/recovery plans); . ch arks for implementing restoration projects and programs tion goals; harisms or strategies to ensure that restoration projects and programs will ,~~~ ccording to plans and to appropriately review the effectiveness of the ,J)! grams in meeting the overall restoration goals (e.g., monitoring). The following sections ofthis report discuss these subjects as they relate to the City of Federal Way Shoreline Master Program. . Identify ti and achiev . 4 Federal Way Shoreline Master Program Update - DRAFT Restoration Plan 2.0 Assessment of Shoreline Functions Shoreline restoration planning begins with the identification of "degraded areas" or areas with "impaired ecological functions." The City's Shoreline Inventory and Character(zation (Adolf son, 2006) examined nearshore and ecosystem-wide processes that maintain shoreline ecological functions; identified impaired ecological functions; and identified programmatic and site-specific opportunities for restoration and/or enhancement. Key findings of the inventory and characterization are summarized below. Watershed Context. The City of Federal Way is located within two watersheds or Water Resource Inventory Areas (WRIAs) - the Duwamish-Green River WRIA No.9 and the Puyallup- ite River WRIA 10 (Figure 3, Regional Context). The marine coastal areas ofPuget So ithin the city as well as Steel Lake and Star Lake and Lake Dolloff in the city's PAA are .~ ed as part ofWRIA 9. Lands w~thin the City th~t dr~i~ to the Puget Sound to the wes '. ~ill Creek and th: lower Green River to the east he wlthm the WRIA 9 watershed. ~g.' s the northern portions of the City and Potential Annexation Area (P AA). .; Shoreline Planning areas or re characterization as shown in determined based upon land fi current land uses. In c~ll, to those within the s to either the White River The majority of the Federal Way area lies within Or to Hylebos Creek. North Lake, Lake Genev. lands within the City drain to the southwest. before entering Puget Sound at Commence Tacoma and enters the Hylebos Waterway Bluffs, beaches, b ,~ eshwater streams characterize the City's coastai / nearshor ~F:~o~ percent ofthe City's coastal shoreline has been modified with ripr ulkheads. Structures in the shoreline can limit the amount of sedime 1" and areas to the beach, and are known to cause erosion and loss of some sa and fine gravel beaches. Currents naturally move sediments across t!' ,~. nEI'3l' ongshore in continu.al cycles, but these structures interrupt the natural supply and.~~tri~~tiOIrof sediments, causing a change in sediment composition within the nearshore area ..~ow ver, coastal shoreline in Dumas Bay and Dash Point State Park are in a more ~atural cond'lpn and coa, stal processes are les~ aIt~red. .Fish ~nd wildlife. that utilize. the shorelIne depend 0;!Yt ese nearshore processes to mamtam their habitats and ultimately their populations. . 5 Federal Way Shoreline Master Program Update - DRAFT Restoration Plan Table 1. City of Federal Way Shoreline Planning Areas Coastal Puget Sound - East Coastal Puget Sound - Dumas Ba Coastal Puget Sound - ..West Steel Lake Star. Lake .,.~ ' Gen'era~.J)es~!{ipJi~g, :.Appro~im~te . :"~ Reach. (:, . ]jength, . :'~uml)er., ,(Ulil~s) 1.67 Frorn the city limits boundary with Des Moines on Puget Sound, near ] 51 A venue South, extending west to Dumas Bay Green River ]A 9 IB 9 Ie 9 1.43 1.74 xtending west to the city with Pierce County, sh Point State Park limits, west of 1-5. 9 2 9 .; e st portion of 1. he city's o ndary with City of Kent 3 Lake 9 Dolloff Lake Geneva North Lake . Lake Killarney Five Mile Lake Total 16.93 Partially in the. city limits, partially in the southeast portion of 1. he city's PAA, east ofI- 5 and SR ]8. In the southeast portion of the city's PAA, near Military Road. A total of 4.84 miles ofPuget Sound shoreline and approximately 12.09 miles of lake shoreline. 6 Federal Way Shoreline Master Program Update - DRAFT Restoration Plan The freshwater lakes in the City are located on a broad plateau in the eastern half ofthe City and in the P AA. The plateau developed from glacial recessional deposits and tills. As the glaciers melted, lakes formed in the scour areas. Lakes in the City drain to five main drainage basins including 1) the Puget Sound, 2) the Green River, 3) Mill Creek, 4) the White River, 5) and the Hylebos. Lake shorelines have been modified with bulkheads and other bank protection, but also have significant areas of natural shoreline conditions. On Steel Lake, Star Lake and Five Mile Lake, approximately 20 to 50 percent of the shoreline has been modified with bulkheads. Shoreline modifications are less frequently occurring on the remaining lakes. Habitat and Species The City's coastal and freshwater shorelines are used by a variety of aquatic and terrestrial species including salmon ids and other fish, birds, mammals, and a wide variety of invertebrates. Of special interest are areas that provide habitat for federally listed sp' es and species of local importance (primarily nearshore areas), including bull trout (threat , Chinook salmon (threatened,)' coho salmon, as well as great blue heron.n..."e..,.",.s,..,'.t,..,s~I.,te,."..,'"....,..., , '.. fish such as .surf smelt and sand lance (prey for salmon ids) spawn on local be~ches:..:"~s eds are also present along the City's coast.al/nearshore areas, specifically nea ".,. ',.Roin State Park and in the northern end of Dumas Bay and northward. Dumas B \;1112 " has been identified as a pocket estuary with regional importance within the ti' .":IlA7 ar e habitat. The freshwater shoreline lakes within the Ci d it i',p" ~ do n"l,.,12".,., ovide salmonid habitat or . habitat for federally listed species. Howeve '.,,' se I k!".,..,e~ Q.o1provlo,i,.'...~ general habitat for . waterfowl" trout, and other aquatic species i'Q;Q ntp tS 1harae of Federal Way and the lakeshore Fesidents. . Also,. go~d w7;~gual~ i.n.,' '., he jeS,h~ter I is important fo.r downstream salmomd habItat I "."",j.,,',., sue;n~l~"..,.,t e ',lI! bos Cre oe's Creek, Mill Creek, Lakota Creek, and the Green . S, . a., eoasta / rshore shoreline are single-family e ityi's most mon shoreline use is single-family e"..".nt of.',.,"t."..".",e""O'~~~I oreline. Parks and public recreational pa i~, oreliitZ These uses include Dash Point State Park, . t .overty Bay Park. These areas provide opportunities The major land us homes, parks, and ' residential, which facilities occupy 1 Dumas Bay Park, for fishing, hiking Land uses along t s re.:, at wakes are primarily single-family residential and public parks. Single-fam nt;l~se occupies between 55 and 80 percent of the shoreline on ,most lakes, with t o of North Lake (35 percent) and Five Mile Lake (32 percent). Parks, boat ramps, lie facilities occupy 9 to 39 percent ofthe lake shorelines. Public access to the lakes s via parks including Steel Lake Park, Lake Geneva Park, Lake KiIlarney Park an e Mile Lake Park, as well as several boat ramps owned by Washington Department ofFis . and Wildlife. Parks and open space areas within Federal Way are shown on Figure 4 (Parks and Open Space). 7 Federal Way Shoreline Master Program Update - DRAFT Restoration Plan Restoration Opportunities Programmatic restoration opportunities include restoration of public properties, coordination with the City's Surface Water Management Division, public education and outreachprograms to provide technical guidance for shoreline homeowners, and the possibility for incentive-based or community-based restoration on private propetty. Opportunities for enhancing public awareness and education could include installation of informational kiosks at public parks and waterfront use areas. The City could also continue to coordinate with King County, the Water Resource Inventory Area (WRIA) 9 forum, and other regional or Puget Sound-wide planning efforts to implement identified restoration policies and actions. Opportunities for site-specific habitat enhancement or restoration of shoreline ecological functions (primarily in the marine shoreline) have been identified in the shoreline inventory and characterization report based upon watershed information and field st ~es conducted by the WRIA groups. In the coastal Puget Sound areas, restoration focus .'. removal of abandoned creosote pilings, debris and concrete from the shoreline. Resto in1,he coastal shoreline also focuses on bulkhead replacement with soft-shore armoring~ e use 6f native marine riparian plantings. These site-specific projects would provide smaH.. valuat5le efforts toward habitat enhancement and restoration of impaired ecological .S~n I In the freshwater lakes, restoration opportunitie hav Q v een s . fically studied. WRIA information for these lakes is lacking due to . mp . on restt, on of nearshore marine habitats: However, restoration opportunitie . e be e '~rally tified through the shoreline ~:~;e~~g:~~~~:;:I~~n;'~,I~~::~/:'~:U;~ ::':J1.I: O::v~':~::~:~~ter ~~~~;t:~a~en~~~~' s:~~~:~ov,. <<,.',i,~',j,~i".VVi. s~',.,.t.,'".,.,,'I,',,'1 ts; ~~~l~ :e~: ~t~: :~:Pb;'""1 10 lakeshore residents and by th .~u ~i1' 8' Federal Way Shoreline Master Program Update - DRAFT Restoration Plan 3.0 Developing Restoration Goals and Policies The guidelines provide that local shoreline master programs shall include "goals, policies and actions for restoration of impaired shoreline ecological functions." Under the guidelines, restoration planning has a purpose distinct from development regulations and mitigation standards. "The guidelines expressly focus restoration requirements on the use of master program policies, as opposed to development regulations" (Ecology 2004). "Master program provisions should be designed to achieve overall improvements in shoreline ecological functions over time, when compared to the status upon adoption of the master program" (WAC 173-26':' .201(2)(f)). . . Federal Way SMP Update ~ Restoration Goals and Policies Goal!. D to resolve shoreline 1. Co. to work with the State, King County, Watershed Resource Inventory Ar (WRlA) 9, and other governmental and non-governmental organizations to explore how local governments can contribute to the preservation of ecological processes and shoreline functions. . The existing Shoreline Master Program (SMP) goals and policies ar Federal Way Comprehensive Plan (FWCP). This is asubsection section (Section 2.8) of the Land Use Chapter of the Compre does not contain specific goals and policies related to resto ecological functions. However, some policy statements. and in Chapter 9, Natural Environment, address pres shoreline features such as natural vegetation and fish SMP goals and policies should be consisten Plan. As the City works through the SMP u objectives, and policies related to shoreline the Conservation Element and re . "C below is simply a starting poi 'ev 10 focused around (our key area Q;cp.Q~, in opportunities focused 0 ubi . at incentive based resto ^ op opportunities. Th . s organization of th Shoreline Restor shoreline function development activ 9 Federal Way Shoreline Master Program Update - DRAFT Restoration Plan 2. Continue to work with the WRlA 9 to restore shoreline habitats and shoreline functions that support listed endangered and threatened species, as well as other anadromous fisheries. Goal 2. Pursue projects to restore and enhance shoreline habitats, functions and' processes on private and publicly owned lands. Policies: 1. Prioritize restoration and enhancement first based upon the greatest net ecological benefit, as compared to the project cost. . . . 2.. Focus restoration and conservation activities on public parks and open space lands for public enjoyment. 3. Work with own.ers of other publicly owned land such a ashington State Parks to encourage restoration and enhancement projects.:i:L, ing funding strategies. 4. Work with the public and other interested partil~i9 'tize restoration opportunities identified in Shoreline Invento , d €h cterization Report. 5. Promote shoreline vegetation restoratio ~ con rol of invasive weeds and nonnative species, to enhance marine ,~rre hwater lakeshore habitats. 6. Promote shoreline vegetation re Jorat reduc th hazard of slope failures or accelerated erosion. 7. Develop a program to imple strategies. 8. Monitor and ada including funding Goal 3. Evaluate pot com' 0 are identified by the 1. 1m 2. 3. e voluntary restoration projects in degraded shoreline environments. 1. Create incentives that will make it economically or otherwise attractive for development proposals to integrate shoreline ecological restoration into development projects. 10 Federal Way Shoreline Master Program Update - DRAFT Restoration Plan 2. Encourage protection, enhancement, or restoration of native riparian vegetation through incentives and non-regulatory programs. 3. . Promote bioengineering and/or soft engineering alternative design approaches to shoreline stabilization and provide technical guidance to shoreline landowners. 4. Establish public education materials to provide shoreline landowners technical assistance about the benefits of native vegetation plantings. 5. Identify and pursue funding sources for shoreline restoration actions on private lands. Goal 5. Provide ample opportunity for the public to learn about the ecological aspects and community values of the City's shorelines. Policies: I. Explore opportunities with other educational or develop an on-going program of shoreline ed 2. Identify areas where kiosks and interpre ~Jve experience of users of the shoreline. 3. Develop strategies to fund these roje n enhance the educational 4.0 Existing Plans A number of regional and Pu water resource managern t, and programsprovi ra Pu et Sound P In December 2005 overnor Gregoire formed the Puget Sound Partnership to focus attention on the overall needs and health ofPuget Sound and to promote public education and interagency coordination for clean up of the Sound. The vision of the new Partnership is: 11 Federal Way Shoreline Master Program Update - DRAFT Restoration Plan To ensure that the Puget Sound forever will be a thriving natural system, with clean marine and freshwaters, healthy and abundant native species, natural shorelines and places for public enjoyment, and a vibrant economy that prospers in productive harmony with a healthy Sound. At the direction of the Governor, the .Puget Sound Partnership drafted recommendations for preserving and restoring Puget Sound and its species and habitats. A summary ofthose recommendations was released on October 13, 2006, along with a full report to the state legislature, congress and Governor. The recommendations include a 2020 Action Agenda with overarchlng goals and outcomes for a healthy Sound. The Partnership proposing eight priorities needed to conserve and restore Puget Sound; these are: 1. Protect existing habitat and prevent further losses. 3.. Significantly reduce toxics entering Puget Sound arine waters. 2. Restore the amount and quality of habitat, and reduce fr 4. Significantly reduce pollution from human waters. 5. 6. 7. 8. Build and sustain This renewed focus 0 wide funding for re Pu et Sound A Plan The Puget Sound Washington State' e vi Sound Action Tel ~c Action Team part f,S i tribal, federal and oe I and restoration oflu n Every two years t~RS partnership develops a plan to guide their work. The 2005-2007 plan provides a total of) million funded through state agency budgets to address eight priority areas: SAT) defines, coordinates and implements r Puget Sound. The legislature created the Puget ) 6 as the state's partnership for Puget Sound. The d' ctors from 10 state agencies and representatives from nts with direct responsibilities and authorities for conservation · Clean up contaminated sites and sediments; · Reduce continuing toxic contamination and prevent future contamination; ]2 Federal Way Shoreline Master Program Update - DRAFT Restoration Plan . Reduce the harm from stormwater runoff; . Prevent nutrient and pathogen pollution caused by human and animal wastes; . Hood Canal: a geographic priority for 2005-2007; . Protect shorelines and other critical areas that provide important ecological functions; . Restore degraded nearshore and freshwater habitats; and . Conserve and recover orca, salmon, forage fish, and groundfish (PSA T, 2005). Each of these priorities is applicable to Federal Way with the exception of Hood Canal. Puget Sound Nearshore Proiect (PSNPl The Puget Sound Nearshore Project (PNSP) (also referred to as the P t Sound Nearshore Ecosystem Restoration Project (PSNERP)) is a large-scale, multi-a initiative to address habitat restoration needs in the Puget Sound basin. Nearshore P ....g"?l g, als are to identify significant ecosystem problems, evaluate potential solutions . restoJ: and preserve critical nearshore habitat. PSRP represents a partnership betwee . ,(my Corps of Engineers (Corps), state and federal government organizations, 11 'Ii . dustries and environmental organizations. . Providing marshes, m . Removing, movin an gates, etc.); . Using alte . Restoring 2000; PSN" and gravel materials; eads, rip rap, dikes, tide om erosion and flooding; and eelgrass beds and kelp beds (USACOE, PSNERP also pro restoration princip Shared Strate Plan Shared Strategy fi (Shared Strategy) is a collaborative effort between local stakeholders and r ,p.ao/. eaders to protect and restore salmon runs across Puget Sound that was initiated as: a resul Ejidangered Species Act (ESA) listings of salmonid species in the Puget Sound region. Sh ',~ Strategy engages local citizens, tribes, technical experts and policy makers to build a practical, cost-effective recovery plan endorsed by the people living and working in the watersheds ofPuget Sound. 13 Federal Way Shoreline Master Program Update - DRAFT Restoration Plan , Shared Strategy has developed a draft salmon recovery plan (Shared Strategy, 2005) that provides a blueprint for salmon recovery strategies throughout Puget Sound and incorporates, by reference, local watershed plans for salmon recovery. Amongst other strategies described in the draft plan, Shared Strategy describes their 'Top 10 Actions Needed for Salmon Recovery', many of which .have additional beneficial impacts for humans. Water Resource Inventory Area (WRIA) 9 Forum: Salmon Habitat Plan The city is a participating local agency in WRIA 9 watershed planning. After several years of planning and scientific study, WRIA 9 recently completed the Salmon Habitat Plan (WRIA 9, 2005). The plan is both broad in scope and specific in recommendations for protection, enhancement, and restoration of habitat along the Green River and Puget Sound coastal shorelines. The plan identifies needs and includes recommended policies, programs, and projects for both the entire watershed and the sub watersheds (Middle a d Lower Green River) within the City of Federal Way. Identified needs for the nearshore ower watershed which are relevant to the City include: . . . . . Green-Duwamish River; . . rotect downstream salmonid habitats. As part of the , a study was undertaken to identify and prioritize habitat protection a s along the marine shorelines of the Green / Duwamish and Central Puget ed, mcludingthe City of Federal Way (Anchor, May 2006). The study used ha r characterize marine shoreline habitats arid select priority habitat action area. throu a cience-based prioritization process. Priority conservation, rehabilitation, and lion projects were identified for WRIA 9 using a GIS model approach. Restoration action .e identified as two scales: first, at the extent of the entire WRIA nearshore area, an econd, at the extent of each of 12 subareas within the study area. Based upon this WRIA study, the overall habitat needs and goals for the Federal Way marine shoreline include: 14 Federal Way Shoreline Mas/er Program Update - DRAFT Res/ora/ion Plan . maintaining and conserving the shoreline sediment supply through protection of feeder bluffs; and, . conserving and restoring tributary mouths and marshes present in Dumas Bay. These were identified as important habitat needs within the WRIA 9 nearshore environment due to the location of Dumas Bay and the bay's potential to provide marsh and pocket estuary habitat for feeding and refuge of salmonids. Water Resource Inventory Area (WRIA) 10 Forum: Salmon Habitat Plan Federal Way lakes also drain to the White River and the Hylebos, within WRIA 10. A Salmon Habitat Plan has not yet been developed for WRIA 10; however a framework for plan completion has been developed. Pierce County is acting as the lead a cy for WRlA 10, with King County and other basin jurisdictions, including the City of A " providing support. The framework for plan completion can be found in the Pierce Cou ap r of the Tri-County 4(d) Rule submittal. Upon completion, the WRIA 10 Salmon Ha' tan ill provide broad and specific goals and recommendations for protection, enhan.,.., . restoration of habitat throughout the basin. An existing document, The Sal ~a 13 l Pn tection and Restoration Strategy (Pierce County, 2005), provides initial asse . 1 p.o itizes initial recommendations and actions forWRIA 10. The following cou restoration and/or .s are in place, which provide guidance for lakeshore . arine shoreline. Cascade: Land Conservancy King County is u s S oreline Master Program concurrent with the cities in the County. The County is cur 1)V nderway with its shoreline inventory and characterization, which will address the lake s { es within the Federal Way's PAA. In 2007, King County will be developing its rest ation plan for shorelines within unincorporated county lands. The City should coordinate efforts with King County for restoration opportunities identified for lakes in the PAA, as well as for regional collaboration in restoration with WRIAs 9 and 10. ]5 Federal Way Shoreline Master Program Update - DRAFT Restoration Plan Kina County Lake Stewardship Proaram King County Natural Resources and Parks, Water and Land Resources Division, has conducted volunteer lake monitoring for all of the larger lakes in King County since the 1980s. The monitoring was continuous on many of these lakes during the period from the mid 1990's to 2004. Lakes within the City of Federal Way were part of this program until 2004, when the City . took over water quality monitoring. Monitoring data included watershed mapping, bathymetric mapping, mapping of aquatic vegetative communities, and water quality data. The City should coordinate efforts with King County for shoreline restoration opportunities on lakes currently within the City's PM. Lake characteristics and health are summarized in the King County Lake Monitoring Report for Year 2004 (http://dnr .metrokc. gov Iwlr/waterres/smlakesD. Cit of Federal Wa Surface Water Mana e Water Facilities Plan a Management Division i, 's surface water systems. flooding, runoff and water t. The S WM Division also Ishery resources and ram identifies, funds, and alleviation, improve and nd improve water quality program is currently lakes and marine ci C.."".' , }' e c~~k Additional or <,~; An additional or e ed City program is needed to coordinate shoreline restoration opportunities with Federal Way. While restoration along the Puget Sound coastal shoreline has been identified by the WRIA 9 work, restoration opportunities within the freshwater lakes has not been formally identified by regional or watershed programs. Current programs on the lakes .are focused on water quality, aquatic weed removal, and public education. Further, the City's ,~FIP program is the Lakota Creek d~i~he main stem and west branch of the 1:(;':1, t' er Treatment Plant near Dumas Bay '~e ~'k: tream banks and restore the natural em, d, spawning gravels were placed, and large .ed s ream. Invasive plants were replaced with native . imilar stream restoration projects on the East Branch t Hylebos. While not specifically in the shoreline, k Creek serve to protect and restore water quality, natural sses, all of which contribute to the health ofPuget Sound. 16 Federal Way Shoreline Master Program Update - DRAFT Restoration Plan Storm water CIP program does not specifically address restoration within marine coastal areas of Puget Sound, but focuses on freshwater restoration, specifically streams and salmonid habitat. A new citywide program or an expanded CIP program is needed, which focuses on restoration in both the coastal marine shorelines and freshwater lake shorelines. 5.0 Implementation The implementation portion of restoration planning typically requires more detailed site-specific information than is available at this time, especially with regard to the timing of projects. However, potential projects and priorities have been provided for shorelines in Federal.Way based UpON the WRIA studies and other information. This implement . on section is intended to provide information about the implementation approach consistent guidance for SMP development (WAC 173-26-201 (2)(f)(vi)). 1) Restoration or enhancement should master programs "serve to improve the shoreline area"; and . 2) Restoration should be d have been impaired as oal that local shoreline abitat and resources within In Federal Way, both restoration or enha (e.g., WRlA 9 Sal Inventory. and Ch prioritizes the pre undertaking both restoration. i ~~'!1~. in this restoration plan. Conservation refers to s t, "currently provide valuable functions. An important part "~n is protecting priority ecological processes and habitats that 'red. Conservation opportunities in the City's shoreline are primarily provided\tl:1.~911g A 9 studies and are intermixed with restoration opportunities for marine shorelines. . rvation of shorelines will also be addressed in the City's shoreline regulations. ]7 Federal Way Shoreline Master Program Update - DRAFT Restoration Plan Programmatic Restoration City of Federal Way Restoration Proaram To organize and implement protection and restoration measures, Federal Way could consider establishment of a City Restoration Program, which targets and directs aquatic habitat protection and restoration opportunities within the jurisdiction. This program could implement stream and wetland restoration, which is currently occurring through the Surface Water Management Utility , as well as restoration for freshwater lakes and Puget Sound coastal shoreline areas. The program could either be integrated into the existing Surface Water Management Utility or be established as a stand-alone program. This program could be charged with integration and cooperation with the WRIA 9 and 10 committees, and King County, to identify funding opportunities and collaborate on watershed projects. The new or expanded program would be responsible for: 1) Coordination with and leveraging of regional pr , d organizations; 2) Identification of restoration opportunities, . 3) Prioritization and selection of restorat' 4) 5)1 Implementation of restoratio ' 6) of restoration projects. the City's Shoreline atic opportunities in the values: a) re at the Federal Way shoreline parks and n formational kiosks could be erected at e' s 10, tions in the City. The kiosks would serve mpG anceofthe nearshore area and coastal tion on what people can do to help preserve or , ai' s escribing existing wildlife viewing opportunities. A e 1#. hi b))pe of kiosk can be found at Dash Point State Park. c slt~'J'ce and public outreach for riparian planting enhancement or nll'his program could be developed in concert with the "toolbox" d scribed above as part of the WRlA 9 Salmon Habitat Plan. The lould develop specific technical assistance for appropriate plantings in riparian zones, lakeshores and along freshwater streams that discharge to t Sound in the City of Federal Way. b) ]8 Federal Way Shoreline Master Program Update - DRAFT Restoration Plan c) Distribution of public education material. Residential property owners could receive printed material emphasizing stewardship; natural processes and native plantings, such as a blueprint for a lake-friendly landscape and a Puget Sound shoreline stewardship guidebook. WRIA 9 Habitat Plannina The WRlA 9 Salmon Habitat Plan recommends development of several programs relevant to the City of Federal Way shoreline master program update. The programs would be developed by King County in coordination with local jurisdictions and could be implemented at the local level by the County or by the City of Federal Way. The city should support and participate in the development of these programs, which would be administered by the city's new or expanded shoreline restoration program. These include: 1. Blueprint of ote voluntary restoration de ign and shoreline y.tlJ ef unneeded shoreline 'ne riparian vegetation. The d would seek to develop ate property. re Program. This program horeline armoring . ing techniques where ite to site depending on the. nd example designs are ound Shorelines (Ecology,' directly benefit from this d Puget ound West. Public education ld help restore natural shoreline ts and formerly important reaches of 2. 3. Citizen JIj opportuni identify a 4. Create an program structures remove su abundanti Remove Relict Structures from Intertidal areas. This d 0 reclaiming intertidal habitat located beneath relict footings and failed erosion control structures. Opportunities to ure are found throughout the Federal Way shores, and are most Sound East. 19 Federal Way Shoreline Master Program Update - DRAFT Restoration Plan Site-Specific Restoration and Conservation The City's Shoreline Inventory and Characterization (Adolfson, 2006) evaluated and described how shoreline ecological functions have been impaired in the City of Federal Way and identified site-specific opportunities for shoreline restoration, enhancement, and conservation. Puaet Sound Marine Shorelines Site-specific restoration opportunities for the coastal shorelines have been identified through WRIA 9 planning efforts (Anchor, 2006; Coastal Geologic Services, Inc., 2005). These restoration opportunities focu~ on Dumas Bay due to its overall importance to salmonid habitat within the nearshore environment. These high priority nearshore restoration projects are identified. bYWRlA 9 in the Federal Way area of the Puget Sound and i lustrated on Figure 5: 4. Conserve at the west extended reach of feeder tation and the feeder bluff ce for down drift areas, 1. Conserve unarmored shoreline west of Dumas Bay. unarmored feeder bluffs with mature marine riparian v Dumas Bay. The sections are separated by a reach . Nearshore habitat would be enhanced and maint . supplies to the intertidal zone in this area. 2. Restore the tributary mouth at Dash oint reaches of this creek could be restor re meanders, and restoring riparian ve f n ~ _.,..~' 3. Conserve unarmored fee bluff exists east of Dum area would preserve t including Dumas Bay. as Bay. Restoration of tributary mouth itat and associated wetlands. 5. Restore ri rIparIan ve degraded n tia operties east of Dumas Bay. Marine fDumas Bay where native vegetation is Coastal Geologic' during the WRIA specific shoreline listed as priority r opportunities are However, it shoul oted that the following projects have not been assessed or ranked based upon ecological be efit to the City's shorelines. Further, feasibility studies may be required for some of the projects to ensure that no critical design flaws are identified in the proposal. 20 Federal Way Shoreline Master Program Update - DRAFT Restoration Plan . Dumas Bay RestorationlEnhancement Opportunities. Several restoration and/or enhancement opportunities are found within the shores of Dumas Bay. Opportunities range from recovering and restoring upper beach habitat, upland planting/marine riparian restoration and invasive species eradication, to the removal oftoxic material from the sub-tidal to upper beach. A boulder rockery lines the City of Federal Way (Dumas Bay Center) shoreline for approximately 860 feet between 2 creek mouths. The rockery is currently over the upper intertidal zone and is failing in a number of places. The buildings at Dumas Bay Center have a very large setback and the removal of all or portions of the rockery would allow for upper beach and backshore restoration, and reestablishment ofth sediment supply from the bluffs. Portions of the bluff toe could be partially protected from erosion by installation of soft shore protection, if the bluff toe were first graded further landward to make space for thi.$. However, it may be more cost effective to allow the toe to erode naturally. Currently much of the banks are covered with Polygonum c alum (Japanese f;~:~:~)~I::~Ct~:~:~~~: :~~~~c::~~~:~~:~ ::~lle~. J~q~;! ~:~~~7c:%~Z;:[:~~~:' possible. Over 30 relict creosoted pilings and a nu ',iipfiGr'~ted drift logs are found within the B~y. The toxic creosote could be rem~J '~m beaches. These restoration opportunities are well suited as a demonstrati0:,~9j~ "q~ to its location within a public park enabling citizens to participate in'Q~nity '.ed re~toration such as invasive species eradication and/or re . tin bank. s and signs describing the restored geomorphic and ecological sse ul " Iso ide an opportunity to engage and educate community me ~ Buena Bulkhead Remova~~ars bulkhead removal are t:~d;!.ne, B . armored shore segme Ii are 10c te from "feeding" be '~re drift cell that ..,.,.,...',p i~ ho, shore-drift. n,umb r '. dri J' on sediment from these bluffs to maintain n ore a a (J mkterate eo. io' rates. This drift cell has incurred the greatest re 0 in n se .~~SU~ in Federal Way and was identjfied as a moderatel h ~~,F~ r' crofY e entire WRlA 9 nearshore (Coastal Geologic 'f)" Removal 0 r~g the base of these bluffs would restore the function ofthe blu se'.f nt source; however, bluff erosion rates may need to be moderated en ,'g homes residing in the upland. Following removal of shoreline sO,','s ore protection should be used to mitigate and slow "deferred" erosion. .PI ~t~ a ne riparian buffer, comprised of native shrubs and trees, will also reduce ero rj:s as well as eventually providing large woody debris to the nearshore. Federalry/#delaide Bulkhead Removal. This opportunity entails removing an unnecessa/6ulkhead from the backshore of an accretionary beach. The bulkhead measures approximately 475 feet long and runs adjacent to shore, with the nearest home set back considerably from the shore. The structure is largely aesthetic and provides no function as erosion control. Removing the structure and restoring the upper beach and a . . 21 Federal Way Shoreline Master Program Update - DRAFT Restoration Plan . more natural shore profile would enhance nearshore habitats. Beach nourishment could replace lost upper beach sediment and allow for the creation of a protective storm berm. Dune and marine riparian plants should be planted to further enhance beach habitat, by providing shade to the upper beach, a source of large woody debris and pollution abatement. Poverty BaylLakota Bulkhead Removal. This accretionary (depositional) beach has suffered considerable impact resulting from paving the upper beach for what is assumed to be recreational or aesthetic purposes. The pavement extends across approximately 55 feet of shoreline and is roughly 16 feet in width. This paved area could be deconstructed to improve shoreline functions. Following removal of the backshore pavement the upper beach could be nourished and dune and marine riparian vegetation could be planted to further restore nearshore processes. Remove Relict Struct!lres in Intertidal Lakota - Northeast D as Bay (3 locations). These opportunities entail removing several relict concrete ures from the intertidal beach that currently preclude access to the underlying h 1. 0 ofthese structures appear to also obstruct littoral transport of sediment, ause erosion of down- drift beaches as well as degrading nearshore habi ,L. heastern-most opportunity entails removing the relict concreted footings a bo These footings extend from the bulkheaded upper beach to the lower-mo oJ central enhancement opportunity includes removal of a large con at was likely used as a boat ramp. This solid concrete, angular st re a impeding littoral transport. This structure also reduces alongsho ne ing juvenile salmonids, which are likely to be forced into de at e thought to be more ~:~~~~a~~~t~;)ti~~~~~W ~ ~t : c~~:~' ~:r~~~~~~~;~~~~r westthere is another d 'a'Rt~~t~" co 0 of the structure coVer valuable intertidal for tS. s a i his reli at ramp could be deconstruc~ ,~ d" t a ;~:i::l ;~s::;;~;:::;e:::~ ~:~:~:: ;t;~~~j'~ ier pile bulkhead that is no longer providing i i te I; and a decaying barge that is interruptin t sa, ringes on upper intertidal habitats, is composed e .,,/ i.,.J1>un s upland sediment. Coastal Geologic Services (2005) ide d be:g,/ high restoration priority due to its value as a nearshore j4~ ' <'ge is of considerable length and width, and is positioned 0 s\i0fe. As a result, it both infringes on a substantial area of intertidal hents net shore-drift along a large portion ofthe beach profile. Additional eflrdmerous (15~20) car tires that are buried in intertidal sediment from this p t.o a'pproximately 100 yards to the southwest. Removing these structures would enh ,..",.i a)6ngshore and cross-shore connectivity, restore feeder bluff function, and reclai,;~. rfently impacted habitats. , . Purchase and Relocate Homes at Base of Historic Feeder Bluffs. The bluffs that are proposed for restoration are located approximately 0.6 and 0.9 miles northeast of the creek mouth at Dash Point State Park or 300 feet southwest and 1100 feet northeast of the end of53rd Avenue SW. The bluffs are referred to as Restoration Bluffs No.1 and 2. . . . 22 Federal Way Shoreline Master Program Update - DRAFT Restoration Plan Prior to the construction of shore modifications and homes along the base ofthese bluffs, they were exceptional (historic) feeder bluffs - meaning they regularly contributed large quantities of sediment to the nearshore (Coastal Geologic Services2005). Shoreline armoring and bulkheads have considerably slowed erosion rates along these bluffs, which has likely reduced the sediment supply in this shore reach. Coastal Geologic Services (2005) identified this area as being a high restoration priority across the entire WRIA 8 and 9 nearshore (over 121 miles of shoreline). The shore modifications typically extend 20 or more feet from the base of the bluff; preventing bluff sediment input into the intertidal as well as infringing on upper beach habitat. As sea levels rise and waves scour the beach waterward of bulkheads, those beaches will become increasingly narrow and "starved" of littoral sediment. This eventually leads to the loss of nearshore habitats in a phenomenon referred to as "the coastal squeeze." Relocating any hazardously positioned homes nd restoring the nearshore sediment source would restore down-drift shores educe life safety risks. Additionally a number of creosoted logs likely associate failed bulkhead could be . removed from the upper beach. Here it should be noted, that actions such as this owner consent and a dedicated source of fund' . Das. h Point State Park Bluff and Estuarine "..l.)..../J.'!jPifJ.' ceme~! I pportunities include the removal of rip rap from the lower reac oft ...~...~nnamed k and restoring channel sinuosity and dune/riparian ve..g. etati. e .r~.i..r.;.,.'.ai...,...~...c........Uld placed with limited soft shore protection and enhanced ripari getl~Q;;:: e st channel should be widened and logs could be...uu~. >~>.>d to C9 th ai.... r.,ea........ 0) er the channel could migrate near the bridge. These acf. m 1 it >,~~e rip plantings could enhance the geomorphic and ecolo n ub .>~ary, wh ould increase habitat quality and quantity :6 fit t, 10 .~I terrestria aquatic species. A second restoration actio . to,3 s piles an I creosoted soldier pile bulkhead loc 'y t t k. The piles also provide an opportune site for bir .Pt!. to. .~!I onids. Simple pile removal would help rest. ore na ..Jb.eac...... itio sa .1~~.>';.....p....... ~~,ses. Several of these are creosoted piles, so addition t waf 11 u Ji~ be efi'co 'rJt l1ieved. As mentioned abo ;, he er . nagement Capital Improvement Program identifies and fun's ve . am restoration projects which are completed or underway. Whileo'~ted within the marine shoreline, their implementation w! flow regimes in key streams that discharge to Puget Sound. As such, t g in the context of shoreline restoration planning. Key projects include: . Lakota C .'~.~ He toration (2004-2006). Habitat improvements include removal of fish passage 0 .hmgtions and strea~ restoration (e.g., creation o~ ~pa,:ning pools; placement of anchor ;tJarge woody debns and boulders; and bank stablhzatIOn). . West Hylebos Restoration (2004). Habitat improvements, including the installation of large woody debris and native plants to stabilize and restore the stream channel. 23 Federal Way Shoreline Master Program Update - DRAFT Restoration Plan · Joe's Creek (2006-2007). Involves widening the stream channel to, alleviate flooding and to restore fish habitat (via addition of spawning gravel, creation of eddy pools, riparian enhancement for shade, etc.). · Spring Valley Restoration and Bridge Replacement (2007). The Spring Valley Restoration Project is ajoint effort between City of Federal Way and Washington Department of Transportation, which will return approximately 1,400 feet of degraded creek channel and pasture-land back to its natural state. The creek will be realigned to follow a more natural, meandering path, with shade cover from native trees and shrubs. Creating wetland areas and placing logs will provide additional habitat. A major element ofthis proJect will be the construction ofa new bridge on S. 373rd St. to eliminate flooding across the road and improve fish and wildlife passage. Freshwater lake Shorelines Site-specific restoration opportunities on the City's freshwater}>,>.*~ ha Je not been identified on the grOun.d due to limited access to private lakeshore pr,o.pe ..>.F.,urt.~,..,.; > er,.lakes within Federal Way and its PAA have not been specifically evaluated a > ~an comprehensive study such as the WRIA 9 or 10 efforts. Baseline studies on the 1 ,a er lakes to determine . ",. ":"u; specific .restoration needs and opportunities would b ;.110 fi t. ep in identifying and implementing lakeshore restoration. · Restoration of native lake quality and habitat; y nay,~ trees) to protect water In general, restoration activities on the lake . he lakes; . s ng bulkheaQs where feasible; and . Funding and Funding opportun' administered by st obtain funding wo agencies. Targeti fish spawning enh restoration plans/ organizations mos 24 Federal Way Shoreline Master Program Update - DRAFT Restoration Plan PUQet Sound Action Team The state 'legislature has appropriated a total of approximately $182 million for state agencies and. university education programs for implementing the 2005-2007 Puget Sound Conservation and Recovery Plan (PSAT, 2005). Funding is allocated by both priority area (e.g., habitat restoration (13 percent), stormwater (29 percent)) and state agency (e.g., Ecology, WDFW, WSU Extension, etc.). The habitat restoration funds would be the best fit for opportunities in Federal VVay.' . PUQet Sound Watershed Protection & Restoration Grant ProQram The Environmental Protection Agency through the Washington Department of Ecology is offering watershed grants to applicants within the 14 Puget Sound Salmon Recovery Planning Areas. These grants are in collaboration with the Shared Strategy for get Sound, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, and Puget Sound Action Team. governments, tribes, watershed entities and non-profit groups are eligible for these gr e focus of the grants is to identify opportunities and barriers for the protection and r water quality, water quantity, habitat protection and habitat restoration within und Basin. The King Conserv founded in 1949. C by the Washingto $t te demonstration pro providing or point allocates approxi habitat protection technical assessm the activities ofth forums in King C projects and progr Assessment, such d Specis ct in 1999, the Legislature itiz' ppointed by the Governor s to "J!, tect or restore salmon 1 w hed groups and has helped oard rded $7.1 million during the toratlo:a d assessment projects in the ~V' A 9) . ese grants build on other s ti"",District a aterways 2000. PM.. ~ry natural resources assisrance agency rsa6ihbrized by the State of Washington and guided is!~. The District promotes conse.rvation through ) roviding technical assistance, and, in some cases, u may be available for projects. The WRIA 9 Forum .' in g Conservation District funds. annually to support at~nlprojects, stewardship projects and programs, and essential .",ey comes from a countywide $5 per parcel assessment that funds on ervation District as well as projects through other watershed eginning in 2005, the highest priority for WRIA 9 KCD funding is at are informed by the watershed Habitat Plan and the Strategic the pocket estuary restoration projects. Salmon Recovery Funding Board (SRFB) 25 Federal Way Shoreline Master Program Update - DRAFT Restoration Plan NOAA Community-Based Restoration Pro~ram NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service houses the Community-Based Restoration Program (CRP), begun in 1996. The Program promotes local efforts to conduct meaningful, on-the- ground restoration of marine, estuarine and riparian habitat. The Program provides seed money . and technical expertise to address important fishery habitat concerns. Projects are developed by individual and civic organizations. NOAA solicits proposals for locally-driven habitat restoration projects and works closely with communities to aid their development and implementation. Successful projects result from significant local support, including citizens' hands-on involvement to implement the restoration projects. Following development of a restoration project, the "host" community subsequently monitors and maintains the site. This model promotes stewardship and a: heightened appreciation for the environment. Federal Way Surface Water Mana~ement CIP 1. Coastal Protection Account 2. Aquatic Lands Enhance 3. City Fish Passage Ba Department ofTransp 4. Five-Star Res n 5. Habitat Co 6. Matching 7. Non-point Agency, 8. Pacific Gr 9. Puget Sou pU S. , Wildlife Service 10. Puget Sou e (l > e tor n Program - Washington State Department of Ecology 11. Regional Fsh r" n n ement Groups - Washington State Department ofFish and Wil~life!. . 12. Sechon 20 '.,:r.....A,..".'.,q!l ~c Ecosystem RestoratlOn Program - U.S. Arm.y Corps ofEngmeers 13. Transporta18l.'l qUlty Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21) - Washmgton Department of. Transporta .,'. n 14. Washington State Ecosystems Conservation Program - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 15, Wetland Protection, Restoration, and Stewardship Discretionary Funding- Environmental Protection Agency j?ram funds projects l!l~Jor multi-jurisdiction ,t{e Surface Water c uld consider adding a Puget . g sources would include The Federal Way 'Surface Water Management Capital Improve through a combination ofCIP funds and grants, and/or fundi projects such as development of comprehensive basin pia Management Program is focused on freshwater resour Sound nearshore restoration component to its capital grants and partnership opportunities. Other Possible Fundin~ Sources atural Resources n Grant Program - W A rotection Agency rvice Coastal Program ) - Ducks Unlimited rogram - Environmental Protection 26 Federal Way Shoreline Master Program Update - DRAFT Restoration Plan Timelines and Benchmarks In the context of the SMP update, restoration planning is a long-term effort. As stated earlier, the SMP guidelines inClude the general goal that local master programs "include planning elements that, when implemented, serve to improve the overall condition of habitat and resources within the shoreline area" (WAC 173-26-201(c)). As a long~range policy plan, it is difficult to establish meaningful timelines and measurable benchmarks in the SMP by which to evaluate the effectiveness of restoration planning or actions. Establishing timelines is further complicated by the fact that shoreline restoration is almost entirely dependant on grant funding, which is unpredictable at best. Nonetheless, the legislature has provided an overall timeframe for future amendments to theSMP. In 2003, Substitute Senate Bill 6012 amended the Shoreline Management Act (RCW 90.58.080) to establish an amendment schedule for all jurisdictions in the state. Once Federal Way amends its SMP (on or before December 1,2009), the City is required to review, and amend if necessary, its SMP once every seve~ ars (RCW ' 90.58.080(4)). During this review period, the City should docume 'fm:sgress toward achieving shoreline restoration goals. The review could include: ' ,.' · Re-evaluating adopted restoration goals, objectid Fcies; · Summarizing both planning efforts (includin.ic"k q fo and securing g~ant funds) and ~~-the-grOund actions.undertak~n in thei~rrt1'to l~~t those .goal~; ~d · RevlSlng the SMP restoratlOn plann lem ',,~!to reflectJt nges m pnontIes or objectives. ' . arks would be iz?, like 0 egrated with the City's a tructure. , a shoreline restoration CIP ld be fo ~u~ d on site-specific projects projects!fuch as stormwater facIlity esign could advance shoreline ., Adaptivel · Use monitoring and maintenance results to inform future restoration activities. These core objectives have been expanded upon by regional entities focused on restoration such as the WRIA 9 Forum and the Puget Sound Nearshore Project (PNSP). Strategic principles and 27 Federal Way Shoreline Master Program Update - DRAFT Restoration Plan concepts intended to guide ecosystem recovery are expressed in guidance publications (PSNP, 2004) and the WRIA 9 Salmon Habitat Plan (WRIA 9, 2006). Relevant principles and concepts are very briefly summarized below: . Restoration Principles. Restoration planning should be strategic and restoration design should be based on carefully developed goals and objectives. Follow-through, or monitoring, should be employed, including development of performance criteria and use of adaptive management in project development. Monitoring Principles. Thr~e types of monitoring are defined: I) implementation monitoring to track which potential programs and projects are carried out; 2) effectiveness monitoring to determine if habitat objectives of the program or project have been achieved on the ground; and 3) validation monitoring to confirm whether proposed restoration actions are achieving the overall goals and objective for restoration citywide. Monitoring should be driven by specific questions, goals, an . ectives and should be used as the basis for determining if restoration goal~ are;, et. Monitoring should be long-term and interdisciplinary. Another component ~.m.0nitor ng is information management; data should be well documented and )1"k~rle t others. Adaptive Management Principles. Adaptiv a' l'!~ s a process that uses. research and monitoring to allow projects to "oeee ~ eS1Il;~inherent uncertainty and risk regarding its consequences. Adapt" e m ment i~h t accomplished at a regional or watershed scale, but can ed roject I ' to increase knowledge about ecosystems and how they resp act~l), . . . 6.0 Conclusions Several watershed forums and other framework and pr' Federal Way. Th support WRIA pr the identified rest the goals and obje likely focus on pu within the coastal Less infOfmation i state. Restoration restoration progra and assess project derway through the WRIA 9 and 10 e existing programs provide a regional , g and implementation in the City of . lp" III these efforts and should continue to at ed level restoration goals. Implementation of at tile WRIA level and in the City, would advance s · ir ti reline functions in the City. Initial efforts would (l';.g;th grant opportunities, especially for restoration projects KiLg~ ound. a ~,e .p';li he City's lakes, which are also considered shorelines of the the 11 de al Way's lake shorelines should be included in a citywide . i~h lhe first step being an initial study to evaluate restoration opportunities ility . 28 Federal Way Shoreline Master Program Update - DRAFT Restoration Plan References Adolfson Associates, Inc. (Adolfson). 2005. City of Federal Way Shoreline Inventory and Characterization. Prepared for the City of Federal Way. Seattle, Washington. City of Federal Way. 2005. 2005-2010 Capital Improvement Plan - Surface Water Management. Federal Way, Washington. Coastal Geologic Services, Inc. 2005. Inventory and Assessment of Current and Historic Beach Feeding Sources / Erosion and Accretion Areas for WRIAs 8 and 9, Appendix D: Restoration Potentials. Prepared for King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks. Bellingham, Washington. Green / Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed Water Resou,;. Inventory Area 9 Steering Committee (WRIA 9). August 2005. Salmon Ha ,~. Ian - Making qur Watershed Fitfor a King. Prepared for the WRIA 9 Fo Se ttle, Washington. ound Nearshore Project. . Puget Sound Action Team (PSA T). 2005. 2005-2007 P Plan. Olympia, Washington. Technical United States A , Investigati Washingto C . 2000. Section 905(b) Analysis: General Pu -et Sound Nearshore, Washington. Seattle, Washington Depa Shoreline Washingto gy ology). 2004. Restoration Planning and the 2003 ide lines. Ecology Publication No. 04-06-022. Olympia, 29 ~ ~ ) ~ ~ tii g5 Q.;.V) wf~ f-: ~mm. ___,,1 , i .1\ ~ I ' \~:~_m-Lj<:, ~ ~ 1 J!'~~i--T\ O~f w _ .', ,) f- :I: t:1 ,\ <9 l--~> g/ It ~I i ! ~ ...'.,..~.' ~ lTLI . . 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'J\ , ...J.~ ,/"Y' \.-1 J Figure 3 Federal Way Shoreline Master Program Regional Context legend CWRIA9&10 r'~' I City of Federal Way Other Incorporated Area Map Source: City of Federal Way, King County Map Date: May, 2006 City of Federal Way 33325 8th Ave S, PO Box 9718 Federal Way, WA 98063-9718 (253) 835-7000 www.cityoffederalway.com ^ 0 2.5 5 Miles Lrf I I I ~~'fede~~i-Way This map is accompanied by NO warranties, and is simply a graphic representation, Q) c 'lll:t Q) I.. ~ C) 0- LL Q) L- o ~~ ~L- roC) Se c.. .. ~. 1 tI ~ _ ""-~c"'T__T"'r_"~", """", c Q) a. o "'C c ns tn Q) ~(J I.. ns nsa. c..CJ) ~ ~ ~ o V1 +-" ~ 'e[J ~ ?--" co <l> "0 ~ 5 <l>OlO '" ,S e en 111 <l>'2 .... C '- e <l>.... Qj2~g>~ ... en a. a. UJ o ~ D 9 ('f) CD o ~ ~ ~~ ~o ~ > ro >.8 W<("-cor- ~:5b;SLO u.rox-('f) -L()O~ro ONro w~ ~('f) 'O~ ,- ('f) 0 W N ()('f)a..u.~ >-e 0.0 E rIl "(ij .: .~ "in '0 '5 e . C'O e o cn= Ql C'O :;::;E e ~ ~.E ~ e C'O'- ~ Ql E 008 zE:>. >-~C'O .oO~ u. 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(l '" ' ~ ,- -.o;'l ':.~~ , " _~o "" ~ ~~~, ~~ 4"" ~ ~.~ ;;:;-:. ~ i;. ~ :., ~ .- '- ~ '~,' w' ;, '" "'''.' a . ..: · .. .,;i. ,!~~.~ "'::S >: ';:I o U) @ , ~ ~~w. I~' ..,11 :l 'l . Ii \ ~ ;-~ '~ . ,4f ~ '~ ", tot , .. ,j -ill " -, , . ti" " " ..-:.",.,,,;,, -'0 ~;,,' .",#",=, ~. em i ~ ~ I ~" ~"', - .....'-~ .$ . '\: ' <:,) ~ ,0... ~ Shoreline Regulations To help with your review ofthe updated regulations we included a version showing all the edits as strikethrough and underline and a clean version, which shows how the regulations would read if all the edits are accepted. EXHIBIT ".. G- PAGE ;:OF City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations ... V6. RS{o tJ S KaNC t-./ f7 f3-D ,13 4.1 Article III. SHORELINE MANAGEMENT Sections: Division 1. Generally 18-161 Purpose and authority. 18-162 Jurisdiction. 18-163 Additional definitions. Division 2. Shoreline Regulation' 18-164 General development standards. 18-165 Shoreline modifications. 18-166 Environment desiQnations. 18-167 Permitted use table. 18-168 Shoreline residential env' 0' 18-169 Urban conservanc en 18-170 Natural environment. ~1 Division 3. ministrative Procedures 18-171 Shoreline manaQement permit and enforcement procedures, adoption bv reference 18-172 Permit processinQ and public notice 18-173 Shoreline exemption 18- 173 Shoreline variance 18-174 Conditional uses 18-175 Final apporval of shoreline permits 18-176 Combined hearinQ authority 18-177 Alteration or reconstruction of nonconforminq .use or development 18-178 Shoreline environment redesiQnations 18 161 Environmental designations. 18 165 Urban environment. 18 166 Rur31 en'{ironment. 18 167 Conservancy residentbl environment. 18 168 Natural environment. 18 169 Application and public notice. 18 170 ProcedLire for review. 18 171 Shoreline variance. 18 172 Conditional uses. 18 173 Fin~.approv31 of shoreline permits. 18 171 Comhined hearing authority. 18 175' Alteration or reconstruction of nonconforming use or development. 18 176 Shoreline environment redesignation. EXHIBIT S-r Page lof 47 PAGE OF City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations , , , , Division 1. Generally 18-161 Purpose' and authority. The city adopts these regulations under the authority of the Shorefine Management Act of 1971, Chapter 90.58 RCW, as amended, and the Shoreline Management Guidelines, Chapter 17344-26 WAC. (Ord. No. 90-38,91(24.10),2-27-90; Ord. No. 98-323, 93,12-1-98; Ord. No. 99- 355, 9 3, 11-16-99t (b) No development shall b ; " . n by any person on the shorelines of the state without ~ing a shoreline permit from the , department of community dev opment. or an authorized statement of exemption per; provided, that a permit Shall not be required for development exempted from the definition of substantial development in WAC 173-27-040 and for developments exempted by RCW 90.58.140(9) and (10). (Ord. No. 90-38, 9 1(24.30.10, 24.30.20),2-27-90; Ord. No. 98- 323,93, 12-1-98; Ord. No. 99-355,93, 11-16-99) 18-163 Additional definitions. Unless otherwise defined in this chapter, the definitions contained in this chapter, Chapter 22 FWCC, Chapter 90.58 RCW, and Chapter 173-26 WAC shall apply. Act: means the Washinqton State Shoreline Manaqement Act, . Chapter 90.58 RCW. Access: limited public access means: (1) Actual physical access from land to the ordin::lrY high water mark or to the 'Netland directly abutting tho ordinary high water mark, such access being limitod to specific groups of people or to certain regularly prescribed times; or ' (2) Visual access available to the general public to thoshoroline and adjacont '.vator body, such access being specifically provided for in the development of tho site. ' Accoss: public access means actual unobstructed access available to the goner;)1 public from land to the ordinary high water mark or to the v.'Otl3nd directly abutting the ordinary high 'Nater mark. "".", ", .~l" l! ~ ',; ,.' "';',,;, . ' 6. ~. ,.'i.;". ""';,(j .'A' . ."., , " ~_,','.'el'.~~l<~''''''''''~''''~''''~'''''- ~JlJI: 1, ~..." .., r 3' ~ ,. Pi( , . '\M; '''''''~>'e''''_. 1 U'u,...;.._.~,_~_ - "J.r", t, Page 2 of 47 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations Amendment means a revision, update, addition, deletion, and/or reenactment to the Federal Way SMP. Approval means an official action by the City of Federal Way aqreeinq to submit a proposed SMP or amendments to the Department of Ecoloqy for review and official action pursuant to the SMA. Ih<erage grade lova.' me~ms the average of the natural or existing topography at the center of all exterior walls of a building or structure to bo placed on a site; provided, that in the caso of structures to be built over '!.later, avorage grade lovel shall be the elovation ort ordin3ry high w3ter, . Backshore means a berm, together with associated marshes or meadows, on marine shores landward of the ordinary high water mark which is normal above high tide level and has been gradually built up by accretion. . Bank means a steep rise or slope at the edqe of a body of water or water course. Beach nourishment means the artificial replenishinq of a beach by delivery of materials dredqed or excavated elsewhere. Berm means a led e or shoulder consistin of mounded earth or rock. Breakwater means an off-s.. ~ e structure, either floating or not, which mayor may not be connected 0 the shore, such structure being designated to absorb and/or reflect back into the water body the energy of the waves. Bulkhead means a solid or open pilo of rock, concrete, steol, timber, other m3tori3ls, or a combination of theso materials erected gonorally parallel to 3nd n03r tho ordin3ry high 'N3ter m3rk for tho purpose of protocting 3djacent shorelands and uplands from W3\'OS or currents.a wall. seawall. embankment or other structure erected parallel to the shoreline that retains or prevents slidinq or erosion of land or protects land from wave action. Bluff means a steep slope which abuts and rises from Puqet Sound. Bluffs contain slopes predominantly in excess of 40 percent. althouqh portions may be less than' 40 percent. The toe of the bluff is the beach of Puqet Sound. The top of a bluff is typically a distinct line where the slope abruptly levels out. Where there is no distinct break in slope. the slope is either the line of veqetation separatinq the unveqetated slope from the veqetated uplands plateau or. when the bluff is veqetated. the point where the bluff slope diminishes to less than 15 percent. Class I beach me3ns a beach or shore having dopend3blo, geologically fully doveloped, and normally dry b3ckshore above high'tido. Class!! beach means 3 b03ch or shore having only margin3l1y, geologically partkilly doveloped, 3nd not dopondably dry backshore above high tide. Class I!I beach moans a beach or shore. h3ving no dry backshore aV3ilable 3t high tide. Page 3 of 47 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations Conditional use means a use, development, or substantial development which is classified as a shoreline conditional use or is not classified within the SMP. Critical saltwater and freshwater habitats (critical salmonid habitats) means habitats that are used by Pacific salmonid species that miwate between fresh water and salt water during their life cycle. These habitats include: 1. 'Gravel bottomed streams used for spawninQ; 2. Streams. lakes, and wetlands used for rearinQ, feedinQ, and cover and refuqe from predators and hiQh waters; 3. Streams and 'salt water bodies used as miQration corridors; am:J 4. Shallow areas of salt water bodies used for rearinQ. feedinQ. as well as cover and refuqe from predators and currentS. includinq. but not limited to, foraQe fish habitats such as sandy beaches and eelqrass beds: and 5. Pocket estuaries includinQ steams mouths and deltas where freshwater mixes with salt water and provides rearinq habitat for iuvenile salmonids. ttom of a stream ba nd/or maintainin a Gfi.Ih . or " or "littoral ceW' means a articular reach of marine sho '~, 'hich littoral drift ma. occur without siqnificant interruption and which contains any natural sources of such drift and also accretion shore forms created by such drift. EcoloqicaJ functions means the work performed or role played by the physical. chemical. and bioloQical processes in the shoreline that contribute to the maintenance of the aquatic and terrestrial environments that constitute the shoreline's natural ecosystem. Ecosvstem-wide processes means the suite of naturally occurrinq physical and QeoloQic processes of erosion. transport. and deposition; and specific chemical processes that shape landforms within a specific shoreline ecosystem and determine both the types of habitat and the associated ecological functions. Environment, or masteF program environment, or sShoreJine environment desiqnation means the categories of shorelines of the state established by the city of Federal Way shoreline management master program to differentiate between areas whose features imply differing objectives regarding their use and future development. Exemptions means those development activities set forth in Chapter XX of the Federal Way SMP which are not required to obtain a Substantial Development Permit but which must obtain an authorized statement of exemption and which mus otherwise comply with applicable provisions of the Act and the City's SMP. Fill means the addition of soil. sand. rock. Qravel. sediment, earth retaininq structure, or other material to an area waterward of the OHWM, Page 4 of 47 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations in wetlands. or on shorelands in a manner that raises the elevation or creates dry land. Float means a structure or device which is not a breakwater and which is moored, anchored, or otherwise secured in the waters of Federal Way, and which is not connected to the shoreline. Grading means the movement or redistribution of the soil, sand, rock, gravel, sediment, or other material on a site in a manner that alters the natural contour of the land. Groin means a barrier type structure extending from the backshore into the water across the beach. The purpose of a groin is to interrupt sediment movement along the shore. Jetty means an artificial barrier used to change the natural littoral drift to protect inlet entrances from clogging by excess sediment. Landslide means an episodic downslope movement of a mass orsoil or , rock that includes but is not limited to rockfalls. slumps. mudflows. arid earthflows. Littoral drift means the natural movement of sediment along marine or lake shorelines by w:Jve breakefWave-action :Jnd currents in response to prevailing winds. Marine means ertainin to tidall influ n Sound and the ba s estuaries ,and i ts Nearshore means either ne 'and refer enerall to an area extends from the to of bluffs beach to the oint where sunli. netrates marine waters to a de th where aquatic plant life is supported. Nonconformina use or develooment means a shoreline use or development which was lawfully constructed or established prior to the effective date of the Act or the applicable SMP. or amendments thereto, but which does not conform to present requlations or standards of the SMP. . . Non-water-oriented uses means those uses which have little or no relationship to the shoreline and are not considered priority uses under the , SMA. Examples include professional offices, automobile sales or repair shops, mini-storage facilities, multifamily residential development, department stores, and gas stations. Ordinary Hiqh Water Mark (OHWM) means the mark on all tidal waters and streams that will be found by examininq the beds and banks and ascertaininq where the presence and action of waters are so common and usual and so lono continued in all ordinary years as to mark upon the soil a character distinct from that of the abutting upland, in respect to veoetation, as that condition existed on June 1. 1971. as it may naturally chanqe thereafter. or as it may chanqe thereafter in accordance with permits issued by a local qovernment or the Department of Ecolooy. In any area where the ordinary high water mark cannot be found, the ordinary hioh water mark adioininq saltwater shall be the line of mean hioher hioh tide. Page 5 of 47 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations Public Access means the public's abilitv to Qet to and use the State's public waters, the water/land interface and associated public shoreline area. Restoration means in the context of "ecoloQical restoration ," the reestablishment or uPQradinq of impaired ecoloQical shoreline processes or functions. This may be accomplished throuQh measures includinQ, but not limited to, reveqetation, removal of intrusive shoreline structures and removal or treatment of toxic materials. Restoration does not im I a requirement or returninq the shoreline area to aboriginal or pre-European' settlement conditions. Riprap means a laver, facinq or protective mound of anQular stones randomly placed to prevent erosion, scour or slouQhinq of a structure or embankment; also, the stone so used. . Shorelands. also referred to as "shoreland areas," means those lands extendinQ landward for two hundred feet in all directions as measured on a horizontal plane from the ordinary hioh water mark; floodwavs and contiouous floodplain areas landward two hundred feet from such floodwa S' and all wetlands and river deltas associated with the streams lakes and tidal waters which are sub'ect to the ions of this cha ter' the same to be desi nated as to location b artment of Ecolo Shoreline administrator mea Plannin Director or. administerin the Federal Wa Shoreline 'urisdiction mean "shorelands" as defined in the ederal Way SMP and RCW 90,58.030. Shoreline Master Proqram (SMP) means the comprehensive use plan for a described area. and the use regulations toqether with maps. diaorams, charts, or other descriptive material and text, a statement of desired ooals, and standards developed in accordance with the policies enunciated in RCW 90.58.020. . Shoreline modifications means those actions that modifv the phvsical confiouration or Qualities of the shoreline area. usually throuqh the construction of a phvsical element such as a dike, breakwater, pier, weir, dredged basin, fill, bulkhead, or other shoreline structure. They can include other actions. such as clearing .and qradinq, or 3pplic3tion of chemic3ls. Shoreline stabilization means actions taken to address erosion impacts to propertv, dwellinQs, businesses, or structures caused bv natural shoreline processes such as currents, floods. tides. wind or wave action. ' Shorelines means all of the water areas of the state, including reservoirs. and their associated shorelands, toqether with the lands underlyinq them; except (i) shorelines of statewide siqnificance; (ii). shorelines on seqments of streams upstream of a point where the mean annual flow is twentv cubic feet per second or less and the wetlands associated with such upstream segments; and (iii) shorelines on lakes less than twenty acres in size and wetlands associated with such small ' lakes. Page 6 of 47 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations Shorelines of Statewide Siqnificance means those. areas of. Puqet Sound in the City of Federal Way Iyinq seaward from the line of extreme . low tide; Shorelines of the state means the total of all "shorelines" and "shorelines of statewide siqnificance" within the City of Federal Way. ' Soft-shore bank stabilization means the use of bioenqineerinq or biotechnical bank stabilization measures where vegetation, loqs, rock and beach nourishment are used to address erosion control and slope stability. SMP means the Shoreline Master Proqram. SMA means the Shoreline Manaqement Act. Stringline setback means a straight line drawn between the points on the primary buildings having the greatest projection (including 3ppurtenant structures such as deck~) ;,.waterward on the two adjacent properties~ one of the adiacent properties is unimproved the line shall be drawn to the point of the standard shoreline setback at the side property line of the unimproved lot. Water-dependent means a use or portion of a use which cannot exist in any other location and is dependent on the wi t~",\ 'y reason of the intrinsic nature of its operations. Examples 0 ..', ftiF.r,.'. dependent uses may include ship cargo terminal loading a n~ passenger terminals, barge loading facilities, ship bu' . .ockli ,marinas, 'aquaculture, float plane faciliti . ails. Water-enjoyment means a I uS'e, or other use facilitating public access to the shoreline rimary characteristic of the use; or a use that provides for recreational use or aesthetic enjoyment of the shoreline for a substantial number of people as a general characteristic of the use and which through the location, design and operation assures the public's ability to enjoy the physical and aesthetic qualities of the shoreline. In order to qualify as a water-enjoyment use, the use must be open to the general public and the shoreline oriented space within the project must be devoted to the specific aspects of the use that fosters shoreline enjoyment. Primary water-enjoyment uses may include, but are not limited to, parks, piers and other improvements facilitating public access to shorelines of the state; and general water-enjoyment uses may include, but are not limited to, restaurants, museums, aquariums, scientific/ecological reserves, resorts and mixed-use commercial; provided, that such uses conform to the above water-enjoyment specifications and the provisions of the master program. Water-oriented means any combination of water-dependent, water- related, and/or water-enjoyment uses and serves as an all-encompassing definition for priority uses under the SMA. Water-related means a use or portion of a use which is not intrinsically dependent on a waterfront location but whose economic vitality is dependent upon a waterfront location because: (1) Of a functional requirement for a waterfront location such as the arrival or shipment of materials by water or the need for large quantities of water; or (2) The use provides a necessary service supportive of the water- dependent commercial activities and the proximity of the use to its Page 7 of 47 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations customers makes its services' less expensive and/or more convenient. Examples include professional services serving primarily water-dependent activities and storage of water-transported foods. (Ord. No. 98-323, 9 3, ., 12-1-98; Ord. No. 99-:-355,93, 11-16-99) ~ ~1 Page 8 of 47 I City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations .Division 2. Shoreline Regulation 18-164 [NEW SECTIONl General development standards. The following general development standards apply to all uses and activites in all shoreline environments: (a) Impact mitigation. (1) To the extent WashinQton's State Environmental Policy Act of 1971 (SEPA), chapter 43.21 C RCW, is applicable, the analysis of environmental impacts from proposed shoreline uses or developments shall be conducted consistent with the rules implemEmtinQ SEPA (FWCC XX and WAC 197-11). MitiQation for adverse impacts to shoreline functions will be triQQered durinQ the SEPA review or shoreline land use permit process. (2) Where required, mitiQation measures shall be applied in the followinQ sequence of steps listed in order of priority. a. Avoidinthe im act alto ether b not certain action or arts of an action ; b. Minimizin im acts b Ii "n its im lementation b . u i ste s to avoid or reduc c. rehabilitatin or restorin the affected d. Reducin9 or eliminatinQ the impact over time by preservation and maintenance operations; e. Compensatinq for the impact by replacinq, enhancino, or providino substitute resources or environments; and f. Monitorinq the impact and the compensation proiects and takinq appropriate corrective measures. t3i(3) In determininq appropriate mitiqation measures applicable to shoreline development, lower priority measures shall be applied on Iv where hiQher priority measures are determined to be infeasible or inapplicable. (4) Required mitioation shall not be in excess of that necessary to assure that proposed uses or development will result in no net loss of shoreline ecolooical functions. (5) Mitiqation actions shall not have a siqnificant adverse impact on other shoreline functions fostered bv thepolicv of the Shoreline Manaqement Act. (6) When compensatory measures are appropriate pursuant to the mitiqation priority sequence above, preferential consideration shall be given to measures that replace the impactedfunctions directly and are located in the immediate vicinity of the impact. However, alternative compensatory mitiqation may be authorized if said mitiqation occurs within the watershed and addresses limitino factors or identified critical needs for shoreline conservation based on watershed or comprehensive manaoement plans, Authorization of compensatory mitiqation Page 9 of 47 City of Eederal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management .,- Draft Regulations measures may require appropriate safequards. terms or conditions as necessary to ensure no net loss of ecoloqical functions. ,. iQl.-Veaetation conserVation: Existing native shoreline veqetation shall be preserved to the maximum extent feasible within the shoreline setback consistent with safe construction practices, and other provisions of this chapter. Specifically native trees and shrubs shall be preserved to provide habitat. shade and slope stabilization functions to maintain ecoloQical processes in the City's shoreline. (c) Water qualitv J stormwater. All activities and development within the shorelineiurisdiction shall be incompliance with the requirements and restrictions of FWCC Chapter 21: Surface and Stormwater Manaqement. (d) Critic.al areas. Activities and development in critical areas found within shoreline jurisdiction are required to comply with the followinQ development standards. . 1 Geolo ic Hazard Areas. Re defined in FWCC Cha ter 22 locate hazard areas .Iandslide hazard e a eolo ic hazardous area is I on the site shall be in com FWCC Cha ter22 Article XI, (2) Streams and Wetland. If a stream or wetland (as defined in FWCC Chapter 22) is located within the shoreline iurisdiction, all activities within the shoreline iurisdiction shall be in compliance with the requirements and restrictions of FWCC Chapter 22, ArticleXIV, Divisions 5 & 6: Critical Areas. (3) Flood Hazard Reduction. If an area of special flood hazard is located on or adiacent toa development site within shoreline iurisdiction, all activities on the site shall be in compliance with the requirements and restriction of FWMC Chapter 18, Article II, Division 6: Critical Areas. , (e) Critical salmonid habitats. Activities and development in critical salmonid habitats found within the shoreline jurisdiction are required to comply with the following additional development standards: Jk1) SaJ.meR-aRd steelhe:.ld Critical Saltwater :.lnd Freshw:.ltor l=Ia9itats . (Critical Habitats). (1) Structures which prevent the migration of salmon and steelhead are' prohibited in the portions of the water bodies used by fish. Fish bypass facilities shall allow the upstream migration of adult fish. Fish bypass facilities shall prevent fry and juveniles migrating downstream from being trapped or harmed. (2}baM-Efills shall not intrude intosalmon and steelhe:.ld habitats critical salmonid habitats, except as provided in subsection (KQ)(3) of this section. (3}baMEfills may intrude into critical s:.llt water are:.lS salmonid habitats usod by salmon and stoelhead for migration corridors, rearing, feeding. and Page 10 of 47 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations refuge only where the proponent obtains a conditional use permit (CUP) and demonstr~tes all of the following conditions are met: Ch +he-laRGfiU-ffi-fef-Water dependent or watef-f€!at~~ a~. An alternative alignment or location is not feasible; 612. The project is designed to minimize its impacts on the environment; Gf. The proiect faGiJ.ity is in the public interest; and ego If the project will create significant unavoidable adverse impacts, the impacts are mitigated by creating in-kind replacement habitat near the project. Where. in-kind replacement mitigation is not feasible, rehabilitating degraded habitat may be required as a substitute: {4-t-bJnless the applicant domonstrates that soft shore bank stabilization or bioengineering techniques will not be succossful, bulkheads and other shoreline protection structures are prohibited in salmon and steelhead critical salrrlOnid habitat. (5) \lIJhere bulkheads and othor shorelino protection structures are allmved, the toe of tho bulkhead or structure shall be locatodlandwardof the ordinary high water mark except as provided in subsection (kg)(6) of this section. \Nhere an existing bulkhead or structure caRRet be removed because of east environmontally . possibleconstructed R (1e) Bulkheads, brea . >'structures may intrude into habitats only where the prop are met: ' a. An alternative alignment or location is not feasible; . b. The project is designed to minimize its impacts on the environment; c. The proiect facility is in the public interest; and d. If the project will create significant unavoidable adverse impacts, the impacts are mitigated by creating in-kind replacement habitat near the project. Where in-kind replacement mitigation is not feasible, rehabilitating degraded habitat may be required as a substitute. @) Docks, piers,pPilings and floats-may be located in water area2s used by salmon and steelhead for migration corridors, rearing, feeding and refuge, provided the facilities use open piling construction and impacts are avoided to the maximum extent possible. Approach fills shall be located landward of the ordinary high water mark.-JJocks, piers, pilings and t!eats-shall not be-lecated ifl other salmon and steelheadcritical habitats. The preject shall bo designeG--te minimize its impacts on the environment. (Q8) Open pile bridges are the preferred water crossing structures over salmon and stoelheadcritical salmonid habitats. If a bridge is not feasible, one of the following water crossing structures may be approved if the. impacts af€-can acceptablebe mitiqated: temporary culverts, bottomless arch culverts, elliptical culverts or round other fish,:,passable round culverts. These structures are listed in priority order, with the first' having the highest preference and the last the lowest preference. In order for a lower priority structure to be permitted, the applicant must show the higher priority structures are not feasible. The project shall be designed to minimize its impacts on the environment. ulkhead. oins and other shoreline protection critical salmonid demonstrates all of the following conditions Page 11 of 47 City of Federal Way SMP -Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations (19) Bridges and in-water utility corridors may be located in salmon and steelHeaGcritical habitat~ provided the proponent shows that all of the following conditions are met: . a. An alternative alignment is not feasible; b. The project is located and designed to minimize its impacts on the environment; c. Any alternative impacts are mitigated; and d. Any landfill is located landward of the ordinary high water mark. Open piling and piers required to construct the bridge may be placed waterward of the ordinary high Water mark, if no alternative method is feasible. Netwithstanding subsoction (kQ1('1) of this secti9R;-WWhen installing in- water utilities, the installer may place native material on the bed and banks of the water body or wetland to re-establish the preconstruction elevation and contour of the bed. The project shall be designed to avoid and minimize its impacts on the environment. ' m4.G) Dredging which will damage shallow water habitat used by salmon and steelhead for migration corridors, rearing, feeding and refuge shall not be ~~ted unless the proponent demonstrates al~1 of the following conditions are a. The dredging is for a water-de, ", r water-related use; b. An alternative alignment 0' 0\ 0' ',' t feasible; . . d. The project faCIlity ,~Ipnterest; and e. If the project will c,~f - icant unavoidable adverse impacts, the impacts are mitigated by cre ~ In-kind replacement habitat near the project. Where in-kind replacement mitigation is not feasible, rehabilitating degraded habitat may be required as a substitute. J11) Dredging and the removal of bed materials below the water line is prohibited ....'ithin salmon and sieelhead spawning areas. (91112) In-water dredge spoil disposal sites shall not be located in salmon and steelheadcritical salmonid habitats. (10~) baRGEfilling, dredging, channelization and other activities which negatively impact habitat values are prohibited in wetlands, ponds,. and side channels which provide refugo or other habitat for salmon or stoelheadare associated with critical salmonid habitats. (114344) Within salmon and steolhoadcritical habitats, permanent channel changes and realignments are prohibited. J1115) Aquaculture uses-shall not be--establ+shed in salmon anG steeJ.Readcritical salmonid habitat~, except for areas that are only used fer migration corridors. This regulation only a'pplies to in water 3quaculture uses, not upland 3quaculture uses. (49124a) The removal of aquatic and riparian vegetation within or adjacent to salmon and stoelheadcritical salmonid habitats shall be minimized. Trees which shade side channels, streams, fivefsestuaries, ponds and wetlands tffieG by salmon 3nd steelhoadassociated with critical salmonid habitats shall be maintained. Areas of disturbed earth shall be revegetated. (471349) Unless removal is needed to prevent hazards to life and property or to enhance HsA--critical salmonid habitat~, large woody debris below the ordinary high water mark shall be left in the waterway to provide salmon and steel head habitat. ' Page 12 of 47 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations (18) Outfalls \A.:ithin or upstream of salmon or steelhe~d spawning areas shall be designed and constructed to minimize disturbance of salmon ane steelhead spawning beds. (Ord. No. 98-323, S 3, 12-1-98; Ord. No. 99-355, S 3, 11-16-99) 18-165 [NEW SECTIONl Shoreline modifications (a) Shoreline protection stabilization. Shoreline stabilization protection may be permitted in the shoreline residential and urban conservancy environment~, provided: [EXISTING TEXT MOVED FROM ENVIRONMENT DESIGNATIONS SECTION BElOWl (1) Shoreline . stabilization, includinq bBulkheads shall not be considered an outright permitted use on the city's Pugot Sound shoreline~. In order for a proposeG--OO~kReaG shoreline stabilization to be permitted the City on the Puget Sound shoreline, or for a lake shore bulkhead to qualify for the ReV'! 90.58.030 (3)(o)(iii) exemption from the shoreline permit requirements, the city of Federal \j\fay sh311 review the proposed bulkhe3d design as it relates to I' ,e city of Federal \Nay sRoroline master program and must find that: a. Erosion from waves or curr nt J threat to a legally established i ' ' substantial accessory structu rr shall rovide a eotechnical ' that estimates the rate of erosi ' b. N the city of Federal V\/ay shoreline master program in protecting the site and ~djoining shorelines than othor nonstructural alternatives such as slope drainage systems, vegetative growth stabilization, gravel berms, and beach nourishment, and th~t such alternatives shall be prioritized over structural options such as bulkheads and riprap. The "softest" effective alternative shall be utilized; and are not technically feasible or '.viII not adequately protect a legally established primary structureresidence~ or substantial accessory structure or public improvement; c. The proposed shoreline stabilizationbulkheaais located landward of the ordinary high water mark; and d. The maximum height of the proposed bulkhoad is no more than eRe-foot above the elevatieA-ef-axtreme high watef--9fHj4aI waters, or four feet-~~, measured from qrade on the waterward side of the bulkhoad. on 13kes. The proposed shoreline protection is the minimum size necessary to protect existinq improvements; and e. The applicant shall demonstrate that impacts to sediment transport are minimized to the greatest extent possible; and . f. Shoreline stabilization shall not have an adverse impact on the . property of others and shall be designed so as not to create the need for shoreline protection elsewhere; and q. Shoreline stabilization shall not significantly interfere with normal surface and/or subsurface drainaqe into the water body and shall be constructed usinq an approved filter cloth or other suitable means to allow , Page 13 of 47 City of Federal Way SMP -- Article III.' Shoreline Management -- Draft Regulations passaQe of surface and Qroundwater without internal erosion of fine material; and h. Shoreline stabilization shall not be used to create new lands. (2) When a bulkhead is permitted subiect to subsection (1) above, the following standards shall applv: . A shoreline protection project ref*icing an existing bulkhead shall be placed along, tho same alignment as tho shorelino protection it is replacing, subject to the following: a. The maximum heiQht of the proposed bulkhead is no more than one foot above the elevation of extreme hiQh water on tidal waters, or one foot in heiQht above the elevation of ordinary hiQh water mark on lakes, measured from qrade on the waterward side of the bulkhead; and . WRen a bulkhead has deteriefatod such that the ordinary high 'A/ater mark has been established by the-wesence and action of-watef landward of the existing bulkhead. then the roplacement bulkhead must be located at or as near as possible to the actual ordinary high water mark. b. \^/hen an existing bulkhead is being repaired by the construction of a vertical wall fronting the existing waIH . . . rovided that the or, increased in c. Beach nourishment and big engineered erosion control projects may be considered a normal protective bulkhead If/hen any structural elements are consietent with the above requirements, and 'Nhen the project has been approved by the Department of Fish and 'Nildlife. If an existinq bulkhead deteriorates to the point it must be replaced. fts-feplacement shall be considered a new bulkhead subiect to the f)fevisions of subsection (1) abov&; o Shoreline protection shall not have adverse impact on the property of etRers and shall be designed so as-Ret to create a need f.oF-shoreline f*9teGtten else'Nhore. _a. Shoreline protection shall not signific:Jntly intorfere .'Nith normal surface and/or subsurface drainage into the water body and shall be ooflst:NGte€.H:ffiing an approved filter clothoF-etRef-SbHtaele meaflS to allew . passago of surface and groUAtiwateF-WHHout internal eFeS!en of fine material. b. Shoreline protection shall not be used to create new lands, exGep.t--tt-lat groins may used te-Greate-or ma~Jffi-GI.a&s I beach if tRey--oomp.ly 'Nith all other conditfeflS-G4his section.~ ~ Groins are permitted only as part of a public beach management program. Jetties and breakwaters 3m not permitted. Page 14 of 47 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations (b) Piers, Docks, Mooraae, and Floats. [EXISTING TEXT MOVED FROM ENVIRONMENT DESIGNATIONS SECTION BELOWl (e1) PResidential piers, docks, floats, moorage, or launching facilities; conditionsstandards. Any pier, dock, moorage, float, or launching facility authorized by subsections XXX of the Environmental Desiqnations section (G1 through (f) of this section shall be subject to the following conditions: fBa. Residential piers and docks are prohibited on thePuget Sound shoreline. ~b. Piers shall onlv be permitted for water-dependent uses and public access. ~No dwelling unit may be constructed on a pier or dock. ~d. Excavated moorage slips shall not be permitted accessory to single f3mily residences, multif3mily development, or 3S common use facilities accessory to subdivisions and short subdivisions. are prohibited as accessories to residential development. t41ea. No covered pier, covered moorage, covered float, or other covered structure is permitted waterward of the ordinary high water mark. ~fe. . . n for 3 building moora es floats and launchin facilities shall meet the side ard setb f the underl in zonin classification exce t in the case of shared facilities. in which case no side vardsetback is required. ~such joint use piers may be permitted up to twice the surface af€a-allewed by this title; f91gt All piers, moorages, floats, or other such structures shall notfloat at all times on the surface of the water, or shall be of open pile--oonstructiaR; provided no portion of the structure shaU,.l during the .course of the normal fluctuations of the elevation of the water body, protrude more than five feet above the surface of the water. h~. -PResidential piers, docks, floats. mooraqe or launchinq facitilies must be desiqned to meet' permit standards required by the US Army Corps of EnQineers and Washinqton State Department of Fish and Wildlife. , {Bi2} Residential piers, docks.. floats. moorage, or launching facilitieSi' aGGe8sory . to resiGeRtiaJ. developmem. DPiers, docks. moorages, floats, or launching facilities may be permitted accessory to. a single-family residence, multifamily development, or as common use facilities assoCiated with a subdivision, or short subdivision, in accordance with this chapter and the following limitations: fBa. Private, single-residence ~docks for the sole use of the property owner shall not necessarilv be permitted outright on city of Federal VVay shorelines. ~b. A f}ief-dock may be allowed when the applicant has demonstrated a need for moorage and has demonstrated that the following alternatives have been investigated and are not available or feasible: 31, Commorcial or marin;) moorage. .g1~. Floating moorage buoys. Page 15 of 47 I City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regtilations G2J. Joint use moorage dock pfef. No more than one dockpfef for each residence is permitted. On lots with less than 50 feet of waterfront, only joint use .dockpfefs shall be permitted except when abuttinq owners are not aqreeable or when both lots abutting the subject . lot have legally established piers then the .Iot with less than 50 feet of waterfront may be permitted an individual pier. ~c. New Mmultiple-family developments residenoe piers and piers associated with ~ subdivisions or short subdivisions shall be permitted one shared dock. as a common use facility shall not exceed the follOwing: a1. No mere than one pier for ea6Jl-4QG-feet of shoreline assoGfated with tRe-ml::ltHfamily develG~ent, subdivision, or short subdivision is permitted. g 1.2. The total number of moorage spaces shall be limited to one moorage space for every two dwelling units in the multi,family development, subdivision, or short subdivision. ~d. Dock dimensionsPier rind moorage size. AL The maximum waterward intrusion of any portion of any dockf}ief shall be 36 feet, or the point where the water depth is 13 feet below the ordinary high water mark, whichever is reached first., provided: 1 L If a pier i .. to ei e of piers, moorages, floats, and/or launching facilities, or any combination ereof, associated with a single-family residence shall not exceed 5.100 square feet. _e~No pier, including finger pier, moorage, float, or over water structure or device, sh~1I be '1.'ider than 25 percent of the lot 'Nith which it is associated. ~~Mobrage piles. Moorage piles not constructed in conjunction with a pier are limited by the following conditions: aLAII piles shall be placed so as to not constitute a hazard. to navigation. bL.No pile shall be placed more than 80 feet waterward of the ordinary high water mark. 6~AII moorage piles shall be placed in a water depth not to exceed 13 feet below the ordinary high watermark. . €l1:...No more than two moorage piles per residence are permitted. (6)Launching ramps ~nd lift st~tions require ~ shomline conditional use permit arid are limited by the following conditions: a No portion of a launching ramp or lift station shall be placed more than 60 feet waterward of the ordinary high water mark. b-AU-pertions of a launching r~mp or lift station sh~II be placed ~t a depth not to exceed eightfeot belm".' the ordinary high water m~rk. , c L~unching rails or r~mps sh~1I be anchomd to the ground through the use of tie type construction. ^sph~lt, concrete, or other ramps 'Nhich solidly cover the '/Vator body bottom ~re prohibited. . d No more than' one I~unching rail per single family residenco is permitted, and no more than two common use launching ramps for oach 100 foet Page 16 of 47 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations of shoreline associ3ted 'Nith 3 multif3mily development, short subdivision,. or subdivision. f71t Floats are limited under the following conditions: a,L One float per single-family residence, multifamily development, short subdivision, or subdivision is permitted. B2. No portion of a float shall be placed more than 36 feet waterward of the ordinary nigh water mark. G3. Retrieval lines shall not float at or near the surface of the water. €14. No float shall have more than 100 square feet of surface area. @Launching Ramps and Lift Stations. Launching ramps and lift stations require a shoreline conditional use permit and are limited by the following conditions: [EXISTING TEXT MOVED FROM ENVIRONMENT DESIGNATIONS SECTION BELOW] {1} No portion of a launching ramp or lift station shall be placed more than 60 feet waterward of the ordinary high water mark. {2} All portions of a launching ramp or lift station shall be placed at a depth not to exceed eight feet below the ordinary high water mark. {3} L:aunching rails or ramps shall be ancho · the ground through the use of tie-type construction. Asphalt, concrete 0 ramps which solidly cover the water body bottom are prohibited. {4} No more than one laun , and no more than onetwa co subdivision is permitted. ngl -family residence is permitted, ing ramps for each new 100 feet of development, short subdivision, or (d) Breakwaters and Jetties. Jetties 3nd bBreakwaters and jetties are not permitted within any shoreline of the City. [EXISTING TEXT MOVED' FROM ENVIRONMENT DESIGNATIONS SECTION BELOW] (e) Dredainq and Fillina. (1) Dredqing: a. Dredging activities in shoreline residential or urban conservancy environments require a Conditional Use Permit and must comply with all federal . and state requlations. Dredging is not permitted in the Natural environment. b. Dredging activities are allowed in the shoreline residential and urban conservancy shoreline environments only where necessary to protect public safety or for shoreline restoration activities. d. Drodqing of bottom materi31s for the sinqlc purpose of obt3ininq fill matorial is prohibited. ' ec. Dredqinq and excavation in critical salmonid habitatsafeaS is prohibited. except when required for shoreline restoration activities. fd. Where allowed. dredqingoperations must be scheduled so as to not damaqe shoreline ecoloqical functions or processes. Qe. When dredqe spoils have suitable organic and physical properties, dredqinq operators shall recycle dredqed material into areas of the City suitable for those materials. Page 17 of47 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations f. Unavoidable impacts of dredqing shall be mitiqated as required bv this chapter. (2) Fillinq: a. Fill activities shall onlv be allowed in association with allowed (permitted) water dependent' use developments. Fill associated with non-water dependent uses shall be prohibited. ' 184i4-166 Environmental designations. (a) Purpose and establishment of desi~nations. !1l The purpose of these designations is to differentiate between areas whose geographical, hydrological, topographical, or other features imply differing objectives regarding the use and future development of the shorelines of the city. Each environment designation represents a particular emphasis in the type of uses and the extent of development that should occur within it. The environmental designation. system is designed to encourage uses. in each environment that enhance or are compatible with the character of the environment, while at the same time requiring reasonable standards and Page 18 of 47 I ., City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management- Draft Regulations . restrictions on development so that the character of the environment is not adversely impacted. ' (9,2) Names of environment designations. In order to accomplish the purpose of this title, environmental designations have been established to be knovm as follows: fBa. N3tur31 onvironmentShoreline Residential. ~b. Conservancy.residential environmentUrban Conservancy. ~c. Rural environmentNatural. ('1) Urban environment. (G~) Limits of environment designations. Each environment designation shall consist of: fBa. The entire water body from its centerline or point, including all water below the surface,' the land below the water body, the space above the water body, and the shorelands associated with the water body. ~b. The shoreline areas within 200 feet of the OHWM. and additional upland areas where associated severe biophysic31 constr3ints such aswetlands and floodplains, steep slopes, slide h3z3rd areas, and wetl3nds extend beyond 200 feet from the OHWM. do not cover tho entire 3ssociated shorel3nd. , (EJ1) Establishment of desi fBa. The written des environment designations as 'dop3rtment shall constitute t~ those environment designations. ~b. The official maps prepared by the city pursuant to Chapters 173 16 ami 173-26 WAC in tho possossion of the department shall constitute the official 'descriptions of the limits of all shorelands in the city of Federal Way as' defined by RCW 90.58.030 and FWCC 18-163. ~c. The department may, from time to time as new or improved information becomes available, modify the official maps described in subsection fill(€J1){2jb. of this section consistent with state guidelines to more accurately represent, clarify, or interpret the true limits of the shorelines defined herein. (e~) Location of boundaries. (-1ia. Boundaries indicated as following streets, highways, roads, and bridges shall be deemed to follow the centerline of. such facilities unless otherwise specified. ~b. Boundaries indicated as following railroad lines and. transmission lines shall be deemed to follow the centerline of such rights-of-way or easements . unless otherwise specified. ~c. Where different environmental designations have been given to a tributary and the main stream at the point of confluence,. the environmental designation given to the main stream shall extend for a distance of 200 feet up the tributary. t4}d. In case of uncertainty as to a wetland or environment boundary, the director of community development services shall determine its exact location pursuant to the criteria of WAC 173-22-05a40 and RCW 90.58.030, and the provisions of this chapter. (Ord. No. 98-323, S 3, 12-1-98; Ord. No. 99-355, S 3, 11-16-99 ) e boundaries of the shoreline y ordinance in the possession. of the . Icial legal descriptions of the boundaries of Page 19 of 47 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Man.agement - Draft Regulations 18-167 NEW SECTION Permitted Use Table $hol'ieli~Modmcation Shoreline Stabilization I Protection 1 Piers. Docks. MooraQe. and Floats2. 3 Launchinq Ramp I Lift Station Breakwaters and Jetties DredqinQ and FillinQ Shoreline U.se Office and Commercial Development Recreational Development Residential Development Accessorv Structures Utilities5 Transportation I ParkinQ Facilities6 . Aquaculture Community Boatinq Facilities7 P = Allowed as exempt from permittinq or permitted with Substantial Development Permit C = Mav be allowed with Shoreline Conditional Use Permit X = Prohibited 1, Includes bulkheads. bio-enqineered erosion control proiects. qroins and other shoreline stabilization activities, Groins may onlv be permitted as part of a public beach manaqement prOQram, 2. Code provisions address these modiffcations as accessory to residential uses. 3. Residential piers and docks are prohibited on Puqet Sound shorelines. 4. Would be permitted with Substantial Development Permit in parks and public access areas; would be permitted with Shoreline Conditional Use permit elsewhere in Urban Conservancy Environment 5. Solid waste transfer stations are not allowed 6. ParkinQ as a primary use is prohibited in all environments. but allowed if servin!:! an allowed shoreline use 7, Allowed in association with recreational development Page 20 of 47 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations 18-1-65168 Urban environment Shoreline Residential. (a) Purpose. The purpose of the "shoreline residential" environment is to accommodate residential development and appurtenant structures that are consistent with this chapter. An additional purpose is to provide appropriate public access and recreational uses. The purpose of designating the urban environment is to ensure optimum utilization of the shorelines of the state within urbonized oreas by permitting intensivo use and by manoging development so thot it enhonces and maintains the shorelines of the stote f-or 0 multiplicity of urban uses. The urbon en'/ironment is designed to .reflect a policy of increasing utilization and officiency of urban are3s, to promote a more intense level of use through redevelopment of areas now underutilized, and to encourage multiple use of the shorelines of the city if the major use is 'I/ater dependent or water related, 'Nhile ot the some time safeguarding the quality of the environment. (b) Designation criteria. Designation criteria for the ~shoreline residential environment are provided in the City's shoreline master proqram. FWCC Chapter xx. shall be: (1) Shorelines ~ ultifamily residential entia I purposes ond environment shall not have-ffide.A.sive-l::>>ef)hysical limitations to development such as floodplains, steep slopos, sliee hazard areos, and wetlan4& (c) General requirements. (1) Development waterward of the ordinary high water mark is prohibited except water dependent recreational uses and public utilities. (2) No structure shall exceed a height of 35 feet above average grade level. This requirement may be modified if the view of any neighboring residences will , not be obstructed, if permitted outright by the applicable provisions of the underlying zoning,. and if the proposed development is. water-related or water- dependent. (3) All development shall be required to provide adequate surface water retention, erosion control. and sedimentation facilities during the construction period. (4) Setbacks. Development shall maintain the first 50 feet of property obutting . shoreline landward from the ordinary hiqh water mark as a required minimum setback andveqetation conservation area, subiect to provisions referenced in subsection (e). a naturol environment os required open space. (5). Veaetation Conservation Area. Within the Veqetation Conservation Area required shoreline setbock area. no more than 50 percent of the area with native shoreline veqetation shall be cleared. and a minimum of 60 percent of existinq native trees shall be retained. At least 80 percent of native trees in the shoreliRe setback area Veqetation Conservation Area over 20 inches in diameter at breast heiqht shall be retained. Trees determined by the city to be hazardous or diseased may be removed. Additionally. the Director may allow removal of veqetation exceedinq that described above where an Page 21 of 47 CitvofFederal Way SMP - A11ic1e III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations applicant aqrees to replacement plantinqs that are demonstrated to provide qreater benefit to shoreline ecoloqical processes than would be provided by strict application of th is section. (5) Parking facilities, except parking bcilities associ3ted with detached single family development, shall conform to the following minimum conditions: a. Parking facilities serving individual buildings on the shoreline shall be located landward from the principal building being served, except when the parking facility is within or beneath the structure and adequately screened, of--in cases when an alternate location' would have less environmental impact on the shoreline. 1. b. Any outdoor parking area perimeter, excluding entrances and exits, must be maintained as a planting area with a minimum width of five feet. c. Parking as a primary use .shall be prohibited. d. Parking in shorelino jurisdiction shall directly serve a permitted shoreline HS&: (em In addition to any req mposed by Chapter 21 FWCC, collection facilities to control and separa taminants shall be required where stormwater runoff from impervious surfaces would degrade or add to the pollution of recipient waters of adjacent properties. (1-Z) The regulations of this chapter have been categorized in a number of sections, regardless of the categorization of the various regulations, aAII development in the Shoreline Residential area must comply with aU-applicable regulations identified within the fGeneral Development Standardsl, rShoreline Modificationsl, and all other applicable sections of this chapter. (d) Shoreline Modifications [TEXT RE-ARRANGED FROM EXISTING TEXT, SHOWN DELETED BELOW]. . (1) Allowed modifications to the shoreline within Shoreline Residential. desiqnated areas include the followinq: a. Shoreline Stabilization and Sooreline Protectioo. Allowed within Shoreline Residential desiqnated areas under. the requirements' imposed by fNEW SECTION Shoreline Modificationsl division (a). b, Piers. Docks, Moorage, and Floats. Allowed within Shoreline Residential desiqnated areas under the requirements imposed by [NEW SECTION Shoreline Modificationsl division (b). ' c. Launchinq Ramp I Lift Station. Allowed within Shoreline Residential desiqnated areas with a Shoreline Conditional Use Permit under the requirements imposed by fNEW SECTION Shoreline Modificatibnsl division (c). d. DredQinQ and Filling. Allowed within Shoreline Residential desiQnated areas with , a Shoreline Conditional Use Permit under the requirements imposed by fNEW SECTiON Shoreline Modificationsl division (e). Page 22 of 47 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations (2) Prohibited modifications to the shoreline within Shoreline Residential desiqnated. areas include the followinq: a. a-,-Breakwaters and Jetties. (e) Shoreline Uses. (1) Allowed uses within Shoreline Residential desiqnated areas include the following: a. Residential Development. Sinqle-family and multiple-family residential development may be permitted in the Shoreline .Residential environment subiect to the qeneral requirements of Chapter. 22 FWCC. Article XI. Divisions 3 and 4, and the following: 1. Sinqle-family or multiple-family, residential development is permitted in the underlyina zone classification. 2. Residential development is prohibited waterward of the ordinary hiqh water mark. bb. If the property is developed with a sinqle f3mily home beyond the strinqline setback or within 50 feet of the ordinary high 'N3ter mark if there 3re no 3diacent residences. then the residence can onlv be added to if the addition "viii not make the structure any more nonconforminq as to its setback and the heiqht of the addition within the setback aroa is not increased, or the applicant may request a shoreline variance and conditional use permit. GG aa. If sinale-family residential development is proposed on a lot where properties on at least one adiacent to both sides of the lot are developed in sinqle-family residences located less than 50 feet from the OHWM. then the proposed residential development may be located the same distance from the OHWM as the adiacent residences (usinq strinqline method) 9f-but shall in no case be closer than 30 feet from the OHWM. ~ . , dd. If the residential development is proposed on shorelines that include' one or more sensitive areas, as defined in Chapter 22 FVVCC, such development shall maintain setbacks in accordance with the roqulations and procedures set forth in Ch3pter 22 F'NCC, Article XIV. . iL Multifamily residential development shall maintain a minimum setback behind the strinqline setback.. or of 75 feet from the OHWM as a veqetation conservation area, ',Nhichever is greater. except in the followinq cases: . aa. If the' property is undevoloped 3nd reasonable use of the property cannot occur without further encroachment of the setback due to phvsical constr3ints of the lot. then the setback can be reduced to the minimum necessary in order to build 3 sinqlo family home, but in no case less than 30 feet of the ordin3rv hiqh ':.'ater mark. beaa~ If multi-family residential development is proposed on a lot where properties at least one aGiaGent to GsU:r-sities- side of the lot are developed in multi-family Page 23 of 47 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. ShoreJine Management - Draft Regulations residential use located less than 75 feet from the OHWM, then the proposed residential development may be located the same distance from the OHWM as the adiacent residential uses BaS (usinq strinqline method) but shall be no closer than 50 feet from the OHWM. If the property is developed with 3 sinqlo or multibmily structure beyond the strinqline setb3ck or within 75 feet of tho ordin31)' hiqh 'N3ter m3rk if there are no 3diacent sinqle or multifamilv structures, then tho structure C3n only be added to if tho addition will not m3ke the structure any more nonconforminq 3S to its sotback and tho height of the addition within the structure is not increased or the 3pplic3nt may request 3 shoreline v3ri3nceand conditional use permit. cc. If the 'residential development is proposed on shorelines th3t include one or more sensitive areas, as defined in Ch3pter 22 FVVCC, such development ch311 m3intain setb3cks in accordance with requl3tions and procedures set forth in Chapter 22 F\^.lCC, Article XIV. b. -Accessory Structures. Rresidential accessory structures may be placed within the required shoreline setback, provided: 1. No more than one accessory structure. except sv.'imming pools, shall cover more than 150 s uare feet or to a maximum of 300 s uare feet of accesso structure area.,:, is c. Recreational Oevel nt. Recreational develo ment ma be ermitted in the Shoreline Residential environment subiect to the qeneral requirements of this chapter, provided: ' 1. The recreational development is permitted in the underlyinQ zone. 2. Swimminq areas shall be separated from boat launch areas. 3. The development of undervl3ter sites for sport divinQ shall not: i. T 3ke pl3ce at depths of qreater than 80 foet. ii. Constitute a navif.ptional hazmd. . Hi. Be located in 3reas whore the normal waterborne traffic 'Nould constitute a h3z3rd to those people who m3V use such 3 site. 43. The construction of swimming facilities, piers, moorages, floats, and launching facilities below the ordinary hiQh water mark shall be Qoverned by the qeneral requirements of this chapter.i. 5. Public boat launchin!:! facilities may be developed, provided: i. The parkin!:! and traffic Qenerated by such a facility can be safely and conveniently handled by the streets and areas servinq the proposed facility. ii. The facility will not be located on a class I beach area or cause net loss in shoreline function. ,. 6. Upland facilities constructed in coniunction with a recreational development shall be set back and/or sited to avoid cont3mination adverse impacts to the functions of the shorelines of the city. 7. Public pedestrian and bicycle pathways shall be permitted adiacent to water bodies. Such trails and pathways must be made of pervious materials, if feasible. 8. Public contact with unique and fraQile areas shall be permitted where it is possible without destroyinQ the natural character of the area. Page 24 of 47 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations 9. Water viewinq, nature study, recordinq, and viewinq shall be accommodated by space, platforms, benches, or shelter consistent with public safety and security. d. Community BoatinQ Facilities. Allowed in association with recreational development. as requlated under the requirements imposed by (e) Shoreline Uses, subsection 1. resources. ii. Minimize scarrinq of the landscape. iii. Minimize siltation and erosion, iv. Protect trees, shrubs, qrasses, natural features, and topsoil from drainaqe. V. Avoid disruption of critical aquatic and wildlife staqes. 45. Rehabilitation of areas disturbed by the construction and/or maintenance of utility facilities shall: i. Be accomplished as rapidly as possible to minimize soil erosion and to maintain plant and wildlife habitats. . ii. Utilize plantinas--ooFAi*ltibJe-with-the-native trees and shrubs. vef,letaOOR7 56. Solid waste transfer stations shall not be permitted within the shorelines of the state. f. ParkinQ facilities.. Parkinq, except parkinq facilities associated with detached sinqle-family development, shall conform to the followinq minimum requirements conditions: 1. Parkinq facilities servinq individual buildinqs on the shoreline shall be located landward from the principal buildinq beinq served, except when the parkinq facility is within or beneath the structure and adequately screened. or in cases when an alternate location would have less environmental impact on the shoreline. Page 25 of 47 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Marlagement - Draft Regulations 2. Any new development or expansion of existinq development creatinq qreater than 6 total parkinq stalls must meet the water Quality standards required by the Kinq County Surface Water Manual for "hiqh use" sites and "resource stream protection" (See Sections 1.3.4 Special requirement oil control. 6.1.5 HiQh use menu, and Resource stream protection of Kinq County's Surface Water Desiqn Manual). 23. OAnvoutdoor parkinq areas shall provide landscapinq pursuant to FWCC Chapter 22. perimeter. excludinq entrances ~:md exits, must be maintained as a pla~ area with a minimum width oHive feet. i. One live tree 'Nith a minimum heiqht of four foet shall be required f{)r each JO linear feet of plantinQ area. iLOne live shrub of one qallon container size, or larqor, for each 60 linear inchos of plantinq area shall be required. , iii. /\dditional perimeter and interior landscaping of parking areas may be required, at the discretion of the director, '....hen it is necessary to screen parkinq areas or whon large parking areas are proposed. . J4. Parkinq as a primary use in shoreline iurisdiCtion shall be prohibited. 45. Parkinq in the shoreline iurisdiction shall directlv serve a permitted shoreline use. 2 Prohibited include: a. a-Office and Comme . b. Aquaculture. ' Residential desi nated areas Page 26 of 47 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations (d) Residenti31 developmeHt [REARRANGED WITHIN SHORELINE USES SECTION ABOVEl . Single family and multiple family residenti31 development m3Y be permitted in the urb3n environment subject to the gener31 requirements of Chapter 22 FWCC, Article XI, Divisions 3 and -1, 3nd the following: (1) Single family or multiple bmily residential development is permitted in the underlying zone c13ssific3tion. (2) Residenti31 develepment is prohibited w3terward of the ordin3ry high water ~. (3) Setbacks. a. Single family residenti31 developmentsh311 m3int3in 3 minimum setb3ck behind the stringline setb3ck, or 50 f.eet from the ordin3ry high water mark, whichever is greater, except in the f{)lIov.'ing coses: 1. If the property is undeveloped 3nd reasonable use of the property C3nnot occur '.vithout further encro3chment of the setb3ck due to physical. constr3ints of the lot, then the director of community dovelopment services can reduce tho setb3ck to the minimum necess3ry in order to build a single bmily home, but in no C3se less than 30 feet from the ordinary high water m3rk. For the ~ . u.' . the addition 'Nithin the setbacK area is not increased, or the applic3nt may request a shoreline v3riance and conditional use permit. 3. If single family residential development is proposed on 3 lot \"o'here properties adjacent to both sides of the lot 3re developed in single bmily residences located less than 50 feet from the ordin3ry high water mark, then the proposed residential development may be loc3ted the S3me dist3nce from the ordinary high water mark 3S the adjacent residences (using stringline method) or 30 feet from the ordinary high V.'3tor mark, whichever is greater. , :1. If the residential development is proposed on shorelines that include one or more sensitive are3S, 3S defined in Chapter 22 F\^jcc, such development Sh311 m3intain setbacks in accord3nce with the regul3tionsand procedures sot forth in Chapter 22 F'lVCC, Articlo XIV. b. Multifamily residential development shall m3int3in 3 setb3ck behind the stringline setb3ck, or 75 feet from the ordinary high w3ter m3rk, whichever is gre3ter, except in the following cases: '1. If the property is undeveloped 3nd reasonable use of the property cannot, occur without further encro3chment of the setb3ck due to physical constraints of the lot, then the setb3ck C3n be reducod to the minimum necessary in order to build a single bmily homo, but in no case less than 30 f.oet of the ordin3ry high water mark. 2. If the property is developed with 3 single or multifamily structure beyond the ctringline setb3ck or within 75 foet of the ordin3ry high wator mark if there are no adjacent single or multifamily structures, then the structure can only be added to if the addition will jqot m3ke tho structure any more nonconforming as Page 27 of 47 ~8.9f-A \ City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations 8butting tho subject lot havo logally established piors then tho lot 'Nith less th8n 50 feet of waterfront may bo permitted 8n individual pier. (3) Multij:>le f-amily residence piers and piers 8ssocbted with 8 subdivision as a common use facility shall not exceed the follmving: , 8. No more than one pier for o3ch 100 feet of shoreline 8ssociated with the multifamily development, subdivision, or short subdivision is permitted. b. The tOt8/ numbor of moor3go sp3ces sh311 be Iimitod to one moor8go sp3ce for every DNO dwelling units in the multifamily development, subdivision, or short subdivision. (-1) Pier 3nd moor8ge size. a. The i'T13ximum w3terward intrusion of 3ny portion of 3ny pier Sh311 be 36 feet, or the point where the water depth is 13 feet bolow the ordin3ry high w3ter mark, whichever is reached first, provided: 1. If 3 pier is 8 common use pior 3ssoci3tod with 8 multiple family development or subdivision, this intrusion m8Y be incro8sed four feet for each 3dditional moorage sp3ce over six moor8ge sp3ces to a m8ximum of 76 foet. b. The maximum width of each pior sh311 bo eight foot. c. No float sh311 have more than 100 square feot of surf3ce area. , sh311 not exceed 500 SqU3ro foet. . . . . a. All piles shall be placed so 8S to not constitute 8 h3zard to n8vigation. b. No pile sh311 bo pl8cod morc th8n 80 f.eet waterw8rd of the ordin8ry high w3tor mark. c. /\11 moorage piles shall be placed in 3 '113ter depth not to exceed 13 feet belo'!: tho ordin31)' high '/later m3rk. d. No more than two moor3ge piles per residence 8re pormittod. (6) L3unching r8mps 8nd lift st8tions require 3 shorelino condition31 use pormit and are limited by tho following conditions: a. No portion of a 13unching ramp or lift station shall bo placed moro th8n 60 feet wateIV/8rd of the ordinary high water mark. b. /\11 portions of a 13unching ramp or lift st8tion sh811 be pl8cod 3t 8 depth not to excood eight feot bolm~J the ordinary high '....ater mark. c. L3unchingr8ils or r3mps shall be 8nchored to the ground through tho use of tie type construction. Asph3lt, concrete, or other r8mps which solidly covor the w3ter body bottom 8re prohibitod. ' d. No more th3n one launching rail por single family residence is permittod, and no more than two common use launching r3mps for e3ch 100 feet of shoreline 8ssociated 'Nith 8 multif-amily dovelopment, short subdivision, or subdivision. (7) Fl03ts 3re limited under the follO\Ning conditions: . a. Ono fl08t per single family residenco, multif8mily development, short subdivision, or subdivision is permitted. b. No portion of 3 fJ08tSh811 be placed more than 36 feot v.'8ter#3rd of the ordinary high water mark. , c. Retriev31lines sh811 not float 8t or near th.e surface of tho w3ter. ~eat-sh311 h8ve more th3n 1 OCk€iuare feet of surface are3. Page 29 of 47 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations Jg) Utilities[REARRANGED WITHIN SHORELINE USES SECTION ABOVEh Utility faffiJ.H:ies may be permitted in the urban environment subject to the requirements of this chapter, provided: (1) Utility and transmission f::.lcilities shall: a. Avoid disturb::.lrice of unique and fragile are::.ls. b. Avoid disturbance of wildlife spawning, nesting, and rearing areas. . G. Overhead utility facilities shall not be permitted in public p::.lrks, monuments, scenic, recreation, or historic areas. (2) Utility distribution and transmission facilities shall be designed so as to: a. Minimize visual impact. b. Harmonize 'Nith or enhance the surroundings. c. Not create a need for shoreline protection. d. Utilize to the greatest extent possible natural screening. (3) The construction and maintenance of utility bcilities sh::.lll be done in such a W::.ly so ::.lS to: ::.l. Maximize the preservation of natur::.ll be::.luty and the conservation of resources. b. Minimize scarring of the landscape. c. Minimize siltation ::.lnd erosion. drain::.lge. utility facilities shall: maintain plant and wildlife habitats. b.Utilize pkmtings compatible with the native veget::.ltion. (5) Solid waste transfer stations ch::.lll not be permitted 'v"..ithin the shorelines of the state.. (h) Office and commercial development [REARRANGED WITHIN SHORELINE USES SECTION ABOVE]. Office development may be allowed in the urban environment subject to the requirements of this chapter, provided: (1) The office or commercial use or activity is permitted in the underlying zoning classification. (2) Office and commercial development shall maintain a setb::.lck behin€J-tt::le stringline setb::.lck, or 75 feet from the ordinary high 'I.'::.lter mark, whichever is greater, except in tho following cases: a. If the property is developed with a structure vl.'ithin 75 f.oet of the ordinary high water mark, then the structure C::.ln only be added to if the addition will not m::.lke the structure any more nonconforming as to its setback. b. If a development is proposed on shorelines that include one or more sensitive areas, 3S defined in Chapter ~ FVVCC, such development sh311 m3int3in sefuacks in accordance with regulations and procedures set forth in Chapter ~ F'NCC, Article XIV. (3) Piers, moorages, floats, jnd l::.lunching facilities v.'i11 not be permitted in conjunction 'Nith office or commerci~1 development; unless they are developed as part of on sito public 3ccess to the shoreline. ' . Ji) Shoreline protection. Shoreline protection may be permitted in the urban environment, provided: Page 30 of 47 --------- :it ~ ~ ~ _~ REARRANGEO WllH'N sHoREuNE USESSEC110N ABOVE1' . ~"-~ -..,"" . ~~~_u. ,W""-Q; ~31..Qi 4' \ . City of Fede.ral Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Marlagement - Draft Regulations (1) The recre8tional development is permitted in the underlying zone. (2) Swimmin~eas shall be separ3ted from boat launch areas. ~) The development of under\\'ater sites for sport diving shall not: a. Take place at depths of greater than 80 feet. b. Constitute 8 navigational h8zard. c. Be located in areas where the normal 'Naterborne traffic would constitLJte a hazard to those poople 'Nho m8Y use such a site. ("1) The construction of s'Nimming facilities, piers, moorages, floats, and launching facilities below the ordinary high w8ter mark shall be governed by the regulations of subsections (e) and (f) of this section. (5) Public boat bunching facilities may be developed, provided: 3. The traffic generated by such 8 facility'can be safely and conveniently handled by the streets serving the proposed facility. . , b. The faciiity will not be loc3ted on a cbss I beach. (6) Upland facilities constructed in conjunction with a recredtional development shall be set back 3nd/or sited to 3void contamination of the shorelines of the city. (7) Public pedestrian and bicycle pathways shall be permitted adjacent to water bodies. shall 3110w the upstream migration of adult.fish. Fish bypass facilities shall prevent fry and juveniles migr3ting do'tlnstream from being trapped or harmed. (2) Landfills shall not intrude into salmon and steelhead h8bitats, except as provided in subsection (k)(3) of this section. (3) Landfills m3Y intrude into salt w3ter are3s used by s81mon and steelhe3d for migr3tion corridors, rearing, feeding 3nd refuge only where the proponent obtains' a conditional use permit (CUP) and demonstrates all of the follmNing conditions are meF. a. The bndfill is for w3ter dependent or 'N3ter related use; b. /\n.alternative alignment or location is not fe3sible; c. The project is designed to minimize its impacts on the environment; d. The facility is in the public interest; and e. If the project will create significant unavoidable 8dverse impacts, the impacts are mitigated by cre8ting in kind replacemont habitat ne3r the project. V\!here in kind repl8cemont mitigation is not feasible, rehabilitating' degraded h3bitat may be required asa substitute. (4) Unless the 3pplicant demonstrates that bioengineering techniques 'Nill not be successful, bulkheads and other shoreline protection structures 3re prohibited in salmon and steelhead habitat. . (5) Where bulkheads 3nd other shoreline protection structures are allowed, the toe of the bulkhead or structure shall be located landward of the ordinary high water mark except as providod in subsection (k)(6) of this section. Where an existing bulkhead or structure cannot be removed because of environmental, saf.ety, or geel~~I-ooA€erns, tho least eAVifenmentally impacting alternative shaU Page 32 of 47 City of Federal Way SMP - A11icle III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations be usod. Any rep/::lcomont bulkheGd or shoreline protection structure shall be ::lS etase to the existing structure as possible: (6) Bulkhe::lds, breakwaters, jotties, groins ::lnd othor shoreline protection structures m::lY intrudo into salmon and stoelhoGd h::lbitats only 'Nhero the proponont domonstratos all of the fn/lowing conditions aro met: a. An ::llternativo alignment or location is not feasible; b. Tho projoct is dosignod to minimize itsimp::lcts on the environment; c. Tho facility is in the public intorest; ::lnd d. If the projoct will creGte significant unavoidable adverse impacts" the imp~cts are mitigated by creating in kind replacement habitat nO::lr the proje6t-: Whore in kind replacemont mitigation is not fOGsible, rehGbilit::lting dogradod habit::lt m::lY bo requirod as a substitute. (7) Docks, piers, pilings and flo::lts m::lY bo loc::lted in 'Nater ::lreas used by salmon and steolhoad for migration corridors, re::lring, feeding and refuge, provided tho bcilitios use open piling construction. Appro::lch fills sh::lll be loc::lted l::lndward of the ordinary high 'Nator mark. Docks, piers, pilings and flo::lts sh::lll not be loc::ltod in other salmon ::lnd stool head . habitats. The project shall be dosigned to minimizo its impacts on the environment. , . . Tho proj > ,(9) Bridgos ~md in w::ltor utility corridors may bo 10cGted in salmon and stoelhead habitat provided the proponent showsth::lt all of the following conditions are met: a. An ::llternative ::llignmont is not feasiblo; b. The projoct is locatodand designod to minimizo its impacts on the environment; c. Any alternativo impacts are mitigated; and d. Any landfill is located landward of the ordinary high water mark. Opon piling and piors required to construct tho bridgo m::lY bo placed wator\vard of tho ordinary high wator mark, if no altornativo mothod is feasible. ' Notwithstanding subsoction (k)( '1) of this section, when installing in water utilities, the installer may placo native material on tho bed ~md banks of the '.vater body or 'Notland to re ostablish the preconstruction olovation and contour of tho bod. The project shall be designod to minimizo its impacts on the onvironmont. (10) Dredging which 'Nill damago sh::lllo'.... W::lter habitat used by s::llmon ::lnd steelhoad for migration corridors, re::lring, foedingand refuge shall not bo allowed unless the proponont demonstrates all of the following conditions ::lre met: a. The dredging is for::l 'Nator dependont or wator rolatod use; . b. An alternativo alignmont or loc::ltion is not foasiblo; c, The project is designed to minimize its impacts on the environment; d. The facility is in the public intorost; ::lnd e. If tho projoct v.'ill cre::lto significant un::lvoidable adverse impacts,. th.e imp::lcts are mitigated by creating in kind replacoment habitat noar the project. Page 330f 47 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations VVhero in kind rop/8cement mitigation is not fe8sible, rehabilitating dogradod habitat may bo required as a substitute. (11) Dredging and the removal of bed materials beloV': the w8ter line is prohibited v:ithin s81mon and steelhe8d spavming aroas. (12) In wator dredge spoil oisposal sitos shall not bo locatod in salmon and steolhead habitats. (13) Landfilling, dredging, ch8nnoliz8tion 81")d othor 8ctivities which nog8tivoly impact h8bitat valuos are prohibited in wetlands, ponds, and side ch8nnols 'I/hich provide refuge or other h8bit8t for s8/mon or stoolh08d. (11) \^!ithin salmon and steel head habit8ts, permanent channel changos and realignmonts are prohibited. (15) /\qu8culture uses shall not be ostablishod in s81mon 8nd steelhoad habit8t, excopt for areas that are only usod for migration corridors. This regulation only applios to in '/later aquaculture usos, not upl3ndaquaculture usos. (16) Tho removal of 8quatic 8nd ripari8n vegotation. within or 8dj8cont to salmon 8nd stoelhoad habit8ts sh811 be minimizod. Treos which shade sido ch8nnols, stroams, rivers, ponds 8nd 'Netlands usod by s81mon and steolhoad shall bo maintainod. I'.reas 'of disturbed earth sh811 be roveget8tod. . . Page .34 of 47 City of Federal Way SMP - A11icle III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations 18466169 Rural Urban Conservancy environment. (a) Purpose. The purpose of the "urban conservancy" environment is to protect and restore ecological functions of open space, flood plain and other sensitive lands where they exist in urban and developed settinqs. while allowinq a variety of compatible uses. The purpose of designating the rural ,environment is to restrict intensive development, function as ~ buffer between urb~n areas, and maintain open sp~oes and opportunities for rocre~tion uses within tho ecological c~rrying cap~city of the land and water resource. New developments in ~ rural environment should reflect the character of the surrounding 3rea by limiting intensity, providing porm~nent open space, ~nd maintaining adequ~te building setb~cks from the wjter to prevent shoreline resources from being destroyed for other rur~1 types of ~ (b) Desianation criteria. Desiqnation criteria for the Urban Conservancy environment are provided in the City's shoreline master proqram. FWCC Chapter xx shall bo: are3s, and/or wetlands. (c) General requirements. rural environment shall be tho S3me ~s those for tho urb~n environment, FVVCC 18 165(c). , (1) Development waterward of the ordinary hiqh water mark is prohibited except water dependent recreational uses and public utilities. (2) No structure shall exceed a heiqht of 35 feet above averaqe grade level. This requirement may be modified if the view of any neighborinq residences will not be obstructed. if permitted outriqht by the applicable, provisions of the underlyinq zoninq, and if the proposed development is water-related or water- dependent. (3) All development' shall be required to provide adequate surface water retention and sedimentation facilities durinq the construction period. (4) Developmont shall maintain tho first 50 feot of property ~buttinq ~ n~tural environment 3S required open sp30e. Setbacks. Development shall maintain the first 50 feet of property- landward from the ordinary hiqh water mark as a required setback and veqetation conservation area, or development shall maintain 25 feet from the top of bluffs in the shoreline iurisdiction. whichever is the qreater setback. Setback shall be subiect to provisions referenced in subsection (e), 5). Veaetation Conservation in Setback. The required setback area shall be considered a Veqetation conservation area. Within the required shoreline setback aVegetation Conservation Area, no more than 30 percent of the area with native shoreline vegetation shall be cleared. and a minimum of 70 percent of existing native trees shall be retained. At least 80 percent of the native trees in the Veqetation Conservation Area chorelino setback ~rea over 20 inches in diameter at breast heiqht Page 35 of 47 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations shall be retained. Trees determined by the city to be hazardous or diseased may be removed. 'Additionally, the Director may allow removal of veqetation exceedinq that described above where an applicant aqrees to replacement plantinQs that are demonstrated to provide qreater benefit to shoreline ecoloqical processes than would be provided by strict application of this section. (d) Shoreline Modifications. , (1) Allowed modifications to the shoreline within Urban Conservancy desiqnated areas include the followinq: a. Shoreline Stabilization ~md Shoreline Protectioo. Allowed within Urban Conservancy desiqnated areas under the requirements imposed by rNEW SECTION Shoreline Modificationsl division (a).' b. Piers, Mooraqe, and Floats.. Allowed within, Urban Conservancy desianated areas under the requirements imposed by rNEW SECTION Shoreline Modificationsl division (b). ' c. Launchinq Ramp I Lift Station. Allowed within Urban Conservancy desiqnated areas with a Shoreline Conditional Use ermit under the re uirements im osed b' NEW SECTION Shoreline Modifications division c t under the followin condition: 1. Permitted with Substantial Dev t Permit in arks and ublic access areas' within the Urban Conservanc d.Ored in and Fillin . a Shoreline Conditional Use Rr Shoreline Modifications divisi,... 2 Prohibited modificatio areas include the followinq: a. Breakwaters and Jetties. , (e) Shoreline Uses. (1) Allowed uses within Urban Conservancy desiqnated areas include the followinq: . a. Residential Development. Allowed within Urban Conservancy desiqnated areas under the requirements imposed within rNEW SECTIONl Shoreline Residential, division (e), (1), b, with the followinq additional restrictions: 1. Setbacks. Residential development shall maintain a minimum setback of 50 feet from the ordinary high water mark, or 25 feet from the top of bluffs. whichever is greater., Exceptions to minimum setback requirements included in rNEW S'ECTIONl Shoreline Residential. division (e), (1), b, for both sinqle-family and multi-family development. where in no case shall a setback less than 30 feet from OHWM for sinqle- family or 50 feet from OHWM for multi-family. or 25 feet from top of bluffs be ailowed. b. Accessory Structures. Allowed within Urban Conservancy desiqnated areas under the requirements imposed within rNEW SECTIONl Shoreline Residential. division (e), (1), c. c. Recreational Development. Allowed within Urban Conservancy desiqnated areas under the requirements imposed within rNEW SECTIONl Shoreline Residential. division (e), (1), a. ' d. Community BoatinQ Facilities. Allowed in association with recreational development, as requlated under the requirements imposed within rNEW SECTIONl Shoreline Residential, division (e), (1), b. . e. Utilities. Allowed within Urban Conservancy desiqnated areas under the requirements imposed within rNEW SECTIONl Shoreline Residential. division (e). (1), d. nated areas'with NEW SECTION Page 36 of 47 City of Federal Way SMP - Aliicle III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulatio{ls f. Transportation I Parking Facilities. Allowed within Urban Conservancy desiqnated areas under the requirements imposed within [NEW SECTIONl Shoreline Residential. division (e). (1), e. q. Office and Commercial Development. Office development may be allowed with Conditional Use approval in the Urban Conservancy environment subiect to the requirements of this chapter. provided: . 1. The office or commercial use or activity is permitted in the underlvinq zoninq classification. 2. Office and commercial development shall maintain a setback behind the strinqline setback. or of 75 feet from the ordinary hiqh water mark, or 25 feet from the top of bluffs. whichever is qreater. whichever is lessUsinq the strinqline setback. the minimum buffer shall be bHt-in no case less than 50 feet from OHWM or 25 feet from the top of bluffs.qreater. except in the followinq cases: , i. If the propertv is developedi.vith <3 structure within 75 feet of the ordinary high water mark, then the structure can only be added to if the addition will not make the structure any more nonconforminq as to its setback.i. Structures shall be setback the Article XIV. 3. Piers moora es con'unction with office or com on-site ublic access to the sh 4. Additional water quality standard must be met as per Shoreline Residential. section 18-167 (f)(2 )..,- (2) Prohibited uses within Urban Conservancy designated areas include: a. Aquaculture. (d) Residential devolopment. Single family residential development may be permitted in the rural environment subject to the general requirements of the residential pro'.'isions of FVVCC 18 165(d) of the urban environment. (0) Residential piers, moorage, or launching facilities. Piers, moorages, floats, or launching facilities may be permitted accessory to n single family residence in accordance with FVVCC 18 165(0) and (f) of the urban environment. (f) Subdivisions. The lot standards enumerated in this section apply to any lot that has buildable area \"lithin the shorelines of the city. Buildable .area menns that nreo of the lot, exclusive of any required open space, yards, or setbacks upon which n structure may be constructed. (1) The minimum required area of a lot in the rural environment shall be five acres; provided. however: o. The minimum lot area may be reduced to 15,000 square foot whon: 1. All lots are part of nn approved subdivision or short subdivision. 2. 1\lIlot6 are served by public 'Nater. 3. I\II1ot5 are served by an apf)ffiveEl-sewage disposal-system. Page 37 of 47 ~ it slVIJ' _ Miele Ul. Shorel\ne Mana e ,ent - Draft Reoulations ~ ~38..QL41 \ -------------- Ci{y of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations 1846+170 Conservancy rosidontialNatural environment. (a) Purpose. The purpose of the "natural" environment is to protect those . shoreline areas that are relativelv free of human influence or that include intact or minimallv deqraded shoreline functions intolerant of human use. These systems require that only very low intensity uses be allowed in order to maintain the ecoloqical functions and ecosystem-wide processes. Consistent with the policies of the desiqnation. local qovernment should include planninq for restoration of deqraded shorelines within this environment. Conserv~ncy residenti~1 areas ~re intended to maintain their existing ch~racter. This designation is designed to protect, conserve, and m~n~go existing natural features and resources. The preferred uses ~re those nonconsumptive of tho physical ~nd biologic~1 resources of the ~roa. (b) Designation criteria. Desiqnation criteria for the Natural environment are provided in the City's shoreline master proqram, FWCC Chapter xx.Design~tion criteria for the consorvancy N~tur~1 environment shall be: (1) Shoreline ~re~s, reg~rdless of the underlying zoning, . which h~ve environment~lIy sensitivo ~re~s as ~quifor' recharge are~s., fish and wildlife habitat, siqnificant ~dverse . imp~cts to ocoloqical functions or risk to human s~fetV.Shorelino are~s 'Nhich arc free from extensive devolopment. (1) Shoreline ~reas of high scenic value. (1)/\ shoreline are~ that provides food. water. or cover and protection f.or ~nv r~re. endanqered. or diminishinqthreatoned species. rTEXT. MOVED FROM NATURAL BElO\^J1 (5) l\ seasonal h~ven for concentr~tions of native animals. fish, or fO'.'V1. such as ~ miqr~tion route. breedinq site. or spa'Nninq site. rTEXT MOVED FROM NATURAL BElO'.^Jl (6) Shoreline ~roas with established histories of scientific resoarch. (7) Those shoreline are~s h=:lving ~n outsbndinq or unique scenio feature in their natural state. rTEXT MOVED FROM NATURAL BELO'Nl (8) In addition to the above criteria, the followinq should bo considered when desiqnatinq natural environments: rTEXT MOVED FROM NATURAL BELO'.^Jl ~. Areas 'Nhere human influence and development are minimal. b. Areas capable of o~silv beinq restored to a n~tur~1 conditions. c. S~ltvJ~ter wotlands. d. Class I be~ches. (c) General requirements. (1) Development waterward of the ordinary hiqh water mark is prohibited except water dependent recreational uses and public utilities. (2) No structure shall exceed a heiqht of 35 feet above averaqe qrade level. This requirement may be modified if the view of any neiqhborinq residences will not be obstructed. if permitted outriqht by the applicable provisions of the Page 39 of 47 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shorehne Management - Draft Regulations underlvinq zoning. and if. the proposed development is water-related or water- dependent. (3) All development shall be required to provide adequate surface water retention and sedimentation facilities durinq the construction period. ('1) Development sh311 maintain the first 100 feet of property abuttinq 3 n3tural environment as required opon sp3ce. (4) Setbacks. Development shall maintain the first 100 feet of property landward from the ordinary hiqh water mark as a required setback and veqetation conservation area, or development shall maintain 50 feetfrom the top of bluffs in the shoreline iurisdiction. whichever is the qreater setback. Setback shall be subiect to modifications referenced in Section xx. (d) Shoreline Modifications. The followinqshoreline modifications are prohibited within Natural desiqnated shoreline areas: (1) Shoreline Stabilization-and Protection; (2) Piers. Docks. Moorages. and Floats; (3) Launchinq Ramp I Lift Station; (4) Breakwaters and Jetties; and (5) Dredginq and Filling.. (e) Shoreline Uses. (1) Allowed uses within Naturaldesiqnated areas include: a. Residential Development Sinqle-family residential development may be permitted in the Natural environment with a Shoreline Conditional Use Permit subject to the qeneral requirements of Chapter 22 FWCC. Article XI, Divisions 3 and 4. and the following: 1. Single.familY-Gr multiple family residential development is permitted in the underlyinq zone classification. 2. Sinqle-family rResidential development is prohibited waterward of the ordinary high water mark. 3. Setbacks. i. Sinqle-familv residential development shall maintain a minimum setback behind the strinqline sotback, orof 100 feet from the ordinary hiqh water mark as a veqetation conservation area. or 50 feet from the top of a bluff. whichever is qreater.v.'hichever is lessqreater. except in the follO'.vinq cases: Page 40 of 47 , (d) Residential devolopment. Single family residential development may be permitted in the conservancy environment subject to the gener31 requirements of Chapter ~ F'NCC, I\rticle XI, 3nd the residential provisions of FVVCC 18 165(d} of the urban environment; provided single family residential development shall maintain 3 minimum setback of 50 feet from the ordin3ry high water mark, except tRaE (1) If the development is proposed on shorelines including one or more sensitive areaS,3S defined in Chapter ~ FVVCC, Article XIV, such development shall be done in accordance with that 3rticle. (2) /\ny pier, moorage, f183t, or 13unching facility permitted accessory to single family development, or a common use facility accessory to a subdivision or short subdivision, shall be subject to the pier, moor3ge, f103t, and 13unching facility provisions of FVVCC 18 165(f} of the urban environment; provided no such authorized structure shall be located within .200 feet of any other structure. (e) Subdivisions. The lot st3ndards enumerated in this section apply to any lot that has buildable area 'Nithin the shorelines of the city. Buildable area means that area of the lot exclusive of any required open sp3ce, yards, or setbacks upon which a structure may be construGte€k (1) The minimum required ::Iroa of a lot in the conservancy environment shall be five ::Icres, provided, hm"levor: ::I. The minimum lot are3 may be reduced to 35,000 square feet 'Nhen: 1. ,~lIlots ::Ire p3rt of 3n approved subdivision or short subdivision. 2. All lots are served by public water. 3. ^lIlots are served by an approved sewage dispOS31 system.. ' 1. Nllots are sefVed by paved streeHr.- Page 41 of 47 .~ ~it ~ ,. ~~ ~42..Qi.47 ~aF. \ City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations (1) If development is proposed on shorelines including one or mora sensitive areas, as defined in C~ter ~ FV'lCC, l\rticle XIV, such development shall be tiooe in accord~nce with reguJ.aHeAs and pffi6edures set forth in that article. (d) Residenti31 piers, moorage, or bunching bcilities. Piers, moorages, floats, or launching are prohibited in a natural environment. (e) Subdivisions. (1) The minimum required area in the natural environment shall be five acres. (2) The minimum required lot width in the natural environment shall be 330 f.eet. (3) ,A,ny lot located \\'holly or partially '....ithin the shorelines of the city shall be considered 3 leg31 building site; provided, that such lot sh311 be subject to tho substand3rd lot provisions of Chapter ~ FWCC, Article IV. (4) Submerged land within the bound3ries of any waterfront parcel sh311 not be used to compute lot are3, lot dimensions, Y3rds, open space, or other required conditions of land subdivision or development. (f)Shoreline protection. Shoreline protection is prohibited in the natural environment. (g) Recreation. Recreational development m3Y be permitted in the natural environment subject to tho general requirements of this ch~pter, provided: . ... , or other similar over water peoestrian structures facilitating access to observation , points or viewing aroas may be permitted. (h) Salmon and steelhead h3bitat. S31mon and steelhead habitat shall be protected under FVVCC 18 165(k)(1) through (k)(18). (Ord. No. 98 323, ~ 3,12 1 98; Ord. No. 99 355, 3 3, 11 1699) Page 43 of 47 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations Division 3. Administrative Procedures 18469171 Application and public noticeShoreline Manaqement Permit and Enforcement Procedures, Adoption bv Reference. The city of Federal Way hereby adopts by reference the followinq sections or subsections of Chapter 173-27. as amended. of the Washinqton Administrative Code ("WAC") entitled Shoreiine Manaqement Permit and Enforcement Procedures. WAC: (1) 173-27-020 Purpose (2) , 173-27-030 Definitions (3) 173-27 -040-Developments exempt from substantial development permit requirement (4) 173-27 -050 Letter of exemption (5) 173-27-060 Applicability of Chapter 90.58 RCW to federal land and aqencies (6) 173-27 -090 Time requirements of permit' (7) 173-27 -100 Revisions to permits 8 173-27 -120 S ecial rocedure for Ii 9 173-27 -130 Filin with de artme 10 173-27 -140 Review crite ill 11 173-27-150 Review c ermits." 12 173-27 -160 Review c 13 173-27 -170 Review c (14) 173-27-180 Applicati development. conditional use or variance permit (15), 173-27-190 Permits for substantial development. conditional use or variance (16) 173-27-210 Minimum standards for conditional use and variance permits (17) 173-27-240 Authority and purpose (18) 173-27-250 Definitions (19) 173-27-260 Policy (20) 173-27-270 Order to cease and desist (21) 173-27-280 civil penalty (22) 173-27-290 Appeal of civil penalty (23 )173-27 -300 Criminal penalty (24) 173-27-310 Oil or natural qas exploration 18469-172 Permit S\lb-processing and public notice. (a) Permit Submittal. An application fora substantial development permit shall be made to the department of community development on forms prescribed by the department. Upon submittal of a complete application, and required fees, the department shall instruct the applicant to publish notices of the application at least once a week on the same day of the week for two consecutive weeks in a newspaper of general circulation within the city. The applicant shall also provide additional public notice as prescribed in process IliV, FWCC 22-431 et seq. (Ord. No. 90-38, 9 1(24.40),2-27-90; Ord. No. 97-291, 9 3, 4-1-97; Ord. No. 98-323, 93, 12-1-98; Ord. No. 99-355, 9 3, 11-16-99) Page 44 of 47 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations 18 170 Procedure for review. (b) Procedure for review. The substantial development permit shall be reviewed under the provisions of process III, FWCC 22-386.et seq., and the WAC 173-27 procedures adopted by reference in FWCC 18-169. Tthe director of community development services shall be the final approval authority for the permit. (Ord. No. 90-38, ~ 1(24.50),2-27-90; Ord. No. 97-291, ~ 3,4-1-97; Ord. No. 98-323, ~ 3,12- 1-98; Ord. No. 99-355, ~ 3,11-16-99) 1-8-173 Shoreline Exemption. (a) The purpose of a shoreline exemption is to provide an approval process for uses and activities which do not triqqer the need for a substantial development permit. but require compliance with the shoreline quidelines and the provisions of the City's SMP. . (b) If the use, activity or development meets the requirements for an exemption as per WAC 173-27-040, the applicant may submit an authorized statement of exem tion to the director of communit develo m services for review and approval. E 184+4-174 Shorelinevariarice. (a) The purpose of a shore' ,:,91 .' ,0 grant relief to specific bulk, . . dimens'ional or performance s r~~ 6rth in the shoreline master program, and where there is an extraor ~unique circumstance relating to the property. such that the strict implement i n of the shoreline master program would impose unnecessary hardship on the applicant or thwart the policies of the Shoreline Management Act. (b),~hen a variance is requested, the substantial development permit and the variance shall be reviewed under the provisions of process IV, FWCC 22-431 et seq., and the hearing examiner shall be the final approval authority for the City of Federal Way. The Department of Ecoloqy shall be the final approval authority under WAC 173-27-200. (c) A variqnce from the standards of the master program may be granted only when the applicant can demonstrate that all the following conditions will apply: (1) That the strict requirements. of the bulk, dimensional or performance standards set forth in the master program precludes or significantly interferes with a reasonable use of the property not otherwise prohibited by the master program; . (2) That the hardship described above is specifically related to the property, and is the result of unique conditions such as irregular lot shape, size, or natural features, location of oxistinq improvements and the application of the master program, and not for example, from deed restriction or the applicant's own actions; (3) That the design of the project will be compatible with other permitted activities in the area and will not cause adverse effects to adjacent properties or the shoreline environment; (4) That the variance authorized does not constitute a grant of special privilege not enjoyed by other properties, and will be the minimum necessary to afford relief; (5) That the public interest will suffer no substantial detrimental effect; (6) That the public rights of navigation and use of the shorelines Will not be adversely affected by the granting of the variance when the proposal is for Page 45 of 47 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations development located waterward of the ordinary high water mark, or within wetlands, estuaries, marshes, bogs or swamps; and (7) That constderation has been given to the cumulative effect of like actions in an area where similar circumstances exist, and whether this cumulative effect would be consistent with shoreline policies or would have substantial adverse, effects on the shoreline. (d) Shoreline variances may not be used to permit a Use that is specifically prohibited in an environment, or to vary uses permitted within an environmental designation. (Ord. No. 90-38, 9 1(24.60.10 - 24.60.40),2-27-90; Ord. No. 97-291, 93,4-1-97; Ord. No. 98-323, 93,12-1-98; Ord. No. 99-355, 93,11-16-99) 18-1-72-175 Conditional uses. (a) Conditional use permits are allowed to provide greater flexibility in varying the application of the use regulations of the shoreline master program in a manner which will be consistent with the policies of Chapter 90.28 RCW, particularly where denial of the application would thwart the policies of the Shoreline Management Act. (b) When a conditional use is requested, the substantial development permit and the cOhditional use shall be revi~wed un~er .~rovisions. of process IV, FWCC 22-431 et seq., and the heanng exa~all be the final approval . authority for the Cit of Federal Wa. hint of Ecolo . shall be the final a roval authorit under WAC 1 (c) Conditional uses have i,~ a. ,al characteristics which require a, special degree of control to m s compatible w.ith other existing or permitted uses in the same enent, and to assure that the use is in the public interest. In authorizing a condi onal use permit, special conditions may be attached to the permit by the hearing examiner to prevent undesirable effects or mitigate environmental impacts ofthe proposed use. (d) Conditional use permits shall' be authorized only when they are consistent with the following criteria: (1) The proposed use is consistent with the policies of RCW 90.58.020 and the policies of the master program; (2) The use will not interfere with normal public use of surf3CO 'A'3terspublic shorelines; (3) The use will cause no unreasonable adverse effects on the shoreline or surrounding properties or uses, and is compatible with other permitted uses in the area; (4) The public interest will suffer no substantial detrimental effect; (5) Consideration has been given to cumulative impact of additional request~ for like actions in the area. . (e) Other uses not set forth in the shoreline master program may be authorized through a .conditional use permit if the applicant can demonstrate that other uses are consistent with the purpose of the shoreline environmental desiqnation and compatible with existinq shoreline improvements or that extraordinary circumstances preclude reasonable use of the property; however, uses specifically prohibited by the master program may not be authorized. (Ord. No. 90-38, 9 1(24.70.10 - 24.70.50), 2-27-90;Ord. No. 98-323, 9 3, 12~1-98; Ord. No. 99-355, 9 3, 11-16-99; Ord. No. 00-375, 92, 10-3-00) Page 46 of 47 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations 1841J--176 Final approval of shoreline permits. ' (a) The director of community development shall notify the following agencies or persons within five days of the final approval of a shoreline permit and any variances or conditional uses granted: (1) The applicant; (2) The State Department of Ecology; (4~) Any person who has submitted written comments on the application; (~) Any person who has requested notification in writing prior to final approval of the permit. . (b) No work may commence on a site requiring a shoreline permit until 21 days following the date of filing of the shoreline permit by the State Department of Ecology, and written notification has been received from the Department of Ecology that the appeal period 'has been initiated. (Ord. No. 90-38, 9 1 (24.80.1 0, 24.80.20),2-27-90; Ord. No. 98-323, 9 3, 12-1-98; Ord. No. 99-355, 9 3, 11-16-99) 184+4-177 Combined hearing authority. In those cases when development propo public hearing under the authority of othe h be combined. (Ord. No. 90-38, 1 (. Ord. No. 99-355, 9 3, 11-16-9 18415-:178 Alteration or rec Ion of nonconforming use or development. (a) Applications for substantial development or building permits to modify a nonconforming use or development may be approved only if: (1) rhe modifications will make the useor develop'ment less nonconforming; or (2) The modifications will not make the use or development more nonconforming. , (b) A use or development, not conforming to existing regulations, which is destroyed, deteriorated, or damaged more than 75 percent of its fair market value may be reconstructed only consistent with regulations set forth in this article. (Ord. No. 90-:38, 91(24.100),2-27-90; Ord. No. 98-323, 9 3,12-1-98; Ord. No. 99-355,9 3, 11-16-99) I'] e shorelines may require a r of this Code, the hearings may -9 Ord. No. 98-323, 9 3~ 12-1-98; 18476--179 Shoreline environment redesignation. Shoreline environments designated by the master program may be redesignated by the city council upon finding that such redesignation will be consistent with: (1) The policies of Section 2 of the Shoreline Management Act of 1971. (2) The goals, objectives and policies of the master program. (3) The designation criteria of the shoreline environment designation requested. (Ord. No. 98-323, 93,12-1-98; Ord. No. 99-355,93,11-16-99) Page 47 of 47 City bfFederal Way SMP - Artic1e)II. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations CtFAN VE~/ON 4.1 Article III SHORELINE MANAGEMENT Sections: Division 1. Generally 18-161 Purpose and authority. 18-162 Jurisdiction. 1'8-163 Additional definitions. Division 2. Shoreiine Regulation 18-164 General development standards. 18-165 Shoreline modifications. 18-166 Environment designations. 18-167 Permitted use .table. 18-168 Shoreline residential env' 18-169 Urban conservancy en 18-170 Natural environment. f1 Division 3. It. ministrative Procedures 18-171 Shoreline management permit and enforcement procedures, adoption by reference 18-172 Permit processing and public notice 18-173 Shoreline exemption 18- 173 Shoreline variance18-174 Conditi,onal uses 18-175 Final apporval of shoreline permits 18-176 Combined hearing authority 18-177 Alteration or reconstruction of nonconforming use or development 18-178 Shoreline environment redesignations Division 1. Generally 18-161 Purpose and authority. The city adopts these regulations under the authority of the Shoreline Management Act of 1971, Chapter 90.58 RCW, as amended, and the Shoreline Management Guidelines, Chapter 173-26 WAC. (Ord. No. 90- 38,91(24.10),2-27-90; Ord. No. 98-323, 9 3,12-1-98; Ord. No. 99-355, 9 3,11-16-99). Page 1 of 29 City of Eederal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations 18-162 Jurisdiction. (a) The provisions of this article shall, apply tq all develop-me,:nt proposed within the areas defined as "shorelines" in RCW ; 90.58.030(2)(d), and "shorelines of state-wide significance" in RCW 90.58.030(2)(e). The approximate location of these shorelines shall be designated on maps maintained by the department of community development; however, the property owner or applicant shall be responsible for determining the exact location of the shoreline when a permit is filed. (b) No development shall be undertaken by any person on the shorelines of.the state without obtaining a shoreline permit from the department of community development, or an authorized statement of exemption per WAC 173-27-040 and for developments exempted by RCW 90.58.140(9) and (10). (Ord. No. 90-38, 9 1 (24.30.1 0,24.30.20), 2-27-90; Ord. No. 98-323, 93,12-1-98; Ord. No. 99-355, 9 3,11-16-99) 18-163 Additional definitions. Unless otherwise defin, ed in this chapter, tf..,','.'.'........, nitions contained in this chapter, Chapter 22 FWCC, Cha r '. ",) , and Chapter 173-26 WAC shall apply. . " .' ',. Act: means the Washingto ," e Management Act, Chapter 90.58 RCW. Amendment means a revision, update, addition, deletion, and/or reenactment to the Federal Way SMP. Approval means an official action by the City of Federal Way agreeing to submit a proposed SMP or amendments to the Department of Ecology for review and official action pursuant to the SMA. ' Backshore means a berm, together with associated marshes or meadows, on marine shores landward of the ordinary high water mark which is normal above high tide level and has been gradually built up by accretion. Bank means a steep rise or slope at the edge of a body of water or water course. Beach nourishment means the artificial replenishing of a beach by delivery of materials dredged or excavated elsewhere. Berm means a ledge or shoulder consisting of mounded earth or rock. Breakwater means an off-shore structure, either floating or not, which mayor may not be connected to the shore, such structure being designed to absorb and/or reflect back into the water body the energy of the waves. Bulkhead means a wall, seawall, embankment or other structure erected parallel to the shoreline that retains or prevents sliding or erosion of land or protects land from wave action. Page 2 of 29 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management -Draft Regulations Bluff means a steep slope which abuts and rises from Puget Sound. Bluffs contain slopes predominantly in excess of 40 percent, although portions may be less than 40 percent. The toe of the bluff is the beach of Puget Sound. The top of a bluff is typically a distinct line where the slope abruptlY.levels out. Where there is no distinct break in slope, the slope is either the line of vegetation separating the unvegetated slope from the vegetated uplands plateau or, when the bluff is vegetated, the point where the bluff slope diminishes to less than 15 percent. Conditional use means a use, development, or substantial development which is classified as a shoreline conditional use or is not classified within the SMP. Critical saltwater and freshwater habitats (critical salmonid habitats) mean habitats that are used by Pacific salmonid species that migrate between fresh water and salt water during their life cycle. These habitats include: 1. Gravel bottomed streams used for spawning; 2. Streams, lakes, and wetlands used for re' feeding, and cover and refuge from predators and high waters' 3. Streams and salt water ,bodies tion corridors; 4. Shallow areas of salt W8 . for aring, feeding, as well as cover and refuge from pred' ts, including, but not limited to, forage fish habitats such a ches and eelgrass beds; and 5. Pocket estuaries includ ams mouths and deltas where freshwater mixes with salt water and provides rearing habitat for juvenile salmonids. Dredging means the removal of earth from the bottom of a stream, bay or other water body for the purposes of deepening and/or maintaining a navigational channel. Drift cell (Also referred to as "drift sector," or "littoral cell") means a particular reach of marine shore in which littoral drift' may occur without significant interruption and which contains any natural sources of such drift and also accretion shore forms created by such drift. Ecological functions means the work performed or role played by the physical, chemical, and biological processes in the shoreline that contribute to the maintenance of the aquatic and terrestrial environments that constitute the shoreline's natural ecosystem. Ecosystem-wide processes means the suite of naturally occurring physical and geologic processes of erosion, transport, and deposition; and specific chemical processes that shape landforms within a specific shoreline ecosystem and determine both the types of habitat and the associated ecological functions. Shoreline environment designation means the categories of shorelines of the state established by the city of Federal Way shoreline management master program to differentiate between areas whose features imply differing objectives regarding their use and future development. Page 3 or 29 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations Exemptions means those, development activities set forth in Chapter XX of the Federal Way SMP which are not required to obtain a Substantial Development Permit but which must obtain an authorized statement of exemption and which mus otherwise comply with applicable provisions of the Act and the City's SMP. Fill means the addition of soil, sand, rock, gravel, sediment, earth retaining structure, or other material to an area waterward of the OHWM, in wetlands, or on shorelands in a manner that raises the el~vation or creates dry land. Float means a structure or device which is not a breakwater and which is moored, anchored, or otherwise secured in the waters of Federal Way, and which is not connected to the shoreline. Grading means the movement or redistribution of the soil, sand, rock, gravel, sediment, or other material on a site in a manner that alters the natural contour of the land. Groin means a barrier type structure extending from the backshore into the water across the beach. The purpose of a groin is to interrupt sediment movement along the shore. . Jetty means a,n artificial barri.e.,..,r" u.s....e..d to cp.a....,.,....n,. '~".',.,"..>'.,.; natural littoral drift to protect inlet entrances from 'clogging b~ I ~sediment. Landslide means an episodic dow I f, '. e.; ent of a mass of soil or rock that includes but is not Iim;~.. ~,:, I, sill" ps, mudflows, and earthflows. " .' , "'.. Littoral drift means the nat .If, ~e ent of sediment along marine or lake shorelines by waveaction \0" ei/,onse to prevailing winds. Marine means pertaining to tidally influenced waters, including Puget Sound and the bays, estuaries and inlets associated therewith. Nearshore means either nearshore environment or nearshore habitat and refer generally to an a'rea along the Puget Sound shoreline that extends from the top of bluffs or upland area immediately adjacent to the beach to the point where sunlight penetrates marine waters to a depth where aquatic plant life is supported. Nonconforming use or development means a shoreline use or development which.was lawfully constructed or established prior to the effective date of the Act or the applicable SMP, or amendments thereto, but which does not conform to present regulations or standards of the SMP. " Non-water-oriented uses means those uses which have little or no relationship to the shoreline and are not considered priority uses under the . SMA. Examples include professional offices, automobile sales or repair shops, mini-storage facilities, multifamily residential development, department stores, and gas stations. Ordinary High Water Mark (OHWM) means the mark on all tidal waters and streams that will be found by examining the beds and banks and ascertaining where the presence and action of waters are so common and usual and so long continued in all ordinary years as to mark upon the soil a character distinct from that of the abutting upland, in respect to vegetation, as that condition existed on June 1, 1971, as it may naturally Page 4 of 29 City of Federal Way SMP," Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations change thereafter, oras it may change thereafter in accordance with permits issued by a local government or the Department of Ecology. In any area where the ordinary high water mark cannot be found, the ordinary high water mark adjoining saltwater shall be the Iineof mean. higher high tide. Public Access means the public's ability to get to and use the State's public waters, the water/land interface and associated public shoreline area. Restoration means in the context of "ecological restoration," the reestablishment or upgrading of impaired ecological shoreline processes or functions. This may be accomplished through measures including, but not limited to, revegetation, removal of intrusive shoreline structures and removal or treatment of toxic materials. Restoration does not imply a requirement for returning the shoreline area to aboriginal or pre-European settlement conditions: Riprap means a layer, facing or protective mound of angular stones randomly placed to prevent erosion, scour or sloughing of a structure or . embankment; also, the stone so used. Shore/an ds, also referred to as "shorel,a,.""n d...~,."a.,~ i.f.'..,...".,.....',.,..... means those lands . extending landward for two hundred feet i a 1~tff! ions as measured on a horizontal plane from the ordinary ..,.. ",'. t..~,' ; floodways and contiguous floodplain areas Ian .. b:~re eet from such . floodways; and all wetlands a ' . 'ssociated with the streams, lakes, and tidal waters which, j , 0 the provisions of this chapter; the same to be designated as. ation by the Department of Ecology. Shoreline administrator means the administrator shall be the Planning Director or his or her designee and is responsible for administering the Federal Way SMP. Shoreline jurisdiction means all "shorelines of the state" and "shorelands" as defined in the Federal Way SMP and RCW 90.58.030. , Shoreline Master Program (SMP) means the comprehensive use plan for a described area, and the use regulations together with maps, diagrams, charts, or other descriptive material and text, a statement of desired goals, and standards developed in accordance with the policies enunciated in RCW 90.58.020. Shoreline modifications means those actions that modify the physical configuration or qualities of the shoreline area, usually through the construction of a physical element such as a dike, breakwater, pier, weir, dredged basin, fill, bulkhead, or other shoreline structure. They can include other actions, such as clearing and grading. Shoreline stabilization means actions taken to address erosion impacts to property, dwellings, businesses, or structures caused by natural shoreline processes such as currents, floods, tides, wind or wave action. Shorelines means all of the water areas of the state, including reservoirs, and their associated shorelahds, together with the lands underlying them; except (i) shorelines of statewide significance; (ii) shorelines on segments of streams upstream of a point where the mean annual flow is twenty cubic feet per second or less and the wetlands Page 5 of 29 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations associated with such upstream segments; and (iii) shorelines on lakes less than twenty acres in size and wetlands associated with such small lakes. Shorelines of Statewide Significance means those areas of Puget Sound in the City of Federal Way lying seaward from the line of extreme low tide. . Shorelines of the state means the total of all "shorelines" and "shorelines of statewide significance" within the City of Federal Way. , Soft-shore bank stabilization means the use of bioengineering or biotechnical bank stabilization measures where vegetation, logs, rock and beach nourishment are used to address erosion control and slope stability. SMP means the Shoreline Master Program. SMA means the Shoreline Management Act. Stringline setback means a straight line drawn between the points on the primary buildings having the greatest projection waterward on the two adjacent properties. If one of the adjacent properties is unimproved the, line shall be drawn to the point of the standard shoreline setback at the side property line of the unimproved lot. . Water-dependent means a use or portion e which cannot exist in any other location and is depende t by reason of the intrinsic nature of its operation~ dependent uses may include ship cargo terminal 101' rru ~ and passenger terminals, barge loading facilities, ship b I d~ dry docking, marinas, aquaculture, float plane faciliti s sewer outfalls. Water-enjoyment, means a recreational use, or other use facilitating public access to the shoreline as a primary characteristic of the use; or a use that provides for recreational use or aesthetic enjoyment of the shoreline for a substantial number of people as a general characteristic of the use and which through the location, design and operation assures the public's ability to enjoy the physical and aesthetic qualities of the shoreline. In order to qualify as a water-enjoyment use, the use must be open to the general public and the shoreline oriented space within the . project must be devoted to the specific aspects of the use that fosters shoreline enjoyment. Primary water-enjoyment uses may include, but are not limited to, parks, piers and other improvements facilitating public access to shorelines of the state; and general water-enjoyment uses may include, but are not limited to, restaurants, museums, aquariums, scientific/ecological reserves, resorts and mixed-use commercial; provided, that such uses conform to the above water-enjoyment specifications and the provisions of the master program. Water-oriented means any combination of water-dependent, water- related, and/or water-enjoyment uses and serves as an all-encompassing definition for priority uses under the SMA. Water-related means a use or portion of a use' which is not intrinsically dependent on a waterfront location but whose economic vitality is dependent upon a waterfront location because: , . (1) Of a functional requirement for a waterfront location such as the arrival or shipment of materials by water or the need for large quantities of water; or Page 6 of 29 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations (2) The use provides a necessary service ,supportive of the water- dependent commercial ' activities and the proximity of the use to its customers makes its services less expensive and/or more convenient. Examples include professional services serving primarily water-dependent activities and storage of water-transported foods. (Ord. No. 98-323, 9 3, 12-1-98; Ord. No. 99-355, 93,11-16-99) @ f1 Page 7 of 29 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Managemc<nt - Draft Regulations Division 2. Shoreline Regulation 18-164 General development standards. The following general development standards apply to allu'ses and activites in all shoreline environments: . (a) Impact mitigation. (1) To the extent Washington's State Environmental Policy Act of 1971 (SEPA), chapter 43.21 C RCW, is applicable, the analysis of environmental impacts from proposed shoreline uses or developments shall be conducted consistent with the rules implementing SEPA (FWCC XX and WAC 197-11). Mitigation for adverse impacts to shoreline functions will be triggered during the SEPA review or shoreline land use permit process. (2) Where required, mitigation measures shall be applied in the following sequence of steps listed in order of priority. a. Av~iding the impact altogether by not ~", , certain action or parts of an action; , b. Minimizing impacts by Iii ifn ' e 0 agnitude of the action and its implementation by u ' Ii' ti}l technology or by taking affirmative steps to avoid or reduc '- c. Rectifying the impact b.,..' pairing, rehabilitating, or restoring the affected environment; d. Reducing or eliminating the impact over time by preservation and maintenance operations; e. Compensating for the impact by replacing, enhancing, or providing substitute resources or environments; and f. Monitoring the impact and the compensation projects and taking appropriate corrective measures. (3) In determining appropriate mitigation measures applicable to shoreline development, lower priority measures shall be applied only where higher priority measures are determined to be infeasible or inapplicable. (4) Required mitigation shall not be in excess of that necessary to assure that proposed uses or development will result in no net loss of shoreline ecological functions. (5) Mitigation actions shall not have a significant adverse impact on other shoreline functions fostered by the policy of the Shoreline Management Act. (6) When compensatory measures are appropriate pursuant to the mitigation priority sequence above. preferential consideration shall be given to measures that replace the impacted functions directly and are located in the immediate vicinity of the impact. However, alternative compensatory mitigation may be ' authorized if said mitigation occurs within the watershed and addresses limiting factors or identified critical needs for shoreline conservation based on watershed or comprehensive management plans. Authorization of compensatory mitigation Page 8 of 29 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations measures may require appropriate safeguards, terms or conditions as necessary to ensure no net loss of ecological functions. (b) Vegetation conservation. Existing native shoreline vegetation shall be preserved to the maximum extent feasible within the shoreline setback consistent with safe construction practices, and other provisions of this chapter. Specifically'native trees and shrubs shall be preserved to provide habitat, shade and slope stabilization functions to maintain ecological processes in the City's shoreline. (c) Water quality I stormwater. All activities and development within the shoreline jurisdiction shall be in compliance with the requirements and restrictions of FWCC Chapter 21: Surface and Stormwater Management. (d) Critical areas. Activities and development in critical areas found within shoreline jurisdiction are required to comply with the following development standards. ~ (1) Geologic Hazard Areas. RegUlated~"C~I.l ,aOi'lgiically hazardous areas (as defined in FWCC Ch.apter 22) locate., .".n 1.)~r,~ e jurisdi~tion include seismic' hazard areas, landslide hazard, op .' and erosion hazard areas. If a geologic hazardous area is I ~,: ,..."~ i '. shoreline jurisdiction, all activities on the, site shall be in com ,f'l \'l the requirements and restrictions of FWCC Chapter 22, Article XIV ISlon 4: Critical Areas. (2) Streams and Wetland. If a stream or wetland (as defined in FWCC Chapter 22) is located within the shoreline jurisdiction, all activities within the shoreline jurisdiction shall be in compliance with the requirements and restrictions of FWCC Chapter 22, Article XIV, Divisions 5 & 6: Critical Areas., (3) Flood Hazard Reduction. If an area of special flood hazard is located on or adjacent to a development site within shoreline jurisdiction, all activities on the site shall be in compliance with the requirements and restriction of FWMC Chapter 18, Article II, Division 6: Critical Areas. (e) Critical salmonid habitats. Activities and development in critical salmonid habitats found within the shoreline jurisdiction are required to comply with the following additional development standards: (1) Structures which prevent the migration of salmon and steelhead are prohibited in the portions of the water bodies used by fish. Fish bypass facilities shall allow the upstream migration of adult fish. Fish bypass facilities shall prevent fry and juveniles migrating downstream from being trapped or harmed. ' (2) Fills shall not intrude into critical salmonid habitats, except as provided in subsection (d)(3)of this section. (3)Fills may intrude into critical salmonid habitats only where the proponent obtains a conditional use permit (CUP) and demonstrates all of the following conditions are met: a. An alternative alignment or location is not feasible; Page 90f 29 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations b. The project is designed to minimize its impacts on the environment; c. The project is in the public interest; and d. If the project will create significant unavoidable adverse impacts, the impacts are mitigated by creating in-kind replacement habitat near the project. Where in-kind replacement mitigation is not feasible, rehabilitating degraded habitat may be required as a substitute. (4) Bulkheads, breakwaters, jetties, groins and other shoreline protection structures may intrude into critical salmoriid habitats only where the proponent demonstrates all of the following conditions are met: a. An alternative alignment or location is not feasible; b. The project is designed to minimize its impacts on the environment; . c. The project is in the public interest; and d. I,f the project will create unavoidable adverse impacts, the impacts are mitigated by creating in-kind replacement habitat near the project. Where in-kind replacement mitigation is not feasible, rehabilitating degraded habitat may be , required as a substitute. . (5) Pilings and floatsmay be located in water areas used by salmon and steelhead for migration corridors, rearing, fe' and refuge, provided the facilities use open piling construction and i j.'..'..... are avoided to the maximum extent possible. Approach. fills shal ".. ndward of the ordinary high ,water mark. (6) Open pile bri f'ed water crossing structures over critical salmonid' habitat not feasible, one of the following water crossing structures m oved if the impacts can be mitigated: temporary culverts, bottomle chculverts, elliptical culverts or other fish- passable round culverts. These structures are listed in priority order, with the first having the highest. preference and the last the lowest preference. In order for a lower priority structure to be permitted, the applicant must show the higher priority structures are not feasible. The,project shall be designed to minimize its impacts on the environment. (7) Bridges and in-water utility corridors may be located in critical habitats provided the proponent shows that all of the following conditions are met: a. An alternative alignment is not feasible; b. The project is located and designed to minimize its impacts on the environment; c. Any alternative impacts are mitigated; and d. Any landfill is located landward of the ordinary high water mark. Open piling and piers required to construct the bridge may be placed waterward of the ordinary high water mark, if no alternative method is feasible. When installing in-water utilities, the installer may place native material on the bed and banks of the water body or wetland to re-establish the preconstruction elevation and contour of the bed. The project shall be designed to avoid and minimize its impacts on the environment. (8) Dredging which will damage shallow water habitat used by salmon and , steelhead for migration corridors, rearing, feeding and refuge shall not be allowed unless the proponent demonstrates all of the following conditions are met: a. The dredging is for a water-dependent or water-related use; b. An alternative alignment or location is not feasible; 3. The project is designed to minimize its impacts on the environment; d. The project is in the public interest; and Page 10 of29 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations e.lf the project will create significant unavoidable adverse impacts, the impacts are mitigated by creating in-kind replacement habitat near the project. Where in-kind replacement mitigation is not feasible, rehabilitating degraded habitat may be required as a substitute. (9) In-water dredge spoil disposal sites shall not be located in critical. salmonid habitats. (10) Filling, dredging, channelization and other activities which negatively impact habitat values are prohibited in wetlands, ponds, and side channels which are associated with critical salmonid habitats. (11) Within critical habitats, permanent channel changes and realignments are prohibited. (12) The removal of aquatic and riparian vegetation within or adjacent to critical salmonid habitats shall be minimized. Trees which shade side channels, streams, estuaries, ponds and wetlands associated with critical salmonid habitats shall be maintained. Areas of disturbed earth shall be revegetated. (13) Unless removal is needed to prevent hazards to life and property or to enhance critical salmonid habitats, large woody debris below the ordinary high. water mark shall be left in the waterway to provide salmon and steel head habitat.(Ord. No. 98-323,93,12-1-98; O'd: ~5' 93,11-16-99) 18.165 [NEW SECTION] Sho J ~~ a Ions (a) Shoreline stabilizatio 'l~tabilization may be permitted in the shoreline residential an n conservancy environments, provided: (1) Shoreline stabilization, including bulkheads shall not be considered an outright permitted use on the city's shorelines. In order for shoreline . stabilization to be permitted the City must find that: a. Erosion from waves or currents presents a clear and imminent threat to a legally established primary structure, one or more substantial accessory structures, or public improvements. The applicant shall provide a geotechnical report, prepared by a qualified professional, that estimates the rate of erosion and evaluates alternative solutions; b. Nonstructural alternatives such as slope drainage systems, vegetative growth stabilization, gravel berms, and beach nourishment shall be prioritized over structural options such as bulkheads and riprap. The "softest" effective alternative shall be utilized; and; c. The proposed shoreline stabilization is located landward of the ordinary high water mark; and d. The proposed shoreline protection is the minimum size necessary to protect existing improvements; and e. The applicant shall demonstrate that impacts to sediment transport are minimized to the greatest extent possible; and . f. Shoreline stabilization shall not have an adverse impact on the property of others and shall be designed so as not to create the need for shoreline protection elsewhere; and g. Shoreline stabilization shall not significantly interfere with normal surface and/or subsurface drainage into the water body and shall be constructed using an approved filter cloth or other suitable means to allow Page 11 of 29 City of Federal Way SMP -:- Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations passage of surface and groundwater without internal erosion of fine material; and h. Shoreline stabilization shall not be used to create new lands. (2) When a bulkhead is permitted subject to subsection (1), above, the following standards shall apply: a. The maximum height of the proposed bulkhead is no more than one foot above the elevation of extreme high water on tidal waters, or one foot in height above the elevation of ordinary high water mark on lakes, measured from grade on the waterward side of the bulkhead; and Page 12 of29 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations b. A dock may be allowed when the applicant has demonstrated a need for moorage and has demonstrated that the following alternatives have been investigated and are not available or feasible: 1. Floating moorage buoys. 2. Joint use moorage dock. No more than one dock for each residence is permitted. On lots with less than 50 feet of waterfront, only joint use dock shall be perm.tted except when abutting owners are not agreeable or when both lots abutting the subject lot have . legally established piers then the lot with less than 50 feet of waterfront may be permitted an individual pier. c. New multiple-family developments subdivisions or short subdivisions shall be permitted one shared dock. 1. The total number of moorage spaces shall be limited to one moorage space for every two dwelling units in the multifamily development, subdivision, or short subdivision. d. Dock dimensions. 1. The maximum waterward intrusion of any portion of any dock shall be 36 feet, or the point where the water depth is 13 feet beloW the ordinary high water mark, whichever is reached first. 2. The maximum width of each d c wide on joint use docks where additi I 3. The total surface facilities, or any combination shall not exceed 400 square f < ," , e. Moorage piles. Moo~iles not constructed in conjunction with a pier are limited by the following conditions: 1. All piles shall be placed so as to not constitute a hazard to navigation. 2. No pile shall be placed more than 80 feet waterward of the ordinary 'high water mark. 3. All moorage piles shall be placed in a, water depth not to exceed 13 feet below the ordinary high water mark. ., 4. No more than two moorage piles per residence are permitted. be six feet, or up to eight feet o s provided. 00 ges, floats, and/or launching ted with a single-family residence f. Floats are limited under the following conditions: 1. One float per single-family residence, multifamily development, short subdivision, or subdivision is permitted. .. 2. No portion of a float shall be placed more than 36 feet waterward of the ordinary high water mark. 3. Retrieval lines shall not float at or near the surface of the water. 4. No float shall have more than 100 square feet of surface area. . (c) Launching Ramps and Lift Stations. Launching ramps and lift stations require a shoreline conditional use permit and are limited by the following conditions: (1) No portion of a launching ramp or lift station shall be placed more than 60 feet waterward of the ordinary high water mark. (2) All portions of a launching ramp or lift station shall be placed at a depth not to exceed eight feet below the ordinary high water mark. Page 13 of29 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations (3) Launching rails or ramps shall be anchored to the ground through the use of tie-type construction. Asphalt, concrete, or other ramps which solidly cover the water body bottom are prohibited. (4) No more than one launching rail per single-family residence is permitted, and rio more than one common use launching ramp for each new multifamily development, short subdivision, or subdivision is permitted. (d) Breakwaters and Jetties. Breakwaters and jetties are not permitted within any shoreline of the City. (e) Dredging and Filling. (1) Dredging: a. Dredging activities in shoreline residential or urban conservancy environments require a Conditi'onal Use Permit and must comply with all federal and state regulations. Dredging is not permitted in the Natural environment. . b. Dredging activities are allowed in the shoreline residential and urban conse, rvancy shor~line envir~nmen~s. ?nlY, wh l' "!}' ecessary to protect public safety or for shoreline restoration activities '; . . . . ,.,'., . . . '. c. Dredging and exca :j.,' , I salmonid habitats is prohibited, except when required for shor . ation activities. d. Where allowed, dre I'" operations must be scheduled so as to not damage shoreline ecological f~nctions or processes. e. When dredge spoils have suitable' organic and physical properties, dredging operators shall recycle dredged material into areas of the City suitable for those materials. " f. Unavoidable impacts of dredging shall be mitigated as required by this chapter. (2) Filling: . a. Fill activities shall only be allowed in association with allowed (permitted) water dependent use developments. Fill associated with non-water dependent u~es shall be prohibited. b. Fill needed to support the following water dependent uses may be allowed in all shoreline environments through a Shoreline Conditional Use Permit: 1 Public access; 2 Expansion, alteration, or repair of transportation facilities currently located with in the shoreline; 3 Mitigation actions; 4 Environmental, ecological, or watershed restoration projects; 5 Beach nourishment or enhancement projects; and 6 Soft shore bank stabilization projects. d. Permitted fill activities must comply with the following standards: 1. Demonstration that alternatives to fill are not feasible; , Page 14 of29 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Drafi Regulations 2. Demonstration that fill shall be deposited so as to minimize disruption of normal surface and ground water passage; 3. Demonstration that fill materials shall be of s.uch quality that it will not adversely affect water quality; 4. Demonstration that fill shall allow surface water penetration into the ground water supply, where such conditions existed prior to the fill; and 5. Demonstration that landfill timing will minimize damage to water quality and aquatic life. e. Fill, except for beach nourishment, shall be prohibited in areas of high shoreline erosion potential. ' f. Fill located waterward of the ordinary high water mark that results in a net loss of shoreline function is prohibited. g. Fill within the one hundred-year (tOO-year) flood plain requires demonstration that fill will not reduce the flood plain water storage capacity or in any way increase flood hazard so as to endanger public safety. 18-166 Environmental designations. (a) Purpose and establishment of deSig~a i,~. ' (1) The purpose of the designations is tG,....",', ",'" ~,J3,r, ,.,en ntiate between areas whose geographical, hydrological, topogra i i,; ;ther features imply differing objectives regarding the use an u ,pm .', t of the shorelines of the city. Each environment designa ", particular emphasis in the type of " uses and the extent of t that should occur within it.' The environmental designation s is designed to encourage uses in each environment that enhance or' are compatible with the character of the "environment, while at the' same time requiring reasonable standards and restrictions on development so that the character of the environment is not adversely impacted. (2) Names of environment designations. In order to accomplish the purpose of this title, environmental designations have been established as follows: a. Shoreline Residential. b. Urban Conservancy. c. Natural. (3) Limits of environment designations. Each environment designation shall consist of: ' a. The entire water body from its centerline or point, including all water below the surface, the land below the water body, the space above the water body, and the shorelands associated with the water body. b. The shoreline areas within 200 feet of the OHWM, and additional upland areas where associated wetlands and floodplains extend beyond 200 feet from the OHWM. (4) Establishment of designations. a. The written descriptions of the boundaries of the shoreline environment designations as adopted by ordinance shall constitute the official legal descriptions of the boundaries of those environment designations. b. The official maps prepared by the city pursuant to Chapter 173-26 WAC shall constitute the official descriptions of the limits of all shorelands in the city of Federal Way as defined by RCW 90.58.030 and FWCC 18-163. Page 15 of29 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations c. The department may, from time to time as new or improved information becomes available, modify the official maps described in subsection (a)(4 )b. of this section consistent with state guidelines to more accurately represent, clarify, or interpret the true limits of the shorelines defined herein. (5) Location of boundaries. a. Boundaries indicated as following streets, highways, roads, and bridges shall be deemed to follow the centerline of such facilities unless otherwise specified. b. Boundaries indicated as following railroad lines and transmission lines shall' be deemed to follow the centerline of such rights-of-way or easements unless otherwise specified. c. Where different environmental designations have been given to a tributary and the main stream at the point of confluence, the environmental designation given to the mainstream shall extend for a distance of 200 feet up the tributary. d. In case of uncertainty as to.a wetland or environment boundary, the director of community development services shall determine its exact location pursuant to the criteria of WAC 173-22-040, and RCW 90.58.030, and the provisions of this chapter. (Ord. No. 98-323, S 1-98; Ord. No. 99-355, S 3, 11-16-99) , ..~ Page 16 of29 City of Federal Way SMP - Article IlL Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations 18-167 NEW SECTION Permitted Use Table Sh.or:eline Modification Shoreline Stabilization I Protection 1 Piers, Docks, Moorage, and Floats2. 3 . LaLinching Ramp I Lift Station Breakwaters and Jetties Dredging and Filling Shoreline Use Office and Commercial Development Recreational Development Residential Development Accessory Structures Utilities5 Transportation I Parking' . Facilities6 Aquaculture Community Boating Facilities7 P = Allowed as exempt from permitting or permitted with Substantial Development Permit C = May be allowed with Shoreline Conditional Use Permit X = Prohibited 1. Includes bulkheads, bio-engineered erosion control projects, groins and other shoreline stabilization activities. Groins may only be permitted as part of a public beach management program. 2. Code provisions address these modifications as accessory to residential uses. 3. Residential piers and docks are prohibited on Puget Sound shorelines. 4. Would be permitted with Substantial Development Permit in parks and public access areas; would be permitted with Shoreline Conditional Use permit elsewhere in Urban Conservancy Environment. 5. Solid waste transfer stations are not allowed 6. Parking as a primary use is prohibited in all environments, but allowed if serving an allowed shoreline use 7. Allowed in association with recreational development Page 170[29 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations 18-168 Shoreline Residential. (a) Purpose. The purpose of the "shoreline residential" environment is to accommodate residential development and appurtenant structures that are consistent with this chapter. An additional purpose is to provide appropriate public access and recreational uses. . (b) Designation criteria. Designation criteria for the shoreline residential environment are provided in the City's shoreline master program, FWCC Chapter xx. (c)General requirements. (1) Development waterward of the ordinary high. water mark is prohibited except water dependent recreational uses and public utilities. (2) No structure shall exceed a height of 35 feet above average grade level. This requirement may be modified if the view of any neighboring residences will not be obstructed, if permitted outright by the applicable provisions of the underlying zoning, and if the proposed development is water-related or water- dependent. (3~ All dev~lopment shall be re.quired .to Rr~~~e ade~uate surface wa.ter ret~n, tlon, erosion control, and. sedlmentat If),,'[' IlItles dUring the construction ~rI~. . (4) Setbacks. Development e '. st 50 feet of property landward, from the ordinary high water ' :ed minimum setback and vegetation conservation area, subject to eferenced in subsection (e). . (5). Vegetation Conservati , a. Within the Vegetation Conservation Area, no more than 50 percent of the area wit'tl native shoreline vegetation shall be cleared, and a minimum of 60 percent of existing native trees shall be, retained. At least 80 percent of native trees in the Vegetation Conservation Area over 20 inches in diameter at breast height shall be retained. Trees determined by the city to be hazardous or diseased may be removed. Additionally, the Director may allow removal of vegetation exceeding that described above where an applicant agrees to replacement plantings that are demonstrated to provide greater benefit to shoreline ecological processes than would be provided by strict application of this section. (6) In addition to any requirements imposed by Chapter 21 FWCC, collection facilities to control and separate contaminants shall be required where stormwater runoff from impervious surfaces would degrade or add to the pollution of recipient waters of adjacent properties. (7) All development in the Shoreline Residential area must comply with applicable regulations identified within the [General Development Standards], [Shoreline Modifications], and all other applicable sections of this chapter. (d) Shoreline Modifications (1) Allowed modifications to the, shoreline within Shoreline Residential designated areas include the following: . a. Shoreline Stabilization. Allowed within Shoreline Residential designated areas under the requirements imposed by [NEW SECTION Shoreline Modifications] division (a). Page 18 of29 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations b. Piers, Docks, Moorage, and Floats. Allowed within Shoreline Residential designated areas under the requirements imposed by [NEW SECTION Shoreline Modifications] division (b). c. Launching Ramp / Lift Station. Allowed within Shoreline Residential designated areas with a Shoreline Conditional Use Permit under the requirements imposed by [NEW SECTION Shoreline Modifications] division (c). d. Dredging and Filling. Allowed within Shoreline Residential designated areas with a Shoreline Conditional Use Permit under the requirements imposed by [NEW SECTION Shoreline Modifications] division (e). (2) Prohibited modifications to the shoreline within Shoreline Residential designated areas include the following: a. Breakwaters and Jetties. (e) Shoreline Uses. (1) Allowed uses within Shoreline Residential designated areas include the following: a. Residential Development. Single-family and multiple-family residential development may be permitted in the Shoreline Residential environment subject to the general requirements of Chapter 22 FWCC, 'I Ie XI, Divisions 3 and 4, and the following: , 1. Single-family or multiple- d tial development is permitted in the underlying zone classification. ". ' 2. Residential ,devel ited waterward of the ordinary high water mark. 3. Setbacks. i. Single-family residential development shall maintain a minimum shoreline setback of 50 feet from the Ordinary High Water Mark (OHWM) as a vegetation conservation area, except in the following case: aa. If single-family residential development is proposed on a lot where properties on at least one side of the lot are developed in single-family residences located less than 50 feet from the OHWM, then the proposed residential development may be located the same distance from the OHWM as the adjacent residences (using stringline method) but shall in no case be closer than 30 feet from the OHWM. ii. Multifamily residential development shall maintain a minimum setback of 75 feet from the OHWM as a vegetation conservation area, except in the following case: aa If multi-family residential development is proposed on a lot where properties at least one side of the lot are developed in multi-family residential use located less than 75 feet from the OHWM, then the proposed residential development may be located the same distance from the OHWM as the adjacent residential uses (using stringline method) but shall be no closer than 50 feet from the OHWM. b. Accessory Structures. Rresidential accessory structures may be placed within the required shoreline setback, provided: 1. No more than one accessory structure shall cover more than 150 square feet, or to a maximum of 300 square feet of accessory structure area. 2. No accessory structure shall exceed eight feet in height. 3. Existing native shoreline vegetation within the shoreline setback is conserved to the maximum extent possible as per general requirements (c)(4). Page 19 of29 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations c. Recreational Development. Recreational development may be permitted in the Shoreline Residential environment subject to the general requirements of this chapter, provided: 1. Th~ recreational development is permitted in the. underlying zone. 2. Swimming areas shall be separated from boat launch areas. 3. The construction of swimming facilities, piers, moorages, floats, and launching facilities below the ordinary high water mark shall be governed by the general requirements of this chapter.l. 5. Public boat launching facilities may be developed, provided: i. The parking and traffic generated by such a facility can be safely and conveniently handled by the' streets and areas serving the proposed facility. ii. The facility will not be located on a beach area or cause net loss in shoreline function. 6. Upland facilities constructed hl conjunction with a recreational development shall be set back and/or sited to avoid adverse impacts to the functions of the shorelines of the city. 7. Public pedestrian and bicycle pathways shall be permitted adjacent to water bodies. Such trails and pathways must be mad · ervious materials, if feasible. . 8. Public contact with unique a areas shall be permitted where it is possible without destroying the natur c,FI' a he area. 9. Water viewing, natu:E, . in , and viewing shall be accommodated. by space, platforms, benches, te'nt with public safety and security. d. Community Boati, V cilities. Allowed in association with recreational. development, as regulated under the requirements imposed by (e) Shoreline Uses, subsection 1. e. Utilities. Utility facilities may be permitted in the Shoreline Residential environment subject to the requirements of this chapter, provided: 1. No other practicable alternative with less impact to the environment is available for the facility. 2. Utility and transmission facilities shall: i. Avoid disturbance of unique and fragile areas. ii. Avoid disturbance of wildlife spawning, nesting, and rearing areas. iii. Conserve native shoreline vegetation, particularly forested areas, to the maximum extent possible. iv. Overhead utility facilities shall not be permitted in public parks, monuments, scenic, recreation, or historic areas. 3. Utility distribution and transmission facilities shall be designed so as to: i. Minimize visual impact. ii. Harmonize with or enhance the surroundings. iii. Not create a need for shoreline protection. iv. Conserve native shoreline vegetation, particularly forested areas, to the maximum extent possible. v. Utilize to the greatest extent possible natural screening. 4. The construction and maintenance of utility facilities shall be done in such a way so as to: i. Maximize the preservation of natural beauty and the conservation of resources. , Page 20 of29 City of Federal Way SMP ~ Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations' ii. Minimize scarring of the landscape. iii. Minimize siltation and erosion. iv. Protect trees, shrubs, grasses, natural. features, and topsoil from drainage. v. Avoid disruption of critical aquatic and wildlife stages. 5. Rehabilitation of areas disturbed by the construction and/or maintenance of utility facilities shall: i. Be accomplished as rapidly as possible to minimize soil erosion and to maintain plant and wildlife habitats. . ii. Utilize native trees and shrubs. 6. Solid waste transfer stations shall not be permitted within the shorelines of the state. f. Parking facilities.. Parking, except parking facilities associated with detached. single-family development, shall conform to the following minimum requirements: 1. Parking facilities serVing individual buildings on the shoreline shall be located landward from the principal building being served, except when the parking facility is within or beneath the structure and adequately screened, or in cases when an alternate' location would have less environmental impact ~i; shoreline. 2. Any new development 0 x,~ ~existing development creating greater than 6 total parking stalls mus,', er ' ality standards required by the King County Surface Water Manua ,0',',.. I ites and "resource stream protection" (See Sections 1.3.4 Special requiJl'll control, 6.1.5 High use menu, 'and Resource stream protection of King Cou ..~ urface Water Design Manual). 3. Outdoor parking, areas shall provide landscaping pursuant to FWCC Chapter 22. 4. Parking as a primary use in shoreline jurisdiction shall be prohibited. 5. Parking in the shoreline jurisdiction shall directly serve a permitted shoreline use. (2) Prohibited uses to the shoreline within Shoreline Residential designated areas include: a. Office and Commercial Development. b. Aquaculture. Page 21 of29 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations 18-169 Urban Conservancy environment. (a) Purpose. The purpose of the "urban conservancy" environment is to protect and restore ecological functions of open space, flood plain and other sensitive lands where they exist in urban and developed settings, while allowing a variety of compatible uses. ' (b) Designation criteria. Designation criteria for the Urban Conservancy environment are provided in the City's shoreline master program, FWCC Chapter xx (c) General requirements. (1) Development waterward of the ordinary high water mark is prohibited except water dependent recreational uses and public utilities. . (2) No structure shall exceed a height of 35 feet above average grade level. This requirement may be modified if the view of any neighboring residences will not be obstructed, if permitted outright by the applicable provisions of the underlying zoning, and if the proposed development is water-related or water- dependent. ' (3) All development shall be required to provide adequate surface water retention and sedimentation facilities during the ruction period. (4) Setbacks. Development shall maintai st 50 feet of property landward from the ordinary high water mark as r ack and vegetation conservation area, or develop It feet from the top of bluffs in the shoreline jurisdiction, whic , ter,setback. Setback shall be subject to provisions referenc 'i tion (e), 5). Vegetation Conservatio in Setback. The required setback area shall be considered a Vegetation conservation area. Within the Vegetation Conservation Area, no more than 30 percent of the area with native shoreline vegetation shall be cleared, and a minimum of 70 percent of existing native trees shall be retained. At least 80 percent of the native trees in the Vegetation Conservation Area over 20 inches in diameter at breast height shall be retained. Trees determined by the city to be hazardous or diseased may be removed. Additionally, the Director may allow removal of vegetation exceeding that described above where an applicant agrees to replacement plantings that are demonstrated to provide greater benefit to shoreline ecological processes than would be provided by strict application of this section. (d) Shoreline Modifications. (1) Allowed modifications to the shoreline within Urban Conservancy designated areas include the following: a. Shoreline Stabilization. Allowed within Urban Conservancy designated areas under the requirements imposed by [NEW SECTION Shoreline Modifications] division (a). b. Piers, Moorage, and Floats. Allowed within Urban Conservancy designated areas under the requirements imposed by [NEW SECTION Shoreline Modifications] division (b). c. Launching Ramp I Lift Station. Allowed within Urban Conservancy designated areas with a Shoreline Conditional Use permit under the requirements imposed by [NEW SECTION Shoreline Modifications] division (c), except under the following condition: 1. Permitted with Substantial Development Permit in parks and public access areas withih the Urban Conservancy environment. Page 22 of 29 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. ShQreline Management - Draft Regulations d. Dredging and Filling. Allowed within Urban Conservancy designated areas with a Shoreline Conditional Use Permit under the requirements imposed by [NEW SECTION Shoreline Modifications] division (e). (2) 'Prohibited modifications to the shoreline within Urban Conservancy designated areas include the following: a. Breakwaters and Jetties. (e) Shoreline Uses~ (1) Allowed uses within Urban Conservancy designated areas include the following: a. Residential Development. Allowed within Urban Conservancy designated areas under the requirements imposed within [NEW SECTION] Shoreline Residential, division (e), (1), b, with the following additional restrictions: . 1. Setbacks. Resioential development shall maintain a minimum setback of 50 feet from the ordinary high water mark, or 25 feet from the top of bluffs, whichever is greater. Exceptions to minimum setback requirements included in [NEW SECTION] Shoreline Residential, division (e), (.1), b, for both single-family and multi-family development, where in no case shall a setback less. than 30 feet from OHWM for single- family or 50 feet from OHWM for multi-family, or 25 feet from top of bluffs be allowed. b. Accessory Structures. Allowed within Urban Conservancy designated. areas under the requirements imposed within [NEW ION] Shoreline Residential, division (e), (1), c. c. Recreational Developme areas under the requirements . division (e), (1), a. d. Community Boati, Allowed in association with recreational development, as regulated u." r he requirements imposed within [NEW SECTION] Shoreline Residential, division (e), (1), b. e. Utilities. Allowed within Urban Conservancy designated areas under the requirements imposed within [NEW SECTION] Shoreline Residential, division (e), (1), d. f. Transportation I Parking Facilities. Allowed within Urban Conservancy designated areas under the requirements imposed within [NEW SECTION] Shoreline Residential, division (e), (1), e. thin Urban Conservancy designated W SECTION] Shoreline Residential, g. Office and Commercial Development. Office development may be allowed with Conditional Use approval in the Urban Conservancy environment subject to the requirements of this chapter, provided:, 1. The office or commercial use or activity is permitted in the underlying zoning classification. 2. Office and commercial development shall maintain a setback of 75 feet from the ordinary high water mark, or 25 feet from the top of bluffs, whichever is greater. Using the stringline setback, the minimum buffer shall be in no case less than 50 feet from OHWM or 25 feet from the top of bluffs. 3. Piers, moorages, floats, and launching facilities will not be permitted in conjunction with office or commercial development; unless they are developed as part of on-site public acce,ss to the shoreline. 4. Additional water quality standard must be met as per Shoreline Residential, section 18-167(f)(2). (2) Prohibited uses within Urban Conservancy designated areas include: Page 23 of29 City of Federal W.ay SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations a. Aquaculture. 18-170 Natural environment. (~) Purpose. The purpose of the "natural" environment is to, protect those shoreline areas that are relatively free of human influence or that include intact or minimally degraded shoreline functions intolerant of human use. These systems require that only very low intensity uses be allowed in order to maintain the ecological functions and ecosystem-wide processes. Consistent with the policies of the designation, local government should include planning for restoration of degraded shorelines within this environment. (b) Designation criteria. Designation criteria for the Natural environment are provided in the City's shoreline master program, FWCC Chapter xx.: (c) General requirements. (1) Development waterward of the ordina h water mark is prohibited except water dependent recreational uses an. I c utilities. . (2) No ,structure shall exceed a i 021;,. et above average grade level. This requirement may be modi' , of ny neighboring residences will not be obstructed, if permi the applicable provisions of the underlying zoning, and if th development is water-related or water- dependent. . (3) All development shall e required to. provide adequate surface water retention and sedimentation facilities during the construction period. (4) Setbacks. Development shall maintain the first 100 feet of property landward from the ordinary high water mark as a required setback and vegetation conservation area, or development shall maintain 50 feet from the top of bluffs in the shoreline jurisdiction, whichever is the greater setback. Setback shall be subject to modifications referenced in Section xx, (5) Vegetation Conservation in Setback. The required setback area shall be considered a Vegetation Conservation Area. Within the Vegetation Conservation area, no more than 15 percent of the area with native shoreline vegetation shall be cleared, and a minimum of 75 percent of existing native trees shall be retained. All native trees in the Vegetation Conservation Area over 20 inches in diameter at breast height shall be retained. Trees determined by the city to be hazardous or diseased may be removed. Additionally, the Director may allow removal of vegetation exceeding that described above where an applicant agrees to replacement plantings that are demonstrated to provide greater benefit to shoreline ecological processes than would be provided by strict application of this section. (d) Shoreline Modifications. The following shoreline modifications are prohibited within Natural designated shoreline areas: Page 24 of 29 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations (1) Shoreline Stabilization; (2) Piers, Docks, Moorages, and Floats; (3) Launching Ramp I Lift Station; (4) Breakwaters and Jetties; and (5) Dredging and Filling. (e) Shoreline Uses. (1) Allowed uses within Natural designated areas include: a. Residential Development. Single-family residential development may be . permitted in the Natural environment with a Shoreline Conditional Use Permit subject to the general requirements of Chapter 22 FWCC, Article xi', Divisions 3 and 4, and the following: 1. Single-family residential development is permitted in the underlying zone classification. . 2. Single-family residential development, is prohibited waterward of the ordinary high water mark. 3. Setbacks. i. Single-family residential development shall maintain a minimum setback of 100 feet from the ordinary high water mark as a veg n conservation area, or 50 feet from the top of a bluff, whichever is greater." b. Recreational Developmen , requirements imposed within [ c. Utilities. Allowed with Permit 'under the requiremen ~ division (e), (1), d. (2) Prohibited uses within Natural designated areas include: a. Office and Commercial Development; b. Transportation I Parking Facilities that are not associated with single family residential structures; c. Community boating facilities; and d. Aquaculture. it n Natural designated areas under the Sh eline Residential, division (e), (1), a. t!'~ t1esignated areas with Shoreline Conditional Use osed within [NEW SECTION] Shoreline Residential, Page 25 of 29 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management -Draft Regulations Division 3. Administrative Procedures 18-171 Shoreline Management Permit and Enforcement Procedures, Adoption by Reference. The city of Federal Way hereby adopts by reference the following sections or subsections of Chapter 173-27, as amended, of the Washington Administrative Code ("WAC") entitled Shoreline Management Permit and Enforcement Procedures. WAC: (1) 173-27 -020 Purpose (2) 173-27 -030 Definitions (3) 173-27 -040Developments exempt from substantial development permit requirement (4) 173-27 -050 Letter of exemption (5) 173-27-060 Applicability of Chapter 90.58 RCW to federal land and agencies (6) 173-27 -090 Time requirements of permit (7) 173-27 -100 Revisions to permits (8) 173-27-120 Special procedure for Ii (9) 173-27 -130 Filing with departme 00) 173-27-140 Review crite i (11) 173-27-150 Review c (12) 173-27-160 Review c (13) 173-27-170 Review c (14) 173-27-180 Applicati use or variance permit (15) 173-27-190 Permits for substantial development, conditional use or variance (16) 173-27-210 Minimum standards for conditional use and variance permits (17) 173-27-240 Authority and purpose (18) 173-27-250 Definitions (19) 173-27-260 Policy (20) 173-27-270 Order to cease and desist (21) 173-27-280 civil penalty (22) 173-27-290 Appeal of civil penalty (23) 173-27-300 Criminal penalty (24) 173-27-310 Oil or natural gas exploration Ility extensions and bulkheads lo~ j ent tiql deyelopment permits naitional use permits or variance permits requirements for substantial development, conditional 18-172 Permit processing and public notice. (a) Permit Submittal. An application for a substantial development permit shall be made to the department of community development on forms prescribed by the department. Upon submittal of a complete application, and required fees, the department shall instruct the applicant to publish notices of the application at least once a week on the same day of the week for two consecutive weeks in a . newspaper of general circulation within the city. The applicant shall also provide additional public notice as prescribed in process III, FWCC 22-431 et seq. (Ord. No. Page 26 of 29 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations 90-38, ~ 1 (24.40), 2-27-90; Ord. No. 97-291, ~ 3, 4-1-97; Ord. No. 98-323, ~ 3, 12-1-98; Ord. No. 99-355, ~ 3, 11-16-99) , (b) Procedure f6r review. The substantial development permit shall be reviewed under the provisions of process III, FWCC 22-386 et seq., and the WAC 173-27 procedures adopted by reference in FWCC 18-169. The director of community development services shall be the final approval authority for the permit. (Ord. No. 90-38,91(24.50),2-27-90; Ord. No. 97-291, ~ 3, 4-1-97; Ord. No. 98-323, 9 3,12- 1-98; Ord. No. 99-355, 9 3, 11-16-99) . 18-173 Shoreline Exemption. .' (a) The purpose of a shoreline exemption is to provide an approval process for uses and activities which do not trigger the need for a substantial development permit, but require compliance with the shoreline guidelines and the provisions of the City's SMP. (b) If the use, activity or development meets the requirements for an exemption as per"'!AC 173-2:-040, the applica~t may subm' '" ~f1 aut.horized sta~ement of exemption to the director of commumty deve .. (services for review and approval. ' 18-174 Shoreline variance. (a) The purpose of a shore e 's to grant relief to specific bulk, dimensional or performance s >, i set forth in the shoreline master program, and where there is an extraorclft ry.or unique circumstance relating to the property such that the strict implementation of the shoreline master program would impose unnecessary hardship on the applicant or thwart the policies of the Shoreline Management Act. (b) When a variance is requested, the substantial development'permit and the variance shall be reviewed under the provisions of process IV, FWCC 22-431 et seq., and the hearing examiner shall be the final approval authority for the City of Federal Way. The Department of Ecology shall be the final approval authority under WAC 173-27-200. , , (c) A variance from the standards of the master program may be granted only when the applicant can demonstrate that all the following conditions will apply: (1) That the strict requirements 'of the bulk, dimensional or performance standards set forth in the master program precludes or significantly interferes with a reasonc;lble use of the property not otherwise prohibited by the master program; (2) That the hardship described above is specifically related to the property, and is the result of unique conditions such as irregular lot shape, size, or natural features, and the application .of the master program, and. not for example, from deed r~striction or the applicant's own actions; (3) That the design of' the project will be compatible with other permitted activities in the area and will not cause adverse effects to adjacent properties or the shoreline environment; (4) That the variance authorized does not constitute a grant of special privilege not enjoyed by other properties, and will be the minimum necessary to afford relief; (5) That the public interest will suffer no substantial detrimental effect; Page 27 of 29 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations (6) That the public rights of navigation and use of the shorelines will not be adversely affected by the granting of the variance when the proposal is for development located. waterward of the ordinary high water mark, or within wetlands, estuaries, marshes, bogs or swamps; and (7) That consideration has been given to the cumulative effect of like actions in an area where similar circumstances exist, and whether this cumulative effect would be consistent with shoreline policies or would havesub~tantial adverse effects on the shoreline. (d) Shoreline varianc'es may not be used to permit a use that is specifically prohibited in an environment, or to vary uses permitted within an environmental designation. (Ord. No. 90-38, 91(24.60.10-24.60.40), 2-27-90; Ord. No. 97-291, 93,4-1-97; Ord. No..98-323, 93, 12-1-98; Ord. No. 99-355,93, 11-16-99) 18-175 Conditional uses. (a) Conditional use permits are allowed to provide greater flexibility in varying the application of the use regulations of the shoreline master program in a manner which will be consistent with the policies of Chapter 90.28 RCW, particularly where denial of the application would thwart the policies of the Shoreline Management Act. (b) When a conditional use is requested, .and the conditional use shall be revie e II FWCC 22-431 et seq., and the authority for the City of Feder approval authority under WAC (c) Conditional uses have 'r] and special characteristics which require a special degree of control to m e the uses com'patible with other existing or permitted uses in the same environment, and to assure that the use is in the public interest. In authorizing a conditional use permit, special conditions may be attached to the permit by the hearing examiner to prevent undesirable effects or mitigate environmental impacts of the proposed use. (d) Conditional use permits shall be authorized only when they are consistent with the following criteria: (1) The proposed use is consistent with the policies of RCW 90.58.020 and the policies of the master program; (2) The use will not interfere with normal use of public shorelines; (3) The use will cause no unreasonable adverse effects on the shoreline. or surrounding properties or uses, and is compatible with other permitted uses in the area; (4) The public interest will suffer no substantial detrimental effect; (5) Consideration has been given to cumulative impact of additional requests for like actions in the area. (e) Other uses not set forth in the shoreline master program may be authorized through a conditional use permit if the applicant can demonstrate that other uses are consistent with the purpose of the shoreline environmental designation and compatible with existing shoreline improvements or that extraordinary , circumstances preclude reasonable use of the property; however, uses specifically prohibited by the master program may not be authorized. (Ord. No. 90-38, 9 1 (24.70.10 - 24.70.50),2-27-90; Ord. No. 98-323, 9 3, 12-1-98; Ord. No. 99-355, 9 3,11-16-99; Ord. No. 00-375, 92,10-3-00) , stantial development permit tH provisions of process IV" r , all be the final approval, artment of Ecology shall be the final Page 28 of 29 City of Federal Way SMP - Article III. Shoreline Management - Draft Regulations Page 29 of 29 5309 Shilshole Avenue NW Suite 200 Seattle, WA 98107 206,789,9658 phone 206,789,9684 fax www.adoltson.com memorandum date January 15, 2006 to Isaac Conlen, Senior Planner. from Teresa Vanderburg and Kent Hale subject Federal Way Shoreline Master Program (SMP) Update - Cumulative Impacts Analysis The guidelines state t functions and/or uses, adverse cumulative i development opportu The purpose of this memo is to assess the cumulative impacts development in the shoreline that would result from develo~ proposed City of Federal Way SMP, Under the shoreline evaluate and consider cumulative impacts of reasonabl shorelines of the state (WAC 17-26-186(8)( d)). Cu rent and beneficial effects of other established regul pr on Iy foreseeable future nd a,' tivities over time under the ~~';V;~~ ~P' e' al jurisdictions are required to filE U. ure development in the .r\ eeable future development, ified and must be discussed. Puget Sound shoreline in the y limits and the City's potential ulative impacts is to insure d regulations will achieve no line conditions are identified of ntalnpolicies, programs, and regulations that address he burden of addressing cumulative Impacts among cumulative impacts should consider: · Current circu · Reasonably fo · Beneficial effe laws."1 he shorelines and relevant natural processes; re development and use of the shoreline; and y established regulatory programs under other local, state, and federal 1 WAC 173-26-186(8)(d) EXHIBIT ---1::L- (?)AGE OF .... City of Federal Way SMP Cumulative Impacts Analysis This cumulative impacts assessment uses these three considerations as a framework for evaluating the potential long-term impacts on shoreline ecological functions and processes that may result from development or activities under the proposed SMP over time. Current Shoreline Condition As part of the City's SMP update process, a shoreline inventory and map tJ.I,io was prepared in the spring and summer of 2006. The Shoreline Inventory and Characteriza' identifies existing conditions and evaluates the ecological functions and processes in the City's s jurisdiction. The inventory included all shoreli,ne areas within the City of Federal Way, as we'""." .. .J~ found in the Potential Annexation Area (PAA), east of the city limits. r! ' The City has two main types of water bodies that are re l!J~~ t e City's SMP: marine coastal shorelines of Puget Sound and freshwater lakes over 2 ac[es)~ siz " he Puget Sound marine coastal shoreline is designated a "shoreline of statewid si,gnfficanc "J he freshwater lakes under SMA regulation within the, city are Steel Lake, N La d the n estern shore of Lake Killarney. Further, the City of Federal Way has identified,: lea I ,I~. the t of the City and east of the Interstate 5 corridor for future annexation. Thi 1 is to a Potential Annexation Area (PAA). Lakes subject to SMA regulatio cat in 11M s P clude Star Lake, Lake Dolloff, Lake Geneva, Five Mile Lake and th ini ' e KiI ey. The freshwater lakes are all designated as "shorelines of t ak thereof n e PAA are currently regulated under the King County SMP. Th in Fed ,;'~t Way or its PAA that meet the definition of shorelines of th stat ' ne area, including those areas within the ated along the Puget Sound marine long freshwater lakes. Key findings of the The City of Federal W PAA. Of this total, an coastline. The, remai inventory and charact Watershed Context The City of Federal - the Duwamis]1-Gree areas of Pugef Sound PAA are addressed a and to Mill Creek and the northern portions The majority of the Fe ral Way area lies within WRIA 10 and drains to either the White River or to Hylebos Creek. North Lake, Lake Geneva, Lake Killarney and Five Mile Lake are located within this watershed. These lands drain to the south. The White River flows to the Puyallup River before entering Puget Sound at Commencement Bay. The Hylebos flows to the south into Tacoma and enters the Hylebos Waterway at Commencement Bay. ' Physical and Biological Bluffs, beaches, bays, and the mouths of several freshwater streams characterize the City's 'coastal I nearshore shoreline. Approximately 40 percent of the City's coastal shoreline has been modified with riprap, concrete or wooden bulkheads. Structures in the shoreline can limit the amount of sediment Page 2 of 10 ""~..,, ....,. t. i ,rf ~ 'H 1 . ), ,'''~ ~ '.t"~ 'io~\:.tt ....' ,.... , :'Jl'+d ( , "'tV, ~,)"q!), <\,.,....'!-' ~.;.I~.Id.. . <r.-Ilfto>~,~""""",}- ~~..~ ~.' .. city of Federal Way SMP Cumulative Impacts Analysis transported from upland areas to the beach, and are known to cause erosion and loss of some habitats such as sand and fine gravel beaches. Currents naturally move sediments across the beach. and . alongshore in continual cycles, but these structures interrupt the natural supply and distribution of sediments, causing a change in sediment composition within the nearshore area. However, coastal . shoreline in Dumas Bay and Dash Point State Park are in a more natural condition I and coastal processes are less altered. Fish and wildlife that utilize the shoreline depend on these nearshore processes to maintain their habitats and ultimately their populations. Important feeder bluffs have been identified both north and south of Dumas Bay. The freshwater lakes in the City are located on a broad plateau in th rn half of the City and in the PAA. The plateau developed from glacial recessional deposits an~:, the glaciers melted, lakes fO,rmed in the scour areas. Lakes in the City drain to five main" a1r'f,;,n"",~,.""g, ',.e,;',',>,/,','.~ ins including 1) the Puget Sound, 2) the Green River, 3) Mill Creek, 4) the White River '~~9J~.IJ~~~lebos. Lake shorelines have been modified with bulkheads and other bank protection, al~Jti ~~;significant areas of natural shoreline conditions. On Steel Lake, Star Lake and Five L~k,' " oximately 20 to 50 percent of the shoreline has been modified with bulkheads. Shore 6dific s are less frequently occurring on the remaining lakes. In general, shorelines wi the are mo ighly altered in comparison to those within the PAA. b,..~ety 0 ,~, uatic and terrestrial species n (~ride vari~1Jof invertebrates. Of special cies an 'pecies of local importance ,Chinoo salmon (threatened), coho such as surf smelt and sand lance (prey for present along the City's coastal/nearshore ,rthern end of Dumas Bay and northward. stuary with regional importance within the The freshwater shorel salmon ids or habitat ~ waterfowl, trout, and residents. Also, good habitat in streams suc nd its PAA do not provide habitat for anadromous s. However, these lakes do provide general habitat for ec e Important to the character of Federal Way and the lakeshore , the freshwater lakes is important for downstream salmonid reek, Joe's Creek, Mill Creek, Lakota Creek, and the Green River. Land Use and PubIiOJ"~,C ss . The major land uses ~~~ the Federal Way coastal/nearshore shoreline are single-family homes, parks, and public facilities. The City's most common shoreline use is single-family residential, which occupies 55 percent of the coastal shoreline. Parks and public recreational facilities occupy 18 percent of the shoreline. These uses include Dash Point State Park, Dumas Bay Park, Dumas Bay Centre, and Poverty Bay Park. Parks provide opportunities for beach access, fishing, hiking and recreation. Land uses along the City's freshwater lakes are primarily single-family residential and public parks. Single-family residential use occupies between 55 and 80 percent of the shoreline on most lakes, with the exception of North Lake (35 percent) and Five Mile Lake (32 percent). Parks, boat ramps, and pub.lic facilities occupy 9 to 39 percent of the lake shorelines. Public access to the lakes occurs via Page 3 of 10 City of Federal Way SMP Cumulative Impacts Analysis parks including Steel Lake Park, Lake Geneva Park, Lake Killarney Park and Five Mile LakePark, as well as several boat ramps owned by'Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Reasonably Foreseeable Future Development and Use The City of Federal Way has an established land use pattern in the shoreline jurisdiction that predates the current regulatory regime. The pattern generally includes public wat ~font parks and single-family residential development within the City's shorelines. Since 1999, at t ,existing SMP regulations were adopted, the City has received an average of 2 building per' y, ar for residential construction within the shoreline. A total of 11 building permits in the shoreline jurisdiction since 1999. In addition, there are only two residential piers Sound coastal shoreline and no public marina within the City. ' Currently, the Puget Sound shoreline within the City is J parcels along the City's Puget Sound shoreline, f these are located in areas of residential zoning. parcels are found along the freshwater lake sh the City's PM. However, critical areas and th parcels within the freshwat~r lake sho s ( be developable except through the e v of the undeveloped parcel along ~g,~~1 ne encumbered by critical areas. Crili~l; . in buffers, and steep slopes r 4i~, rc City of Federal Way, th I '. 0 along both the Puget patterns that are cons established by the Cit Number of Undeveloped Parcels (%of total) Undeveloped Parcels (%) considered developable Undeveloped Parcels (%) encumbered by Critical Areas Portion of Lake Killarne WlmhiilN f?IAA Portion of Lake Killarne 220 39 18% 96 93 97% 131 49 37% 5 5 100% 90 56 105 96 60 67 112 52 93% 70 63% 40 78% 47 70% 54 87% Page 4 of 10 City of Federal Way SMP Cumulative Impacts Analysis Based on the nature of the shoreline within the City limits, the lack of extensive vacant developable land and consistency among land use regulations and long-range plans, reasonable foreseeable development will likely include redevelopment of property as well as new development, particularly near the lakes in the PM. Redevelopment and development will not likely result in significant changes in types of land use (e.g. single-family to multi-family, commercial, or industrial uses). Within the PM, there is moderate potential for new development along the shorelines of freshwater lakes. Between 12 and 30 percent of the total lots along these lakes is co sidered developable within the shoreline jurisdiction. Due to existing land use patterns, King Count ning, and proposed designation for shoreline areas within the City's Comprehensive Plan evelopment will likely be single-family residential along the lakes in the PM. Once annexe nallakefront residential. development is anticipated. Changes to Shoreline Environment Designations At the time of incorporation in 1990, the City of Federal and 1999, the City developed and adopted its ow ocal policies are contained in the land use element Fe Section 2.8.5). Shoreline development Jegulati nd 18, Article III, of the Federal Way City Code (F 91 established a system of "sho'reline en . en na policies and use regulations within . di sh designations function like zoning Th ey regulations for density, setbacks, lI:k,he p regulations for portions of "~, e e j designations are basef:(;,,~i: ti nn >,0 ~~;~~;~;n~~~~~ . ~1 ;; ~\~~S~gh~~~~: ha1~ ~:~:~d;~ ~hO~~~~~~~' 3) annexation of North L Killarney. These areas were originally designated as Urban Environment b nd are currently being managed by the City using the County's SMP provisi nexations, the City's SMP was left with several inconsistencies. Mos r r sidentiaJ neighborhoods are designated differently (i.e. Jakes with similar residentia t d differently under the City's SMP versus King County's SMP for recently annexed are , to, C s shoreline parks are similarly designated differently (Poverty Bay Park and Dash Point '.Lt,.flitel?' rks are designated Conservancy and Dumas Bay Park is designated Natural). " The proposed SMP a resses inconsistencies in the 1999 SMP by providing a new system of environment designations, in compliance with State guidelines (WAC 173-26-211). The new system applies designation criteria and management policies consistently across areas with similar current and planned land uses and resource characteristics. The new shoreline designations also pre-plan for future annexation areas so that future inconsistencies in shoreline development a're avoided. Eliminat.ion of these inconsistencies will help the City reduce net loss of ecological function in the shoreline over time. The proposed SMP environment designations includes a "Shoreline Residential" environment for areas of the City that are characterized by single or multi-family reSidences or planned as such; an ,"Urban Conservancy" environment that includes waterfront park areas and residential areas, and an "Natural" Page 5 of 10 City of Federal Way SMP Cumulative Impacts Analysis' environment which is designated for the purpose of protecting those shoreline areas that are relatively free of human influence or that include intact or minimally degraded shoreline functions sensitive to human use. The proposed SMP did not include an "Aquatic" shoreline environment; since all shoreline uses in the City are paired with an upland use and therefore another shoreline environment. The proposed environment designations are consistent with both the existing land use pattern and the Comprehensive Plan future land use designations, . Changes to Development Standards and Use Regulations The proposed SMP offers several changes to the development regul~t1,,<, conservation and prohibit activities that would cause adverse impa J~,sb, processes. These changes include limiting shoreline modificati revetments along much of the City's shoreline. These shore!" the natural net-shore drift direction and the availability an . Further, the conservation of shoreline vegetation has b regulations for the City to further stabilize shorelands an related to development of specific uses in the sho!,.line ecological functions and processes, while conti .".fn to allow sensitive development. The proposed ch ',~l(; s a DEVELOPMENT I USE Table 2. Proposed Changes to S , ShQreJine Modifica,tion Bulkheads and shoreline stabilizatio .>. j.,' '. mitted (P) in Shoreline esidential and Urban Conservancy, but prohibited in Natural. Requires applicant to demonstrate that softshore armoring techniques do not provide adequate upland protection. Bulkheads not permitted unless necessary to protect primary structures. Breakwaters rohibited in all environments. Permitted on freshwater shorelines, except for in Natural Environment. Prohibited in all environments. Prohibited (X) in all environments. Piers and Docks Permitted on freshwater shorelines, except for in Natural Environment. Prohibited (X) in all environments. Jetties and Groins ,";';~~:E~; .,,, >:Shoreline Use Office and Commercial Oevelo ment Permitted in all environments. Permitted in Urban Conservancy environment. Prohibited in all other environments. Page 6 of 10 City of Federal Way SMP Cumulative Impacts Analysis DEVELOPMENT I USE Recreational Develo ment Residential' Development 1999 SMP REQUIREMENTS Permitted in all environments. Permitted in all environments. 2007 SMP UPDATE REQUIREMENTS Permitted in all environments. Accessory Structures Permitted in all environments. Permitted in all environments, except Conditional Use in Natural Environment. Permitted in all except Condi . Environme Permitt exce E P e E Changes to the Tre Much of the develop adoption of the Washi in the City's shoreline "non-conforming" use st policies and regulatio~t Utilities Permitted in all environments, Transportation/Parking Permitted in all Facilities environments. are, in general, more II environments, but d to the Urban Conservancy larly for shoreline stabilization), . ~I e "soft-shore"erosion control or ld be re ired to demonstrate why a "soft- ing developme'nt. Over time these cological processes as properties are ;~ses and Structures oreline predates incorporation of the City and or ent Act in 1971. Several properties and developments nt zoning or SMP regulations. The 1999 SMP addresses n t shoreline jurisdiction. However, the proposed SMP includes ned to increase protection of shoreline resources over time. Under the proposedw. sir ctures or uses that were legally established, but which now do not conform to the City's. ode or are non-conforming with regard to the use regulations in the proposed SMP may c e as long as they do not increase or expand in their non-conformity. The policies and regulatio related to non-conforming structures and non-conforming uses in the shoreline are also consistent with the City's zoning code regulations. Restoration Planning Consistent with state guidelines (173-26-186), the proposed SMP includes a new section of goals and policies addressing shoreline restoration within Federal Way. The goals and policies for restoration have also been modified to acknowledge that the City's intent is to meet the "no net loss" standard, and result in an overall improvement to the condition of the habitat and resources within the shoreline jurisdiction of the City. . Page 7 of1 0 City of Federal Way SMP Cumulative Impacts Analysis The draft Restoration Plan dated December 2006 addresses the shoreline restoration element of the SMP. The proposed SMP identifies restoration opportunities that include programmatic opportunities (e,g. surface water management; water quality improvement; public education), site-specific opportunities (e.g. protection of feeder bluffs, restoration of stream mouth deltas and pocket estuaries), regional plans and policies for Puget Sound restoration, and potential funding and partnership opportunities. The SMP's restoration planning is focused on areas where shoreline functions have been degraded by past development activities. These areas with impaired functions were identified in the City's Shoreline Inventory and Characterization. The implementation 0 these restoration opportunities will have the effect of improving shoreline ecological functi . within the City over time. The City's existing Sh use chapter of the Cit oriented uses and exi natural resources (Cit designations as Natur intensity of developm use vision expressed and policies will be in Beneficial Effects of Any Established Regul Local, State, and Federal Laws grams under Other The City's SMP is meant to be consistent with and work federal programs and planning documents to pr t th and protect the health and safety of City reside The following: ith several City, State and I alues of shoreline resources lude, but are not limited to, the r goals and policies are included as an element in' the land pr nsive Plan. These goals and policies encourage water- u es in balance with protection of the Puget Sound shoreline's y,2002). This document also establishes shoreline environment rv ncy, Rural, or Urban Environments, depending on the land use and proposed SMP environmental designations are consistent with the land Comprehensive Plans. Following adoption, the City's proposed SMP goals . orated as a chapter of the City's Comprehensive Plan. Federal Wav City Code Chaoter 22: Zoning - Title 22 of the City's Municipal Code establishes zoning designations. Zoning implements the Comprehensive Plan's vision for future land use. Zoning designations near the Puget Sound shoreline include Single Family Residential, and Multifamily Residential. Zoning designations near the freshwater lake shorelines include Single Family Residential and Corporate Park. Shoreline zoning is consistent with the designations in the proposed SMP, Federal Way City Code. Chaoter 22. Article XIV. Critical Areas - Chapter 22 of the FWCC establishes development standards, buffers and permitted uses in designated critical areas, Critical areas include geologic hazardous areas, streams, regulated lakes, regulated wetlands, regulated wellheads and critical aquifer recharge areas and wellhead protection areas. Standards in this chapter are designed Page 8 of 10 City of Federal Way SMP Cumulative Impacts Analysis to protect these areas from adverse impacts. The City updated it Critical Areas code in 1999. Designated critical areas are found throughout the City's shoreline jurisdiction, particularly streams, flood hazard areas, and geologic hazard areas. Consistent with state guidelines, development standards for critical areas that are physically located in the shoreline jurisdiction have been incorporated into the proposed SMP by reference. City of Federal Way Surface Water Manaaement Division The City's Surface Water Mcmagement Utility is guided by the Surface Wa~er Facilities Plan (1994) and the City's Comprehensive Plan (2002). The Surface Water Manageme } ivision (SWM) is responsible for the comprehensive management of the City's surface water syste is involves protecting developed and undeveloped properties from flooding I runoff and ~,~Iity problems I while continuing to accommodate new development. The SWM Divis' I2fomotes the preservation of natural drainage systems, protection of fishery resources an itat. The City's Surface Water Capital Improvement Program identifies I funds, and imple cific projects intended to provide flood control or alleviation, improve and enhanc t, replace culverts to improve fish passage, and improve water quality from stormwat rface Water Management restoration program is currently focused on strea eso d emphasis on restoration of lakes and marine shorelines. State and Federal A number of state an es ay have jurisdiction over land or natural elements in the City's shoreline jurisdiction. ent proposals most commonly trigger requirements for state or federal permits when ct etlands or streams; potentially affect fish and wildlife listed under the federal Endanger ~' es Act (ESA); result in over five acres of clearing and grading; or affect the floodplain or flood . ' . s with local requirements, state and federal regulations may apply throughout the City, b J!1,r.gulated resources are common within the City's shoreline jurisdiction. The state and federal regu 'tions affecting shoreline-related resources include, but are not limited to: Endanaered Soecies Act The federal ESA addresses the protection and recovery of federally listed species. The ESA is jointly administered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Fisheries (formerly referred to as the National Marine Fisheries Service), and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). Page 9 of 10 City of Federal Way SMP Cumulative Impacts Analysis Clean Water Act rCWA) The federal CWA requires states to set standards for the protection of water quality for various parameters, and it regulates excavation and dredging in waters of the U.S., including wetlands. Certain activities affecting wetlands in the City's shoreline jurisdiction or work in the adjacent rivers may require a permit from the U,S. Army Corps of Engineers and/or Washington State Department of Ecology under Section 404 and Section 401 of the CWA, respectively. es that use, divert, obstruct, ay affect fish habitat. ce water from industrial also required for stormwater es, and municipal stormwater ast, is largely developed in residential uses. coastal shoreline jurisdiction. On the other ng the freshwater lake shorelines, -0 , ~..J1 n ~~~/nc The proposed SMP p ~~.~ a new system of shoreline environment designations that establishes more uniform manage' ent of the City's shoreline. The updated development standards and regulation of shoreline modifications provides more protection for shoreline processes. The updated standards and regulations are more restrictive of activities that would result in adverse impacts to the shoreline environment. The restoration planning effort outJine,d in the proposed SMP provides the City with opportunities to improve or restore ecological functions that have been impaired as a result of past development activities. In addition, the proposed SMP is meant to compliment several City, state and federal efforts to protect shoreline functions and values. . Based on assessment of these factors, the cumulative actions taken over time in accordance with the proposed SMP are not likely to resuJt in a net loss of shorelinE;l ecological functions from existing baseline conditions. Page 10 of 10 ~. CITY OF ~ Federal Way City of Federal Way , Shoreline Master Program Update Citizen Advisory Committee Meeting - July 26, 2006 Meeting Minutes Attendees: Peter Townsend Chris Andersen Bill Baldwin Hal Whidden Linda Ellingson Isaac Conlen, City of Federal Way Greg Fewins, City of Federal Way Teresa Vanderburg, Adolfson Marlies Weirenga, EnviroVision 1. Introductions The group introduced themselves and provided individual issues of concern and questions related to the SMP update process. The issues were: . What does SMA require? · Concern about private property takings and too many regulations.. · Desire to have public access to public shorelines. · Balance property rights and environmental concerns. · Allow private property owners use and enjoyment of shorelines. · Consider beach improvements on lakes. . · Concern with the environmental condition of the Puget Sound and Dumas Bay. Drastic changes over the past few years. Public concerns coming out of the June 7th Open House were discussed. These were: · How shorelines are currently regulated in the PM; · The value of incorporation into the City and regulatory differences for shorelines in PM, which are governed by King County, versus future City regulations; Doc. J.D. EXHIBIT .~ PAGE OF · A desire for non-.motorized boat use on certain lakes; · Water quality concerns in the lakes; · Flooding concerns related to stormwater; · Desire to be able to maintain and repair existing docks; and · Impact of other regulations related to shorelines (Le. Corps, state, local permits) 2. Overview of the SMP update process Isaac introduced the City's SMP update process and described the requirements of the Ecology grant funding this process. He described the current SMP program elements and referred to the packet distributed to the group (Handout 1-Chapter 2, Land Use Element of Comprehensive Plan; Handout 2 - FW City Code, Article III, Shoreline Management). Teresa described the SMP update requirements using the new state guidance from 2003 (Handout 4 - Introduction to Washington's Shoreline Management Act, Handout 5 - What is a Shoreline Master Program? From Ecology web page at http://www.ecv.wa.Qov/proqrams/sea/SMAlst Quide/SMP/SMPintro.html). Cities in western Washington must update their SMP by 2009. She described the requirement to evaluate ecosystem-wide processes and look at "no net loss" of shoreline function. She described the timing of the work related to the grant. The City would like to complete the SMP update work by June. 2007 as per grant requirements. A Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) has been formed . to review the shoreline inventorY report, which is nearly completed. The role of the CAC is to provide any additional local information into the existing conditions of the shorelines, provide input into the process, particularly the goals and policies and shoreline environment designations. 3. Components of the SMP Teresa described the components of the SMP. She referred to Handout 5 - Book Graphic, showing how the FW Comprehensive Plan and City Code are integrated into a Shoreline Master. Plan or Program to cover all the required elements of the SMP. Ecology reviews and approves . the local program. 4. Proiect Schedule The overall project schedule was discussed. The packet for the meeting included a general schedule (Handout 6) that outlined major deliverables and time frames. The inventory report is almost complete and is due to Ecology as a draft by August 31st. Shoreline goals, policies, and environment designations will be addressed next, with adoption slated for spring 2007. 5. Issues of Citizen Concern The July 26th CAC meeting started with the issues of concern as outlined above. 6. Overview of the Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization Report Teresa and Marlies summarized the contents of the draft inventory report for the group. Data sources were described, and general results. A 3-page summary of findings for the inventory and characterization was introduced to the group (Handout 7) and discussed. In addition, a Doc. J.D. . .~... \ c,~ ~ tl "';;.t ;;:4 . . ~ ~ {..~ ~ ~ l.if.......,.,,- ,.,...'....~....,', . ". ..,.... ..,'~ '.~"".'" ,'. '''''. _, .~,,_ ':} O,__,_....~".~ .3 DN.'I subset of maps from the draft map folio were provided to the CAC (Handout 8) including the following figure examples: Figure 1 - Shoreline Planning Areas Figure 2 - Regional Context Figure 3 - Topography and Hydrology Figure 4 ~ Geology Figure ?? - Parks and Open Space Figure 7 - Nearshore Coastal Processes Figure ???-B - Current Conditions, Dumas Bay (Reach 1 B) and Puget Sound Ea.st (Reach 1A) Figure ???-D - Current Conditions, Star Lake (Reach 3) Figure ???-F - Current Conditions, North Lake (Reach 6) . Figure ??? - Coastal Restoration Opportunities Figure ??? - Lake Restoration Opportunities 7. Next Steps The group discussed the agenda for next time. Isaac said that the draft shoreline inventory report would be posted on the City's web page for public review on or immediately after August 1, the due date for delivery of the report to Ecology for review. Isaac said that any additional resources that the group may have or comments to the report could be emailed to him. Additional references noted were the EIS or other materials related to the Lakehaven Wastewater Treatment Facility and its outfall, environmental reports related to work at the Des Moines Marina, and a report prepared by the city in connection with acquisition of Dumas Bay Park. Isaac and Teresa took notes to follow-up on these references. Peter Townsend asked what is expected from the CAC before the next meeting. Isaac said that this is just the introduction to the process and we will be sending out a packet for the next meeting to begin discussion of the goals, policies and shoreline environment designations. Hal Whidden asked if he wanted markups to the existing regulations or Land Use element of the Comp Plan. Isaac said that this would be coming up soon, but that we weren't quite ready for markups; please keep them for next time. Isaac said that we are anticipating three more CAC meetings - probably monthly from August through September. Contact him by email for questions or comments. Doc. J.D. ~ CITY OF ~ Federal Way City of Federal Way Shoreline Master Program Update Citizen Advisory Committee Meeting - August 30, 2006 Meeting Minutes Attendees: Peter Townsend Chris Anderson Hal Whidden Chuck Gibson Bill Baldwin Isaac Coolen, City of Federal Way Greg Fewins, City of Federal Way Don Robinett, City of Federal Way Sandra Lange, Washington Department of Ecology Marlies Weirenga, EnviroVision Kent Hale, Adolfson Aaron Booy, Adolfson 1. Introductions The meeting began at 7:00pm. The group introduced themselves, as there were a number of new faces since the July 26, 2006 meeting. 2. Review of Julv 26, 2006 CAC meetina minutes July 26',2006 CAC meeting minutes had been distributed to the CAC for review prior to this meeting. No . comments or concerns were raised upon review of the minutes. 3. Review of CAC roles and schedule . . . . Isaac reviewed the introductory letter that all CAC members had received, and reiterated the schedule for the remaining CAC meetings, including the major focus (shoreline designations, polices and regulations, and restoration opportunities) for each meeting. The CAC is intended to focus on big picture and policy issues and is not intended to get into code level review of the regulatory component of the SMP. Concerns were raised regarding the role of the CAC, including: Doc. J.D. · With all the 'masters' (e.g., the Planning Commission, City Council, Ecology) in the SMP update and approval process, concern was raised as to how or whether the input of the CAC would be integrated; and · Concern as to whether individuals' specific concerns would have an opportunity to be addressed within the confines of the CAC process; Isaac indicated individual concerns could be raised, especially with regard to policy issues. He also indicated he would meet with members on an individual basis to discuss detailed comments if desired. · Two members brought written comments on SMP items they had reviewed and submitt~d them to the City. 4. Overview of the Shoreline Manaaement Act (Sandra Lanae. Department of Ecoloay) Sandra explained how the Shoreline Management Act (SMA) had stemmed from a citizen movement in the late 1960s that focused on conserving natural shoreline environments. The state legislature, in creating the SMA in the early 1970s, attempted to balance resource protection with human use. Sandra explained Ecology's role in the local Shoreline Master Program (SMP) update process (as in Federal Way). She stated that the local government is charged with the primary responsibility of undertaking the planning required by the state guidelines (WAC 173-26). Ecology plays a largely supportive role in the process, ensuring th1;lt state guidance documents and the SMA are successfully followed. She explained that Ecology reviews and/or approves shoreline permitting decisions according to WAC 173-27, the SMA permitting and enforcement procedures. .She stressed that local SMPs cannot deviate from the permit approval criteria established by WAC 173-27. . Regarding the SMA overview, CAC questions and comments included: · Is the Federal Way marine shoreline a Shoreline of Statewide Significance? (What is the designation?). It was discussed and agreed that Puget Sound in Federal Way is designated a shoreline of statewide significance waterward of the extreme low tide. · Use of the term 'natural environment' ~ after more than a century of development (including logging) can we call anything truly 'natural' anymore? · Consistencies (and inconsistencies) between the SMA and other City regulations (such as the critical areas ordinance) - is this accounted for during the SMP process? It was noted that treatment of critical areas within shoreline jurisdiction is addressed a~ part of the SMP update, however, the scope does not include updating of the city's critical areas regulations. A suggestion that consistency between the SMP and other regulations be adopted as a goal or requirement for the SMP process and there seemed to be agreement this was appropriate. 5. Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization Report - Q & A Kent generally described what is covered within the Draft Inventory & Characterization RepDrt (Draft I&C), including: identification of critical areas, infrastructure, utilities, environmental conditions, and unique resources within all shoreline planning areas. Kent asked if there were any questions regarding the Draft I&C. Questions and concerns included: · Where does information within the Draft I&C come from? [Response from Kent: Existing surveys and inventories from the City or other regional organizations such as WRIA 9, existing City . documents and reports]; · How are changing conditions documented within the SMP process? [Response from Kent: 7 year review framework, in the interim it is left to the city to document changes]; · A concern that there has been recent (last 3 years) development in areas marked as 'natural' on Draft I&Cmaps and that 2002 air photos are too dated; . · A suggestion that 'unknown' information about. lake shoreline modifications could easily be attained and should be attained; and · A suggestion that memo structure could be improved, and that a few specific details seemed to be incorrect - addressed specifically in comments which were provided to the City and Adolfson; Doc. J.D. 6. Shoreline Environment DesiQnations - ExistinQ & Proposed Kent began by describing what Shoreline Environment Designations are and how they function. They can be considered a zoning or land use overlay, that should be considered in concert with other zoning designations. Kent highlighted that existing Environment Designations are reflected on handout maps and that each designation coincides with certain land use restrictions. Proposed new Environment Designations were introduced (with handout); Kent explained how they had been developed by Ecology to streamline the designation process and better match Environment Designations with existing shoreline designations throughout Washington State. Kent highlighted that the primary designations for the City would likely be Shoreline Residential, Urban Conservancy, and Natural (due to current land use patterns and natural resources in Federal Way). Comments on this point included: · Are other Environment Designations (such as 'High Intensity') possible within Federal Way? [Response from Kent/Isaac: Could be possible if Federal Way planning included a vision of a high intensity uSe, such as a marina, however, no such plan exists]; . · Is there a one to one (or other) relationship between the existing and new Environment Designations? [Response from Kent: Some similarities, but no one to one relationship or obvious other relationship - new system differs in more ways than it has similarities]; · Under new Environment Designations, what (if any) will be the major differences in policy and land use regulations? [Isaac suggested that this would be further discussed at future CAC meetings] ; · Are the 6 new Environment Designations from Ecology the required choices, or could other designation options be developed? [Response from Sandra Lange: the new system is pretty much required to insure consistency statewide. Response from Kent: The guidelines do allow you to develop new designation options for areas that were truly unique, however the City's preference is tq first try and utilize the new designations as they appear in the WAC guidelines}; · Concern raised - why would the CAC want to set Environment Designations in Federal Way before the restrictions under each designation are understood and agreed upon? [Greg suggested that the CAC process of setting designations and corresponding regulations would not be completely linear, that designations might be re-adjusted once corresponding regulations were further developed and understoodJ. At this point, discussion began regarding new Environment Designation possibilities within the City of . Federal Way by looking at the map, which included a preliminary look at where new designations might be appropriate. Discussion began with the lake shorelines, and included the following points: · A need to look at the current zoning when deciding what the new designation might be (example: 'Urban Conservancy' designation in an area zoned 'Office Park'); · Importance of looking at future land use mapping as much as current use; and · Agreement that the preliminary lake reach Environment Designations (a combination of Urban Conservancy and Shoreline Residential) seemed to be a reasonable starting point, with understanding that they would be looked at again with policy and regulatory considerations. Discussion next moved to the marine shoreline planning area. Kent began by noting that on the preliminary map of new Environmental Designations, residential use shorelines were either designated as Urban Conservancy or Shoreline Residential. The preliminary mapping had been based on the level of ecological function existing at a given shoreline segment, with high-bluff areas (no bulkheads) showing a higher degree of connection with the marine environment than low-bluff areas (with substantial bulkheads). More intensely developed residential areas were generally proposed as Shoreline Residential, less intensely developed residential areas were generally proposed as Urban Conservancy and parks and public open spaces were generally proposed as Urban Conservancy with some undeveloped portions proposed as Natural. Major topics of discussion included: · Suggestion that Environment Designations should consider desired (future) ecological connection in addition to existing ecological connection (Dumas Bay pocket estuary used as an Doc. J.D. example). [Kent noted that the comment gets into restoration opp.ortunities and restoration planning, which would be an area of focus at a later GAG meeting] · A 'what if' was proposed to the group: What if the entire marine shore.line was designated 'Urban Conservancy'? Wouldn't it encourage protection and improvement of ecolog.ical connections while still recognizing the residential land use? Discussion around this point included: · Certain areas deserved to be highlighted as 'Natural'; · Land use and conditions in some areas would seem to indicate that 'Urban Conservancy' would not be appropriate; and · Different designations along the shoreline would perhaps be more useful to City planners administering the SMP. · A concern with creating differences in Environment Designation for high-bank and low-bank areas - wouldn't a lan~owner who owned land up to the shoreline in a high-bank area expect the same Environment Designation as a landowner who owned land up to the shoreline in a low- bank area? How much weight should existing land use pattern be given in establishing designations? Designating some residential areas 'Urban Conservancy' and some 'Shoreline Residential' raises issues of fairness. .0 A questioning of whether high-bank areas truly are of higher ecological function than other areas; and · A reiteration of the difficulty in agreeing on appropriate Environment Designations to the City's shorelines without fully understanding the regulatory impacts (Le., what can and cannot be done in each designation?). . 7. Next Steps Isaac touched on the major topics highlighted in the Environment Designations discussion. He suggested that a consensus had been reached regarding the lake shoreline designations (indicated on the map) as a good starting point to work from in discussing policy and regulatory impacts. Regarding the marine shoreline, Isaac suggested that two general approaches for Environment Designation were being considered; one that broke the shoreline into many small designation sections, and one that more broadly designated the majority of the marine shoreline. With the caveat that policies and regulations under each designation needed to be understood, the group generally agreed. Isaac indicated that the coming meeting would occur in late September and touched on what the major topics of consideratiDn would be at the remaining CAC meetings. . Contact him by email for questions or comments. The meeting adjourned at 9:4qpm. Doc. J.D. CITY OF ,~ Federal Way City of Federal Way Shoreline Master Program Update Citizen Advisory Committee Meeting - October 4, 2006 Meeting Minutes Attendees: Chris Andersen Hal Whidden Chuck Gibson Bill Baldwin Linda EIsington Gary Hering Isaac Conlen, City of Federal Way Greg Fewins, City of Federal Way Don Robinett, City of Federal Way Kent Hale, ESA Adolfson Aaron Booy, ESA Adolfson 1. Introductions The meeting began at 7:00pm. The group introduced themselves, as there were several new faces since the August 30, 2006 meeting. 2. Review of AUQust 30. 2006 CAC meetinQ minutes August 30, 2006 CAC meeting minutes had been distributed to the CAC for review prior to this meeting. Several minor comments were made, and noted, after review of the minutes. 3. Review of Federal Way Shoreline Environment DesiQnations Memo Kent gave an overview of the Memo (dated September 27,2006) that had been received by all CAC participants before the October 4 meeting. Kent highlighted several elements of the Memo, including the following: . The inclusion of Ecology's new Management Policies for each shoreline environment designation under consideration, noting that some of Ecology's Management Policies might not be applicable to Federal Way; Doc. J.D. · The inclusion of Federal Way's existing Management Policies that might be appropriate and applicable to one or more of the proposed shoreline environment designations; and · The 'Permitted Uses' table described on Pg. 7 of the Memo and located on Pg. 8, noting that it indicates what uses and modifications are allowed under existing shoreline environment designations and what would be allowed under proposed shoreline environment designations. This table was prepared in response to questions raised by the committee at the previous meeting. 4. General discussion of Shoreline Environment DesiQnations: both in reQard to ExistinQ & Proposed DesiQnations and the ManaQement Policies & Uses Memo Comments and questions focused on the City's marine shoreline included: . · What did the three colors along Federal Way shorelines indicate on the maps posted at the beginning of the meeting [Kent described how the colors represented the proposed shoreline environment designations, and described how - as discussed at the previous CAC - the alternative designations shown on the two posted maps represented alternative strategies of designation.] . · A concern was raised with creating differences in Environment Designation for high-bank and low-bank areas that are both zoned as residential - wouldn't a landowner who owned land up to the shoreline in a high-bank area expect the same Environment Designation as a landowner who owned land up to the shor~line in a low-bank area? · . Suggestion made that residential development would be allowed under both Urban Conservancy and Shoreline Residential designations, and that instead of describing Urban Conservancy as more restrictive to residential development, it would be better be described as leading to 'more careful review' of development proposals. · Another point of view: there are major differences between the proposed designations that would lead to very different management policies and allowable uses. Question asked: Why and how does Urban Conservancy fit into the Puget Sound Shoreline. [Response to this question came in the form of the following comment, with additional response from Kent after the comment, as . described below.] · A comment was made suggesting that in previous conversations about how designations were to be made for each shoreline reach, it was generally agreed that the decision would be based off of the existing land use and ecological functions present at the shoreline reach. [Kent elaborated upon this briefly, and generally agreed with the suggestion] The comment was then further elaborated to suggest that existing environmental analysis (from WRIA 9) does exist that highlights certain Puget Sound shoreline areas as having higher ecological function, and this analysis would support a three-tiered system of shoreline environment designation (including Natural, Urban Conservancy, and Shoreline Residential). · A comment was made that what a shoreline homeowner would really be interested in would be an understanding of what shoreline modifications and uses would be allowed. A bulkhead was used as an example: Is a new bulkhead allowed? If so, what sort of bulkhead? [Kent noted that these sorts of decisions are currently made based on regulations within the Federal Way code, and that these regulations were developed with guidance documentation from Ecology and other state agencies. He then noted that under all of the proposed shoreline designations, Federal Way would still use the Federal Way code and refer to the same guidance documentation in making decisions.] · The topic was further discussed by the comment that under both Urban Conservancy and Shoreline Residential designations, bulkheading would (or could) be allowed - however 'more careful' review could be required under Urban Conservancy than under Shoreline Residential. · A comment that there is no one-to-one relationship between the management policies for each shoreline environment designation. This makes it difficult to make any sort of comparison between how each might be managed or regulated. Example us~d: Setbacks are addressed Doc. J.D. under certain designations, but not under others. Staff agreed and will reformat ma~agement policies to follow a consistent structure. · Are different setbacks and use requirements connected to different shoreline environment designations? [Isaac responded that under current designations, minimum setback requirements are typically the same, except that setbacks are larger in the 'Natural' environment designation. · Is there anyexplicitlanguage in Ecology guidance that says lake shorelines can be treated "differently than marine shorelines? [Isaac responded that Ecology allows for differences to be made at local levels in terms of regulations and restrictions.] · A comment re-iterating that it is very difficult to make 'broad' environment designations when the restrictions within each environment are unknown. · Response to comment suggested that it is difficult to address regulatory details for each designation because environmental review is done on a site-by-site basiS. · Isaac responded that there was a hope that some general assumptions could be made based on the management policies for each shoreline designation - with the main focus aimed at making shoreline designations both practical and user friendly. · A comment that the 'Purpose' statements (as taken from Ecology guidelines) for each shoreline environment designation do highlight significant differences between each designation, suggesting that there would also likely,be major differences in how development in each designation would be restricted and reviewed by City planners. · A comment suggesting that since the City will review all development, what is the purpose of placing any sort of more restrictive designation? Wouldn't environmental concerns be addressed with or without different designations? · Response suggested that by placing more detaileq designations over the shorelines, it would provide a filter to assist City planners in their review of shoreline proposals. · Greg commented that the designations would also provide a filter (guidance) to developers when they are considering what could and couldn't be done with a shoreline area. · So who draws the lines that determine what areas receive what shoreline environment designation? · Response suggested that WRIA 9 environmental analysis could be used to determine areas with greater ecological function · . Kent, at this point, reviewed the thinking and criteria that had been used to determine how to designate areas Shoreline Residential, Urban Conservancy, or Natural (i.e., by looking at the level of development and the ecological function of any given shoreline area). · A comment was made suggesting to consider designating some of the initially proposed Natural shoreline areas as Urban Conservancy, while still maintaining high value areas, as noted by WRIA 9, as Natural. · A comment was made that if distinct designations are to be made in certain areas along the marine shoreline, then documented scientific findings need to support those distinctions. · A comment made that it would be useful to see examples of ecologically friendly or 'mimicking' shoreline protection strategies actually in practice. [Kent and others suggested some examples, however additional examples with more detail might still be useful.] · A concern rose that in Urban Conservancy areas, repairs to existing bulkheads might not be allowed - and that this would create serious concerns with landowners in these areas. [Isaac responded that repair would likely be allowed, and that only a full. bulkhead replacement could require the use of a different type of bulkhead. Kent noted that the existing regulations and policies establish a preference for alternative bulkhead "softshore" designs and that reviewing a proposal for a full replacement (not a repair) might require that a landowner consider these designs first and demonstrate .why it would not work.] Doc. J.D. At this point, Isaac suggested that the CAC should focus on commen!s and questions applicable to lake shorelines. Comments and questions focused on the City's lake shorelines included: · What does 'no net loss of ecological function' really mean? If taken literally, it seems to suggest that no residential develqpment would be allowed within shoreline areas. If most of the lakes are designated "Shoreline Residential", then ho'w could you have both? [Staff agreed that the 'no net loss' language contained in the state guidelines raises some questions with regard to whether this is achievable given that residential and other uses are expected to occur. Kent described how mitigation is frequently used to compensate for development activities... that opportunities to mitigate (habitat creation, improvement, and enhancement) are used to maintain 'no net loss'.} · A comment suggesting that there is very little natural function provided by the lakes in Federal Way; they do not provide salmon or native habitat and in reality are largely serving human purposes. · A question regarding the flexibility of the management policy language for the Shoreline Residential designation: the policies do not se~m to be reflective of a balance between human and natural uses that the City should consider in areas designated Shoreline Residential. [Kent responded that the language is from Ecology and reflects the criteria they will use to review the City's SMP, however that there is flexibility in what the City can do.} There were several general comments asking for clarification on information included in the Management Policies & Permitted Uses Memo. These comments included the following: · A comment regarding the difference between impacts to ecological function as stated under the Natural Environment and Urban Conservancy designation - what are the differences between 'no significant impact' and 'no net impact'? [Kent suggested that in a Natural designation, no significant impacts should be allowed, with or without mitigation; while in other areas with more allowed uses (such as Urban Conservancy) you could have. uses that may have impacts but they would be mitigate.d and thus have 'no net impact. 1 · A desire for clarification as to why Commercial/Office development would be allowed With Urban Conservancy areas but not in Shoreline Residential areas. [Kent responded that Shoreline Residential areas really are limited to residential development, whereas Urban Conservancy areas allow for a variety of development uses as long as ecohgical function is maintained.} .. A desire for clarification regarding the difference between a Substantial Development Permit and a Conditional Use Permit. [Kent and Isaac responded: A Substantial Development Permit is required when a project reaches a threshold monetary amount (currently $5,000) and involves City review and approval, whereas a Conditional Use Permit is for large scale projects that may have significant impacts (ecological, compatibility) and requires review and approval by both the City and Ecology.} . · A comment asking for clarification regarding the Aquatic designation. [Isaac described how Kent and him had discussed this designation and its use, and whether or not it would be applicable to Federal Way. Isaac indicated that there was still some confusion regarding the Aquatic designation and further clarification would be sought from Ecology.} 5. Next Steps Isaac touched on the major topics highlighted in the evening's discussion. He indicated staff would make the Management Policies structurally uniform across all shoreline environment designations per CAC request. He indicated that discussion of environment designations had been good. He noted that full consensus may not be possible, however, and it's important that we move on to our next task at our next meeting. Isaac indicated that the coming meeting would occur in late October or early to mid November and touched on what the major .topics of consideration would be at the two remaining CAC meetings (goals and policies and restoration planning). Contact him by em ail for questions or comments. The meeting adjourned at 9:00 PM; Doc. J.D. ~ CITYOF , ~ Federal Way City of Federal Way Shoreline Master Program Update Citizen Advisory Committee Meeting - November 15, 2006 Meeting Minutes Attendees: Chris Andersen Chuck Gibson Linda Elsington Gary Hering Peggy McKasy Joleen Latham Mike McKasy Isaac Conlen, City of Federal Way Sandra Lange, Washington Dept. of Ecology Teresa Vanderburg, ESA Adolfson Kent Hale, ESA Adolfson 1. Review of October 4th, 2006 CAC meetina minutes The meeting began at 7:05pm. The group introduced themselves, as there were some new citizens since the October meeting. Several residents from Dumas Bay area were in attendance at this meeting. Meeting minutes from the October 4th CAC meeting were distributed in the packet of materials prior to this meeting. Several minor comments were made, and noted, after review of the minutes. Sandra Lange asked about the "high bank" versus "low bank!' development requirements - these should be different. Kent explained that we had discussed the landslide hazard issues in the last meeting. 2. Overview of Shoreline Master Proaram update process .. Doc. J.D. Teresa gave an overview of the City's SMP update process and where we are in the process. We submitted the Draft Shoreline Inventory & Characterization report to Ecology for review on August 1, 2006 but have not received comments to date from Ecology. We did receive comments from our Technical Advisory Committee (TAC), specifically from our WRIA 9 representative and King County. A citizen comment was made that the previous inventory done on North Lake in 1998 was badly done. This raised a lot of discussion among North Lake residents. The Draft Goals and Policies (including environment designations) and Restoration Plan are due to Ecology on December 15, 2006. The draft goals and policies, along with environment designations, will be discussed tonight with the CAC. The Draft restoration plan has been prepared and is in City review. The next CAC meeting will focus on the restoration plan. Chris asked if the next CAC meeting would be in early December prior to the Dec. 15th deadline. Isaac said yes he would schedule this soon. In early 2007, we will be introducing the City Council and LUTC to the components of the SMP update. To meet our grant deadline, we must have the SMP work completed by June 2007. 3. Review of SMP Update - Goals.& Policies Memorandum Kent gave an overview of the Goals & Policies Memo (dated October 26, 2006) that had been received by all CAC participants before the November meeting. Kent walked through the general and specific recommendations outlined in the memo. In general, we have reorganized chapters in the Goals & Policies, removed redundancies, and added new policy statements required by the shoreline guidelines. Kent noted that the big themes to focus on include the following: 1. Shoreline use element: longest section of the Goals & Policies 2. Public access and recreation: combined these because the policies are similar 3. Shoreline environment designations and policies: revised to meet guidelines Mike asked about shoreline regulations - will these then follow our discussion of goals & policies. Kent answered yes, but we are already touching on those, for example we have already talked about piers and requirements for those in general. 4. General discussion of Shoreline Goals & Policies - Existina and Proposed Comments and questions focused on the City's marine shoreline included: · A discussion began about the aquatic areas and use of an Aquatic Environment Designation. Mike asked specifically about lots that are plotted out to the old government line, well below the OHWM of Puget Sound. This is for Dumas Bay where the ownership extends up to 600 feet out into the sound. Kent said, yes, we will be regulatIng those areas to the extent of the City's jurisdiction. Mike said a neighbor wanted to fence his property even below the tide line, which he could see would be problematic. Kent assured everyone that the regulations will still.apply waterward of the OHWM and goals & policies will apply everywhere in the City, even if an Aquatic Environment Designation is not used. . . A discussion as to the uses for an Aquatic Environment designation occurred. One person asked if there are uses that would only occur in that environment, waterward of the OHWM. Sandra Lange referred everyone to the WAC definition for the Aquatic Environment areas. · Comments on the Proposed Goals & Policy Language- Shoreline Use Element and Public Access I Recreation A request for comments from Isaac initiated the group's review of the goals & policies. Doc. J.D. On SMP Policy (SMPP) 8, Chris requested that the policy (b) be rephrased to clarify.. A$ iUs now, it is open to interpretation. Chris's point is that some structures can be safely built in landslide hazard zones, and if they don't result in a no net loss of shoreline function. On SMPP 12, Chris as~ed how this policy relates to zoning issue. Shouldn't densities be established according to zoning requirements? It was confirmed that densities are in fact controlled by the underlying zoning. On SMPP30, a discussion of shoreline armoring occurred. Will new hard bulkheads be allowed at all? Yes, but only after considering other options with less impact like different soft shore alternatives and site designs. Gary noted that SMPP11 c is similar in intent. . On Goal SMPG5, a long discussion among th~ citizen occurred regarding the wording of that goal. Mike noted that the wording almost discourages safe use of a property since shoreline protection must be limited. Kent explains that the goal for new development is to first look at site configuration. Need to ask "Can you develop safely without requiring the need for a bulkhead?" Look for alternatives to hard structures. Mike suggested rewording the Goal to focus on the positive - as in to "encourage soft shore armoring over hard bulkheads." Mike suggests.that Goal SMPG5 needs to be more flexible and reworded to accommodate the possible redevelopment of bulkheads. Chris voiced similar concerns with this language. . The group asked if it was true that new development could not use hard bulkheads. Isaac said yes, you must come up with alternative site designs. One possible exception would be for properties that are constrained to the degree that you cannot develop without a bulkhead. Mike asked about what actions would be considered "new development". If you removed an existing house to rebuild? No, that is considered "redevelopment" not new. How does the City's SMP work with the Hydraulic Project Approval (HPA) requirements from the state Department of Fish and Wildlife? Kent said that the HPA is primarily fish related, whereas the SMP deals with broader issues. Sandra reiterated that new development in the shoreline needs to consider construction in a way that doesn't require hard bulkheads. The new shoreline guidelines require this consideration. Sandra recommends that property owners consider structure setbacks and structure footprint before hard bulkheads. Kent suggests that we will reword. both SMPG5 and SMPP30. Gary wants us to make sure that it follows the new shoreline guidance. It has to be approved by Ecology, so has to be consistent. Chuck said yes to revising the goal and policy above, we need to recognize that there are certain situations where new hard bulkheads may be warranted. Sandra said the confusion lies in use of "shoreline protection" in the goal. This is a misnomer and should use "shoreline armoring" instead to be clear. Chuck asks what is soft shore armoring anyway? Kent explains it is the use of logs, vegetation, natural materials to achieve shoreline protection instead of concrete bulkheads. Seahurst Park in Des Moines is an example of this. Sandra mentioned that concrete bulkheads get a "bad rap" because they often stick out too far into the OHWM. How does the state look at beach nourishment projects? Would these be allowed? Can you add a beach to your property? Yes, Seahurst Park is an example where beach nourishment was allowed to improve shoreline functions. . Kent mentioned that Conservation and Restoration elements of the SMP will be discussed during the restoration planning meeting. The goals and policies will be included in the Restoration plan. Dqc. J.D. · Comments on the Shoreline Environments & ManaQement Policies Kent introduced the shoreline environments that have been selected by the City and CAC: · Shoreline Residential · Urban Conservancy · Natural Then he explained that the management policies. are set up with three separate parts: 1) type of use, 2) development standards and setbacks, and 3) different policies per each shoreline environment type. Sandra asked on p. 20, under management policies for Shoreline Residential, "why aren't supporting. uses allowed in the shoreline zone, like commercial development. Why is it limited to only water-oriented uses?" She asked if this was verbatim from the WAC. . Chuck asked so this means you can't put a Starbucks in the shoreline jurisdiction in ~horeline Residential zones. Isaac said very few commercial uses are allowed in shoreline areas due to the primarily residential zoning associated with these areas, however, we can look at that policy and see if we want to make a change there to allow non water-oriented uses. It may be too restrictive as it is written, Chris notes that the management policies point to the standards but don't provide setbacks. Setbacks may be different in each environment designation, and will be in the shoreline regulations. Kent says yes. Isaac mentions that the requirement of the shoreline guidelines is for "no net IDSS" so we are striving to meet this test. A discussion followed of how to meet the no net loss standard. Chuck voiced the concern that every bit of the shoreline has some type of function. Concern regarding overly discretionary regulatory language was voiced. Isaac said that when we put together the regulations, we'll make sure that the language isn't too discretionary. Sandra said that the City needs to rely on its inventory to set the baseline for shoreline conditions. 5. Shoreline Environment DesiQnations - Summary of Results Kent refers to a GIS map of the City with the proposed shoreline environment designations displayed, Based upon feedback from earlier CAC meetings, the environment designations were discussed. The freshwater lakes are designated either Shoreline Residential (SR) or Urban Conservancy (UC). The Puget Sound coast is designated Natural, SR and UC. SR is proposed in developed areas with low banks. UC is proposed in residential areas with high bank coastal bluffs (feeder bluffs) and within Dumas Bay and generally in more environmentally sensitive areas. Natural areas include portions of Dash Point State Park and other undeveloped park lands. Chuck suggested that we might need to consider a Natural designation along part of North Lake. There are areas along North Lake that are basically undisturbed which meet Natural definition. It was noted that the Natural designation may not have been considered in this area due to inconsistencies with the underlying office pa.rk zoning. . Mike noted that most of Dumas Bay is proposed to be Urban Conservancy. He recognizes this designation will be more restrictive for development. This will put the focus on restoration in those areas, while still allowing residential development. Peggy noted that this designation will give Dumas Bay residents more clout for restoration actions. It was noted that the "no net loss" requirement is applicable to all three environment designations under consideration. Residents noted that there is a problem with odor in Dumas Bay from decaying seaweed. They are . worried that this is impacting bay health, affecting eelgrass habitat. The residents have a meeting set up on November 2ih with Ecology and other agencies to find a solution to problems in the bay. The odor Doc. J.D. was th.e worst this year of the past several years. Could be an issue related to Lakehaven Sewer outfall, septic tanks, or stormwater runoff. Mike is hoping Ecology will fund a baseline study of the Bay. 6. Next Steps Isaac touched on the major topics highlighted in the evening's discussion. He said that he will be s~tting up the next meeting for sometime in early December to discuss restoration planning. Contact him by email for questions or comments. The meeting adjourned at 9:20 PM. Doc. J.D. . .~ CITY OF ~ Federal Way City of Federal Way .Shoreline Master Program Update Citizen Advisory Committee Meeting - December 6, 2006 Meeting Minutes Attendees: Chuck Gibson Gary Hering Peggy McKasy Mike McKasy Joleen Latham Bill Baldwin . Isaac Conlen, City of Federal Way . Greg Fewins, City of Federal Way Don Robinett, City of Federal Way Andrea Maclennan, Coastal Geologic Services Teresa Vanderburg, ESA Adolfson 1. Review of November 15, 2006 CAC meetinQ minutes Reviewed the November 15 CAC meeting minutes and agreed on content. 2. Draft Shoreline Restoration Plan Teresa introduced the Restoration Plan and des~ribed the contents. She walked the group through the elements of the report, and the requirements for restoration planning under the new shqreline guidelines. CAC members reviewed the Draft Restoration Plan and the GIS drawings for the marine shoreline, indicating where restoration opportunities exist as identified by the Water Resource Inventory Area (WRIA) planning efforts. Mike McKasy asked whether Dumas Bay's seaweed would be considered a noxious weed. If that was the case, he wondered if Dumas Bay would fall under that portion of the restoration goals and policies (Dumas Bay Restoration/Enhancement Opportunities - invasive species removal?). Mike also pointed out that a tidal lands policy goal to restore degraded shorelines is needed. Chuck asked whether this was something to be pur.sued by the City, or if private property owners should take the lead. The group Doc. J.D. discussed the environmental. issues at Dltmas Bay, and since the cause of the odors problems is not yet clearly identified, we decided it warranted further study. Not likely that the kelp in the Bay would be considered an invasive species. Bill asked several general questions on the overall program, wondering whether Federal Way's SMP development would have to coordinate its actions with regional entities. He wondered what might happen if the working group, a small part of the big picture, came up with goals that were in conflict with the larger program. Which would .be a higher priority - Federal Way's alternatives or the larger WRIA group's alternatives? As an example, Bill pointed to the case of feeder bluffs blocked by bulkheads. In this situation, the WRIA group deals with conflict such as this. Don suggested that different priorities might come into play at the local leveL The City wants to contribute to the restoration opportunities identified at the WRIA leveL . Don turned discussion to the Lake Management District. Aquatic weed management programs were established for the specific purpose of aquatic weed management in North Lake and Steel Lake. Although the restoration plan calls for possible expansion of these programs that would not really be possible, according to Don, based upon the way they are set up. He suggested the possibility of Council funding for that purpose, obtained through 1) raising taxes; 2) CIP City donation; and/or 3) raising utility fees. Isaac proposed looking into grants as a means of funding future restoration programs. Bill, in turn, asked Isaac if citizens interested in a specific lake restoration project could approach the City, and Isaac said that yes, they could. Supporting Isaac's point, one citizen pointed out that lakes benefit all the public. Peggy noted a Site-Specific Restoration Goal on page 18 of the Draft Restoration Plan: the goal seems to address restoration of tributary mouths only, rather than the entirety of Dumas Bay. Don responded that most scientists agree the Bay is a pocket estuary, and we are focusing on the bay. Dumas Bay itself is considered high value habitat. The City has done a lot of past restoration projects on the streams and stream mouths. Andrea was asked to describe how Coastal Geologic Services did their evaluation of the marine shoreline in Federal Way for the WRIA group work. She said that the evaluation was based upon information that's been collected through walking surveys onshore. Evaluation included looking at geomorphological processes, sediment sources, sediment transport ZOnes, and modified shorelines (looked at, not mapped). About 90 percent of our natural sediment sources in marine areas are from eroding bluffs. These surveys indicate high value conservation bluffs in the area, as they are the .Ieast changed from historical condition. The group continued the discussion on Dumas Bay, wondering what impact restoration planning would have on homeowners. Don pointed out that restoration is opportunity driven, and also that feasibility studies are needed to verify these restoration projects. Gary proposed that the process of erosion is normal and that the balance of property owners need it to occur (to maintain beaches, etc.). Sediment transport also provides support for ecosystems, he said, and people need to walk the beach to discover that. Adding to the discussion, Mike referred to page 21 of the Draft Restoration Plan and proposed that property owners at the base of feeder bluffs in Dumas Bay be notified that their homes have been identified for removaL Isaac and Don both pointed out that none of the restoration projects would be undertaken without feasibility studies and the permission of landowners. Restoration in this context is entirely voluntary. There was discussion about the appropriateness of including the restoration projects calling for removal of homes given the low likelihood of implementation and the political sensitivity. Bill raised a general question about implementing the Restoration Plan, pointing out that 95% of the Draft Plan focuses on Puget Sound and Dumas Bay. He was worried that not as much is known about lakes, and no lake restoration projects have been identified. Bill wanted to go on the record stating that the group needed more information on lakes. Chuck stated that King County did a survey of all lakes 4 years ago. Chuck suggested that Department of Ecology Lakes Program funding could be pursued, and Peggy asked. what the best place to apply that funding might be. Speculating on other funding sources, Don stated that the Salmon Recovery Funding Board won't fund urban stream restoration and Mike Doc. J.D. wondered who is funding the stream restoration on the golf course. The suggestion was made to add lake restoration projects to the conclusion statement in the Draft Restoration Plan. Isaac then gave an overview of the SMP timeline. We will start legislative process in February of 2007 with Planning Commission, which is expected to take a month to a month and a half to review the proposed SMP. LUTC will then review the SMP and make a recommendation in March, and the. document will go to the full Council in late April. The final SMP will be effective in fall of 2007, subject to Department of Ecology review. Isaacwill notify the CAC during Planning Commission review. One member asked whether it was true that they'd be voting on annexation in 2007. It was suggested that annexation was a long process, but that it was a state goal advocated by the City Council, King County, and a majority (50%) of voters. Yes, annexation is slated to be discussed this year. Doc. J.D.