Council PKT 04-18-2017 SpecialCITY OF
Federal Way
CITY COUNCIL
SPECIAL MEETING /STUDY SESSION AGENDA
Council Chambers - City Hall
April 18, 2017 — 5:30 p.m.
1. CALL MEETING TO ORDER
2. PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE
3. STUDY SESSION
• Violence Prevention Steering Committee Report and Recommendations
4. CITY COUNCIL DISCUSSION /QUESTIONS
5. CITIZEN COMMENT
PLEASE COMPLETE A PINK SLIP AND TURN IT IN TO THE CITY CLERK PRIOR TO SPEAKING.
When recognized by the Mayor, come forward to the podium and state your name for the record.
Please limit your comments to three minutes. The Mayor may interrupt comments that exceed three
minutes, relate negatively to other individuals, or are otherwise inappropriate.
6. ADJOURNMENT
City Council Meetings are wheelchair accessible; and assisted listening devices for use in the Council Chambers
are available upon request to the City Clerk. Regular Meetings are recorded and televised live on Government
Access Channel 21. To view Council Meetings online please visit www.cityoffederalway.com.
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CITY OF ' iit'; ,
Federal Way Q
t
Federal Wa y Violence Prevention
Coalition Steering Committee
Report to the Mayor and City Council
CITY OF
Federal Way
The vision of the Federal Way VPCSC is to engage and empower Federal Way youth to
become thriving and successful citizens
Violence Prevention Coalition Steering Committee Members
Doug Baxter-Chair
Lawrence Garrett-Vice Chair
Alonso Aguilar
Dr.Tammy Campbell
Zenaida Cruz
Mark Hendricks
Erin Herringshaw
Andy Hwang
Kira Kuetgens
Kelli Lauritzen
Dr. Danielle Pfeiffer
Dion Schell
Dr.Andre Sims
Dianne Zoro
CITY OF
,‘■
Federal Way
Table of Contents
Community challenge and formation of VPCSC
Public Feedback
Key Findings from Public Feedback
Meetings and Presentations
Positive Activities Already Underway
VPCSC Recommendations
Community Training & Education
Bystander Awareness Training
Restorative Justice
Safe Gun Storage
Mentoring
Youth-Focused Programs
One-Stop Resource Center
After School Programs
Social/Emotional Learning
Substance Use
Youth Employment
City of Federal Way Staff Position
Resources
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CITY OF
Federal Way
Community Challenge and Formation of VPCSC
The Violence Prevention Coalition Steering Committee (VPCSC)was created by Mayor Jim Ferrell in
August 2016 in response to an increase in homicides, including three homicides within a 48-hour period
in May. The 14-member committee was tasked with being a liaison with the community to formulate and
submit recommendations regarding what is needed to reduce violence in Federal Way. The VPCSC spent
six months gathering feedback from the community via an online survey and a public meeting, hearing
about needs and opportunities from social service organizations and researching strategies that could
reduce violence. National statistics show that most gun violence happens with young people ages 15-24;
the VPCSC focused our recommendations on impacting violence in that age group.
The VPCSC heard from over 400 Federal Way residents and over a dozen community organizations. The
VPCSC has ten recommendations to submit to the Mayor and City Council.
Public Health Model
The VPCSC decided to base their public feedback and recommendations on the public health model,
which separates prevention strategies into three areas: primary, secondary and tertiary prevention.
Tertiary Prevention:
Strategies that involve
treatment and
rehabilitation to reduce
further complications.
Secondary Prevention: Strategies
targeted at those in need to alleviate
identified problems and prevent
escalation.
Primary Prevention: Strategies targeted at entire population in
orders to provide support and education before problems occur.
Violence Prevention is complicated, and no single strategy can prevent future violence. The VPCSC
focused our feedback and recommendations on all three tiers of the public health pyramid. This was to
ensure that recommendations would help reduce violence in the short-term and work to create long-term
solutions.
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CITY OF
Federal Way
Public Meeting Key Results
A public meeting was held on October 26th at Federal Way City Hall. The goal was to solicit feedback and
ideas from community members on how to reduce incidents of violence in our city.
Attendees were broken into groups and asked violence prevention guiding questions relating to each tier
of the public health pyramid. Some key themes that emerged were:
• Need for better communication regarding programs and opportunities to get involved.
• Increased access to programs, both at existing locations and lesser served locations in Federal
Way. Reduce transportation and income barriers to participation in programs.
• More community and youth education on relevant topics, such as stress relief, restorative justice,
trauma-informed care, etc.
• Youth employment programs.
• Ensuring all services are culturally relevant, including youth culture.
Online Survey Key Results
The VPCSC created an online survey with the goal of garnering wider community input on what Federal
Way residents see as challenges and opportunities to reduce violence. The survey received 387 total
responses. Listed below are the questions and highlights from the results.
• Do you feel safe in your community in general? (scale of 1-5)
o 2.93 average
• Where are the areas that you feel unsafe?
o Top Answers:
• Commons Mall
• Major Corridors, such as Pacific Highway, 320th Street, and 21st Ave SW
• All Over—many commenters felt uneasy walking in Federal Way or going out
after dark.
• What do you think can decrease crime in your area?
o The overwhelming majority of commenters mentioned increasing police presence across
Federal Way.
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CITY OF
Federal Way
• What types of activities are needed to engage the community's young people?
What types of activities are needed to engage the community's young
people?
80.0%
70.0%
60.0%
50.0%
40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
00%
Activities Activities that Volunteer Job offerings Other(please
involving are centered opportunities for 14-18 year specify)
parents and around positive olds
children activities
• What can be done to create safety in your neighborhood or community?
What can be done to create safety in your neighborhood or
community?
100.0%
80.0%
60.0% ---
40.0%
20.0%
0.0%
Neighborhood Watch Organized neighborhood Other(please specify)
activities
• I believe that school staff are trained/equipped to address At Risk Youth issues? (scale of 1-
5)
o Average of 2.09
• What, specifically,would make school staff more effective at working with At-Risk Youth
issues?
o Top Answers:
• Training and education for school staff
• Better support services to help struggling youth
• Changes in school discipline policies
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CITY OF
Federal Way
• I believe that existing community spaces should be used to create after school programs
and activities? (scale of 1-5)
o Average of 3.96
• There are enough resources for youth and young adults who have exhibited dangerous
behaviors? (scale of 1-5)
o Average of 2.09
• If not,what resources do you think are lacking in Federal Way(such as youth employment,
substance abuse treatment, mental health counseling)?
o Top Answers:
• Everything
• Mental health counseling
• Substance use treatment
• Youth employment
• I don't know
• What would you, as a community member,do to help youth and young adults reach their
full potential?
o Top Answers:
• Become a mentor
• Take an active interest in and encourage neighborhood youth
• Volunteer at a school, faith community or sports league
• Be a good role model to their children, grandchildren or other family members
• How do you recommend we keep firearms out of the hands of youth and young adults in
Federal Way?
o Top Answers:
• Responsible gun ownership and safe gun storage
• I don't know
• Firearm safety classes
• Enforcing existing laws better or creating stricter laws regarding gun ownership
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An,
CITY OF
Federal Way
Meetings and Presentations
The VPCSC members spoke to individuals and organizations from throughout the area with expertise in
violence prevention or who manage support programs. Some gave formal presentations at VPCSC
meetings, and some were through informal meetings with VPCSC members.
• Multi-Service Center
• Federal Way Youth Action Team
• Youth LINC
• Tacoma Goodwill
• Domestic Abuse Women's Network
• Nexus Youth & Family Services
• Kent Youth & Family Services
• Valley Cities Counseling &Consultation
• FWPS Mentor&Me Program
• Communities In Schools of Federal Way
• Big Brothers Big Sisters of Puget Sound
• Dr. Erin Casey—University of Washington Tacoma
• Dr.Todd Herrenkohl—University of Washington Seattle
Positive Activities Already Happening
The VPCSC learned about several positive violence prevention activities that have already begun. We
applaud these programs and encourage the city to support their success.
• City of Federal Way committing to hire more police officers.
• Expansion of cameras in high-crime parts of Federal Way.
• Citizens using technology to become more connected through Safe City Federal Way and Next
Door.
• FWPD Positive Ticket Program, School Resource Officers, Explorer Scout Post and Youth Citizen's
Academy.
• Federal Way Youth Action Team and the Positive Outcomes Program—working to keep Federal
Way youth out of the juvenile justice system.
• Youth LINC's work with gang and group-involved youth.
• FWPS creating the Mentor& Me program and hiring Restorative Practices Coordinators at all
middle schools. FWPS has made Goal 2 of their strategic plan,which promotes whole child
development, a priority for all FWPS schools this school year.
• King County Prosecutor's Office initiative to identify and vigorously prosecute gun violence
offenders.
• Federal and state law enforcement agencies working together to identify ballistic connections
between inter-jurisdictional gun crimes.
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CITY OF
Federal Way
Federal Way Violence Prevention Coalition Steering
Committee Recommendations
The Federal Way Violence Prevention Coalition Steering Committee is making ten recommendations to
the Mayor and City Council. These recommendations are based on challenges and opportunities learned
during our public meeting, online survey results, presentations from social service organizations and
meetings with experts and community members.
To be listed as an official recommendation, an idea needed to have all four of these criteria:
• Does the recommendation address an actual community challenge?
• Is the recommendation proven to be effective?
o The VPCSC used the risk and protective framework from the Centers for Disease Control
as a guide to show effectiveness.
• Are there natural partners to help implement the recommendation?
• Does the recommendation have the support of the community?
The recommendations are meant to be a starting point as the city explores a comprehensive approach to
violence prevention. Our coalition took care to select recommendations from all three levels of the public
health pyramid and to select strategies that focused on both youth and how the wider community can be
involved in keeping our city safe.
It is the VPCSC's hope that the City of Federal Way will use these recommendations to guide existing
resources and staff energy toward effective violence prevention strategies. Also,these recommendations
are a base to seek funding and support from the county, state, federal and private foundation sources.
The recommendations are broken down into three categories: Community Training &Awareness, Youth-
Centered Programs, and City of Federal Way Staff.
CITY OF
Federal Way
Community Training & Education
Primary Prevention Recommendation
The FWVPCSC recommends the City of Federal Way support a community-centered
bystander awareness project.
Community Challenge
Residents of Federal Way want knowledge, tools, and support to prevent more violence in the city.
People are afraid to intervene if they see concerning or suspicious behavior. The Green Dot initiative is a
bystander training program that can provide training for residents to safely intervene and ask for help if
they see unsafe behavior in any setting.
Research Support
A CDC review from 2014 showed Green Dot to reduce multiple forms of interpersonal violence. Green
Dot was created to reduce gender-based violence however the bystander training techniques included
have potential to reduce bullying and other aggressive behavior.
Community Support
There were multiple comments throughout the survey results that show residents want to get involved
and find ways to keep their city safe. Residents are interested in community training. Green Dot is a well-
supported and researched initiative that already exists.
Partners
DAWN (Domestic Abuse Women's Network) is already spearheading a community Green Dot project in
Kent and is willing to be a lead partner if Federal Way adopts Green Dot. There are multiple groups that
care about safety that are natural partners for receiving Green Dot training, such as block watches,
homeowners associations, faith communities, high schools and social service agencies.
Success
A number of trainings and number of community members empowered through Green Dot would be
interim measures of success.
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CITY OF
Federal Way
Community Training & Education
Primary Prevention Recommendation
The FWVPCSC recommends the City of Federal Way to institute restorative justice
Y f Y justice
as a city initiative to reduce crime and violence amongst youth in Federal Way.
Community Challenge
We need a robust marketing campaign promoting the benefits of restorative justice practices. With the
Mayor's backing and Council's approval,we're giving residents and parents skills to effectively interact
with youth in Federal Way. Furthermore,the only the way to effectively address the issues of violence and
crime is seeking more ways to address the "root" issues oppose to the"fruit" problems. Promoting
restorative justice principals and embedding them in our community will help address root causes of
violence.
Research Support
Our research concluded a specific remedy to offset youth violence in Federal Way is instituting restorative
justice practices throughout all places where youth occupy.It's not a 'magical pill'that solves violence and
crime. However, it has proven it can reduce both.Also, it provides a secondary value of skills being added
to concerning adults who are seeking to be part of the solution and building emotional intelligence in
youth.
Community Support
According to the VPCSC survey results, residents of the Federal Way community believe one of the
systemic issues linked to youth violence and crime are a result of inadequate social-emotional training.
Partners
Though there are many partners that can help assist in the promotion of social/emotional training, our
pivotal partners must be the City of Federal Way, and Federal Way Public Schools to ensure sustainable
success.
Success
Success for this recommendation will be how many Federal Way residents are reached with training
and/or messages about restorative justice principles.
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CITY OF
Federal Way
Community Training & Education
Primary Prevention Recommendation
The FWVPCSC recommends the City of Federal Way promote and incentive the purchase
and use of gun safes/locking storage in homes and vehicles for firearm owners.
Community Challenge
According to BRFSS data, in 2013 among King County adults (18 years and older)with a firearm in or
around their home(371,000 adults), an estimated 52% (194,000 adults) reported the firearm was unlocked.
Federal Way Police Department report that a significant number of firearms used in local crimes are stolen.
Research Support
There is little research done around safe gun storage, but we believe that reducing the number of guns
stolen from homes and vehicles could reduce firearm violence in our city. The best evidence on the
effectiveness of gun storage shows the need to couple education with free (or very low cost) storage
devices.
https://www.thetrace.org/2016/03/safe-gun-storage-research/
Community Support
Encouraging safe firearm storage was the top comment received from community members who
completed the online survey.
Partners
King County Public Health has promoted safe firearm storage for several years. They have expressed a
willingness to enhance the work with the City of Federal Way on the creation and implementation of this
recommendation.
Success
We would consider this recommendation successful if the number of Federal Way gun owners purchase
and use gun safes. We would like to see the number of crimes involving weapons decrease and the
number of reported stolen firearms decrease.
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CITY OF
Federal Way
Community Training & Education
Secondary Prevention Recommendation
The FWVPCSC recommends the City of Federal Way provide an incentive, such as paid
work time or flexible schedules, to city employees to become mentors to a Federal Way
youth. Furthermore, we recommend the City of Federal Way encourage residents to
become positive role models and volunteer with youth throughout the community.
Community Challenge
Local organizations report a need for more caring adults to become positive role models, such as mentors,
tutors, coaches and youth leaders. While any number of youth could benefit from more positive role
models, there is a special need for positive men to mentor the next generation. Local organizations state
that the main barrier serving more youth in their programs is the lack of available volunteers.
Research Support
Community-Based Mentoring is a promising blueprint program to reduce youth violence (University of
Colorado). School-based mentoring is shown to reduce school behavior infractions. One of the
protective factors compiled by the CDC is connectedness to adults outside of the family.
Community Support
The Violence Prevention Coalition community survey asked: "What would you, as a community member,
do to help youth and young adults reach their potential." The top answer was volunteering in the
community, and mentoring was called out as an example more than any other suggestion.
Partners
There are many potential partners, such as mentoring programs and youth-serving organizations in need
of caring adult volunteers. Communities In Schools of Federal Way, Federal Way Public Schools Mentor&
Me program and Big Brothers Big Sisters are the primary mentoring programs in Federal Way. Potential
partners to help recruit volunteers include city staff,the faith community, and the business community.
Success
Success for the recommendation is shown in the number of volunteers who are recruited and become
active volunteers with partner organizations.
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CITY OF
Federal Way
Youth-Centered Programs
Secondary Prevention Recommendation
The FWVPCSC recommends the City of Federal Way explore opening a "One-Stop"
community resource center for youth and young adults.
Community Challenge
Currently,there is no "One-Stop"community resource center for young adults in Federal Way.At present,
when youth or young adults are seeking education, employment, housing support, mental health
treatment, and drug/alcohol treatment,they need to visit several different social service agencies within
and outside of Federal Way.
Research Support
Involvement with drugs/alcohol, lack of involvement in conventional activities, poor academic
performance, and history of treatment for emotional problems are all risk factors the CDC sees as
perpetuating youth violence.A"One-Stop"community center for youth and young adults can provide
services to address all of this risk factors.
Several communities within the United States have successful "One Stop" programs.
Tacoma, WA: reachtacoma.org
Gainesville, GA: https://www.unitedwayhallcounty.org/compasscenter/
Community Support
One question asked in the community survey was "What resources to you think are lacking in Federal
Way?"The majority answered: Employment, mentoring, substance abuse treatment, and mental health
services.Also, many stated that they believed there could be these services in Federal Way but were not
aware of where.
Partners
Goodwill has expressed an interest in developing/partnering with the city in opening a Reach Center in
Federal Way.The Reach Center provides young adult between the ages of 16-24 education, employment,
housing support, advocacy and counseling all within one location.They currently have a successful Reach
program in Tacoma,which can be easily replicated.
Success
Success for this recommendation would be for more young adults to be provided these services within
their community.This would impact their connection to Federal Way and increase their commitment to
the services as they no longer have to work with multiple agencies or travel to other communities.
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CITY OF
Federal Way
Youth-Centered Programs
Primary Prevention Recommendation
The FWVPCSC recommends the city of Federal Way explores the creation of additional
after-school programs throughout the city.
Community Challenge
The unsupervised hours from 3 pm to 6 pm after school has been released for the day and the time until
parents arrive home from work is the most critical time for our youth. Federal Way needs more after
school opportunities that provide safe places for youth to be and incorporate evidence-based violence
prevention strategies.
Research Support
The CDC cites involvement in pro-social activities and attachment to school as protective factors that
reduce youth violence.
Community support
In reviewing the community surveys results from at least three of the questions, there is community
support and evidence that this type of program will help our youth and reduce violence while making our
community more livable and safer. Question 4 asked what type of activities is needed to engage the
community and 74%of respondents stated positive activities and job offerings (high school students
could be hired to work in these positive programs).
Question 8 stated that existing community spaces be used to create after school programs. A majority of
responses were in high agreement with this statement.
Question 11 asked the respondents what they could do, and the results showed the citizens of our
community would volunteer and help in any way they can to make programs successful and to attain the
positive results.
Partners
Federal Way Public Schools, AmeriCorps, Communities In Schools, Boys and Girls Clubs as well as other
nonprofits are natural partners for after school programs. Federal Way Parks and Recreation is open to
programming at middle schools.
Success
Would be determined by less youth violence, improved academic performance and better health and
nutrition in the youth participating in the after school programs.
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CITY OF 411 .44 I.441661
Federal Way
Youth-Centered Programs
Primary Prevention Recommendation
The FWVPCSC recommends the City of Federal Way support the creation and expansion
of social/emotional learning to more schools, after school programs and other youth-
serving organizations.
Community Challenge
Youth and families need more access to programs and classes that intentionally build skills to deter youth
violence. Education could focus on building strong family dynamics, anger management, deterrence of
substance use and curbing other risky activity.
Luckily, there is good work already happening in Federal Way Public Schools. FWPS have adopted the
Second Step social/emotional learning curriculum for elementary schools and have begun implementing
restorative practices in secondary schools. More can be done to encourage wider adoption of these types
of programs and expand this learning to entire families and other environments where youth can build
positive social skills.
Research Support
Social/Emotional Learning builds many of the CDC's listed protective factors that are shown to reduce
youth violence. These include: positive social orientation, highly developed social skills/competencies,
intolerant attitude toward deviance, ability to discuss problems with parents, and parental/family use
of constructive strategies for coping with problems (provision of models of constructive coping).
Community Support
Training, positive places for youth, and parental involvement came up at recurring themes in public
feedback.
Partners
Federal Way Public Schools, youth-serving organizations, the faith community, and parent support
networks are natural partners to expand social/emotional learning in our city.
Success
The number of schools and youth programs implementing social/emotional learning curriculum would be
a measure of success for this recommendation.
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CITY Of �'
Federal Way
Youth-Centered Programs
Tertiary Prevention Recommendation
The FWVPCSC recommends the City of Federal Way explore opportunities to expand
youth substance use treatment in Federal Way and reduce barriers for families and youth
seeking treatment.
Community Challenge
Youth who battle addiction face multiple barriers to seeking help. Most agencies that provide youth
substance use treatment require youth to travel to their offices in Kent,Auburn, Burien or other
neighboring cities. There are very few options for youth outpatient treatment inside Federal Way.
Research Support
The CDC lists substance use as a risk factor leading to youth violence. Reducing barriers to treatment will
help youth make better decisions.
Community Support
The Violence Prevention Coalition community survey asked: "What resources do you think are lacking in
Federal Way." Substance use and mental health resources were 2 of the top 3 answers. While there are
multiple barriers to mental health counseling,there is an even more severe lack of substance use
treatment and counseling in Federal Way.
Partners
Kent Youth & Family Resources and Nexus Youth and Families (formerly Auburn Youth Resources),while
not headquartered in Federal Way, do serve Federal Way youth and are interested in expanding programs
in the city. Valley Cities Behavioral Health Care provides substance use treatment to adults and is
interested in expanding to youth in the future.
Success
New and or expanded substance use treatment services and a measured increase in youth receiving
treatment would show success for this recommendation.
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CITY OF
Federal Way
Youth-Centered Programs
Secondary Prevention Recommendation
The FWVPCSC recommends the City of Federal Way provide a comprehensive job training
program for youth in Federal Way
Community Challenge
Federal Way needs city-wide support and partnerships with local employers to hire and train youth and
young adults. Youth in Federal Way have trouble getting a job and building their resume. A
comprehensive job training program in Federal Way would include job placement,job readiness training,
and youth-specific job fairs. Finding ways to employ youth and young adults, both in summer and all-
year long,would help youth build the skills to find and keep employment through adulthood.
Research Support
Our research concluded two specific remedies to offset youth violence in Federal Way. First, we need to
form a robust job training program that helps train and place local youth in employment opportunities.
Second,the job training and placement program should provide access to mentorship and career
exposure opportunities.
http://chicago.suntimes.com/news/study-shows-benefits-of-summer-jobs-program/
Also, a teen employment program could reduce the risk factors relating to low parental education and
income and diminished economic opportunities. Youth employment would build up the protective
factors of highly developed social skills and positive social orientation. These are all risk and protective
factors listed by the CDC.
Community Support
VPCSC survey results show strong support for youth employment program expansion in Federal Way.
Youth employment was the top single answer of question 10, "What resources do you think are lacking in
Federal Way."
Partners
Though there are many partners that can help assist in the promotion of youth employment, our pivotal
partners must be the City's Department of Economic Development, Federal Way Public Schools, Greater
Federal Way Chamber of Commerce, Workforce Development Councils, local employers, Multi-Service
Center and Goodwill of the Olympics & Rainier Region.
Success
Increasing the number of youth and young adults successfully employed in these programs will show
success for this recommendation.
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Ami, ,‘
CITY OF
Federal Way
City of Federal Way Staff Time
The FWVPCSC recommends the City of Federal Way devote dedicated staff time to
implementing VPCSC recommendations, seeking funding and building relationships with
community-based organizations
The VPCSC recognizes that implementation of many of these recommendations will take a significant
investment of time and resources to turn into reality. Our final recommendation is that the City of Federal
Way either create a new staff position to help move effective violence prevention strategies forward or
reallocate existing staff so they would have ample time to devote to violence prevention. We hope that
our initial recommendations are a starting point for anyone in this position. Over time,we hope
dedicated staff time to violence prevention would explore many more evidence-based strategies to bring
to Federal Way and explore more ways the City of Federal Way can leverage new and existing resources.
Any city staff working to implement VPCSC recommendations should have a background in building
relationships with diverse communities, creating partnerships with community-based organizations, and
effective grant writing skills.
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CITY OF
Federal Way
Resources
The Federal Way Violence Prevention Coalition Steering Committee found these resources helpful as we
researched effective violence prevention strategies.
CDC Youth Violence Prevention Homepage https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/youthviolence/i
ndex.html
Veto Violence https://vetoviolence.cdc.gov/apps/stryve/
Public Health Seattle&King County http://www.kingcounty.gov/depts/health/violence-
Violence Prevention injury-prevention/violence-prevention.aspx
Gun Violence in King County Report http://www.kingcounty.gov/depts/health/violence-
injury-prevention/violence-
prevention/-/media/depts/health/violence-injury-
prevention/documents/firearm-violence-king-county-
2014.ashx
Prevention Institute https://www.preventioninstitute.org/
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency https://www.ojjdp.gov/
Prevention
Catholic Health Initiatives United Against http://catholichealthinitiatives.org/documents public/Ad
Violence Resource Guide vocacy/CHI%20Violence°%20Handbook%207-16a.pdf
Seattle Youth Violence Prevention Initiative http://safeyouthseattle.org/
Seattle Youth Violence Needs Assessment https://www.seattle.gov/Documents/Departments/Huma
nServices/Reports/Final SYPVI NeedsAssessment.pdf
Essentials for Childhood Framework https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/childmaltreatm
ent/essentials.html
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